@article{ 
author = {Makarem, Abbas and Ebrahimi, Masoumeh and Mahdavishahri, N and Hoseini, shah},  
title = {The relationship between Dermatoglyphics and Mesiodens}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: There are several studies in relation to dermatoglyphics with some fields in dentistry. The objective of this study is evaluation of relation between dermatoglyphics and mesiodens in cases with mesiodens. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive cross sectional study, 17 cases with mesiodens and 45caseswithoutmesiodens were selected from those referred to Mashhad Dental School. Ink method was used in this study. Data analyzed with SPSS, and T-test with significance of 0.05 was used for statistical analyses. Results: T-test showed significant difference between both groups in frequency of loop pattern type of the finger tips (P=0.01). There is no significant difference between both study group in frequency of types of arch and whorl patterns of the finger tips. Also there is significant difference between mean total numbers of ridge count in the study groups. Conclusion: Present study showed low frequency of loop pattern type of the finger tips in children with mesiodens. Also difference in dermatoglyphics pattern between two sexes in children with mesiodens has been seen.},  
Keywords = {Mesiodens, Dermatoglyphics, Prevalence},
volume = {9},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {7-12}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.1.7},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-25-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-25-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2013}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Sajadi, Fatemeh Sadat and Shokouhi, Mostafa and Kakoei, Shahla and Sheikhi, Fari},  
title = {Evaluation of skill and use of Information Technology (IT) among professors, postgraduate and undergraduate students in Kerman dental schools.}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Use of Information Technology in medical and dental education is rapidly expanding. This rapid progress of Information Technology has created a challenge for dental education, so professors and dental students need to learn new science and skills for application of various Information Technologies. The aim of this study was to investigate the skill and knowledge of Information Technology among professors, postgraduate and undergraduate students in Kerman dental schools. Materials & Methods: In this cross sectional - descriptive study a questionnaire was given to 343 person of professors, post graduate and under graduate dental students in Kerman dental school. After complement the questionnaires, data was entered to spss statistical software and analysis with ANOWA and χ2 test. Results: The result of this study showed that 39.2 % of professors, 26.2 % of post graduate and 7.8 % of dental students have passed course of IT. Professors significantly more than other groups have enough skills in application of Windows (p< 0/05) .only 11.2 % of dental students have no knowledge about Word Microsoft. Familiarity with scientific web site in professors was statistical significant more than other groups and also in post graduate was more than dental students (p< 0/05). Professors (64.7%) and residents (59.5%) was significantly higher than students (41.5%) were somewhat familiar with Digital Library of Medicine. Conclusion: The skill and knowledge of Information Technology among professors, postgraduate and undergraduate students in Kerman dental schools was more than other same studies.},  
Keywords = {Skill, Knowledge, Dentistry, Information Technology},
volume = {9},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {13-20}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.1.13},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-26-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-26-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2013}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Torabi, M and ShojaeePoor, R and KarimiAfshar, SA and Shojaat, M and KarimiAfshar, M and Moshrefian, SH},  
title = {Evaluation of Parental Knowledge and Practice of Oral Hygiene Status in 7 Years Old Children in Kerman}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Oral health education has important role in prevention of dental caries. Parents have important role in their children oral health. The aim of this study was to determine the parental knowledge and practice of oral hygiene status in 7 years old children. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 400 subjects selected through a multistage cluster stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire consist of 3 parts: demographic information (age, educational level, and occupational status), 23 questions about knowledge and 9 questions about practice. Data were analyzed using SPSS soft ware, and Pearson and t-test. P value was considered less than 0.05. Results: 55% and 45% of respondents were mothers and fathers, respectively. The mean age of fathers was 38.56±6.23 and the mean age of mothers was 33.31±5.79.The mean score of knowledge and practice were 43.68±13.20 from 46 and 9.32±3.26 from 18 respectively. There is no significant difference regarding knowledge score between mothers and fathers. There are significant differences between knowledge and fathers’ educational level, practice and fathers’ educational level, knowledge and mothers’ educational level, and practice and mothers’ educational level (p},  
Keywords = {Knowledge, practice, parents, oral hygiene, children},
volume = {9},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {21-28}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.1.21},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-27-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-27-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2013}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Dalband, M and AhmadPanah, M and NoorMohammadiKhayavi, S and Torabian, S},  
title = {The quality of life evaluation in children 8-9 years old with bruxism in Hamadan city, 2012}, 
abstract ={Background and aim: Bruxism is a growing concern in children that has led to negative impact on quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of life in children 8-9 years old with bruxism in Hamadan city, 2012. Materials and Methods: In this case- control study 130 students 8-9 year old using a probe, mirror and natural light were examined as well as the questioning of the child (showing how to bruxism), acquaintances, teachers and classmates, 65 students who had bruxism chosen. The questionnaire was given to parents of bruxism and control groups. Data obtained from the questionnaire was analysis with the statistical software SPSS v.16.0 and t-test. Results: In the present study, the bruxism with students age, father's occupation, father's education, mother's education, place of residence, socioeconomic status, living with two parents, divorced (separated) parents, family size, family history bruxism, history and other oral habits, argument in the family, children's education, father's chronic disease, mother's chronic disease and father's addiction was significantly associated (P<0.05), but bruxism with the sex , the family birth rate and mothers addiction was not significantly associated (P>0.05). Quality of life of students with bruxism was significantly lower than quality of life of healthy children. (not having bruxism) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Oral parafunctional habits impact on tooth and jaw, if diagnosed lately and delayed treatment would be led to serious problems, early diagnosis for prevention of disease and education of parents and children to reduce the incidence and complications of bruxism is necessary.},  
Keywords = {Quality of life, children 8-9 years old, bruxism},
volume = {9},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {29-38}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.1.29},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-28-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-28-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2013}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Afshar, H and Baniamer, Z},  
title = {.Evaluation of dental calculus prevalence in primary and mixed dentition period in Tehran (2011-2012)}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim:  Clinical experience suggests that occurrence of calculus in primary dentition is rare while it increases with the eruption of permanent teeth particularly the anterior mandibular teeth.  It seems several factors effect on this difference. So we decided to evaluate these factors such as tongue trust, crowding, interdental space, black stain and theirs relationship with formation of calculus in primary and mixed dentition period. Materials and Methods: During an epidemiological and cross sectional study, the evaluation of dental calculus prevalence in 3-5 years old (120 people) and 8-10- year -old children (120 people) who settled at Tehran with unremarkable medical history was done. We evaluated tongue trust, crowding, interdental space and black stain with disposable mirror (Feiz Teb, Iran) under room light. Data were analyzed with Chi-square tests. Results: There were significant statistical differences in this epidemiologic study in calculus prevalence, tongue trust, crowding and interdental space (P-value‹0.05) but not for black stain. There wasn’t significant statistical difference about above-mentioned factors in mixed dentition period between people with and without calculus (P-value›0.05).  Conclusion:  The epidemiologic study determined the occurrence of dental calculus in mixed dentition was more than in primary dentition.  Factors such as tongue trust, crowding, interdental space and black stain don’t have effect on calculus prevalence },  
Keywords = {.Dental calculus, Primary dentition, Mixed dentition},
volume = {9},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {39-42}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.1.39},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-29-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-29-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2013}  
}

@article{ 
author = {MirzaeiAlavijeh, M and Jalilian, F and BaghianiMoghadam, M and Hatamzadeh, N and ZinatMotlagh, F and Dahaghin, N},  
title = {Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Elementary Schools Students about Oral Health in Yazd}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Oral health is the most important factor in public health in any society. Dental services emphasize primary preventive dental care services and in the next stages emphasize the secondary and tertiary prevention, health promotion and development of individual’s health. Despite great progress in fight against disease in the world, tooth decay is still the most common disease in the world, such as our country. The aim of this study was determination of knowledge, attitude and practice of fourth and fifth grade students of elementary schools about oral health in Yazd. Materials & Methods: This study was a cross-sectional research and conducted among 354 male and female students in fourth and fifth grade at elementary school in Yazd who were selected through randomize sampling method. Data were collected via questionnaires consist of demographic, knowledge (score range 0-22), attitude (score range 5-30) and practice (score range 0-8) questions. Data were analyzed by using SPSS-18 with descriptive and analytical tests such as independent T. test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient at α=0.05. Results: The results showed that, average knowledge score 15.59±2.5, 66.4% had good and 33.6% had medium knowledge. Average attitude score was 25.04±3.68. 90.4% had good, 9.3% had medium, and 0.3% had poor attitude. Average practice score was 4.45±1.33. 18.6% had good, 65.5% medium and 5.6% had poor practice. Boys' attitudes were more than girls (p=0.026). Conclusion: knowledge, attitudes and practice about oral health among students were at the medium level and education is emphasized. Because students reported teachers and health educator were most important sources of information, it seems we can achieve satisfying results by education through those channels.},  
Keywords = {Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Oral Health, Student.},
volume = {9},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {43-50}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.1.43},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-30-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-30-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2013}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Fallahnejad, M and Malekafzali, B and Inanloo, M},  
title = {Comparison of Simplified Oral Health Index (OHI-S) between Rural and Urban Middle School Students of Shahriar City}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Epidemiologic studies play an important role in planning strategies to improve public oral health. The aim of current study was to determine Simplified Oral Health Index (OHI-S) in middle school students of urban and rural areas of Shahriar city during year 1386. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 400 middle school students of urban and rural areas of Shahriar city with age range of 12-14 years old were randomly selected after license acquisition from related committees. M/F and urban/rural ratios were 1 among selected students. Dental examination was performed on each student using mirror and dental explorer under light of reading lamp. Indices of debris, caries and OHI-S were recorded in each sextant of oral cavity based on WHO criteria. Demographic data and recorded indices were statistically analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Dunett paired comparison tests. Results: Measured OHI-S was 1.96 ± 0.57 in urban areas which was significantly lower than its rural counterpart 2.33 ± 0.56 (P<0.0001). Most of students (52.5%) have brushed their teeth once a day. 71.3% of students have not used tooth floss and 28.8% have used it regularly or irregularly. 52.3% of subjects have not met a dentist and 33.8% have had an emergency dental appointment. Regular dental appointments were encountered in only 14% of students. Distribution of oral hygiene level was 22 students (5.5%) with good hygiene and 359 (89.8%) and 19 (4.8%) students with moderate and poor oral hygiene, respectively. There was no significant correlation between sex, type of school and age with oral health status. Conclusion: According to results of current study, oral health status of involved students is moderate. Despite this, some deficiencies were encountered in preventive strategies applied to students. So, further efforts to increase public knowledge about oral health and preventive measures is recommended.},  
Keywords = {Oral health, Debris index, Caries index, Preventive dentistry},
volume = {9},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {51-58}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.1.51},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-31-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-31-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2013}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Jafari, A and Zangooei, M and Aslani, S and Shamshiri, A and Hesari, H},  
title = {The Role of Trained Mothers in Varnish Fluoride Therapy Program}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Considering the high rate of the dental caries in Iran, prevention, especially in children is necessary. One of the preventive methods is varnish fluoride therapy (VFT). Along with the limited access to dentists and highly priced dental services, providing simple preventive services by volunteer mothers seems to be a suitable solution. The aim of this study was to evaluate the success rate of training varnish fluoride therapy to volunteer mothers comparing two different educational methods were used. Materials and Methods: This was an interventional educational study. The target population was educated volunteer mothers having a child at school age. Fifteen mothers were trained in two different methods. The first group was trained by multimedia and the second by multimedia plus a discussion session. Then every mother did VFT on her child. The practice of mothers of each group was evaluated. Finally, the average score of each group was compared to evaluate of two educational methods. Results: The average practice score in the first group was 74, and in the second group was 97. (Pvalue<0.001) Conclusion: The result of this study showed that the second educational method (multimedia and discussion session) was more effective than the first educational method (multimedia).},  
Keywords = {Varnish fluoride therapy, School based oral health program, Preventive dentistry, Mothers, Educational methods.},
volume = {9},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {59-66}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.1.59},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-32-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-32-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2013}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Afshar, H and Mansouri, M},  
title = {Fusion in primary dentition: a case report}, 
abstract ={Introduction: Tooth development is a complicated process. Any deviation from the normal state causes developmental disorders. Fusion is a dental anomaly in which two teeth together make up a fused one and this anomaly sometimes needs dental treatment. Case report: A 3.5-year-old girl with chief complaint of dental caries was referred to Pediatric dentistry department of Tehran University of medical sciences. Endodontic and restorative treatments with diagnosis of fusion between primary central incisor and a supernumerary tooth were done.},  
Keywords = {fusion, gemination, supernumerary tooth, primary teeth},
volume = {9},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {67-72}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.1.67},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-33-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-33-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2013}  
}

@article{ 
author = {},  
title = {}, 
abstract ={},  
Keywords = {},
volume = {9},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {73-74}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.1.73},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-34-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-34-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2013}  
}

@article{ 
author = {HajenoruzaliTehrani, M and Bahmani, P and Shahtusi, M},  
title = {Evaluation of relationship between socio-demographic factors and prevalence of digit sucking at             4-6 years old children}, 
abstract ={Background and Aims: choice correct preventive way of a diseases or abnormality Particular without notice to etiologic factors is not effective and oral habit is environment etiologic factors in orthodontic problem. The aim of the study is define the relationship between social and demographic factors with prevalence of Digit sucking in 4 to 6 years old children in Busher Dashty city. Materials and Methods: Study type is descriptive analytic cross - section .the purpose group was 4 to 6 years old children. Group of 630 individuals were selected cluster random sampling manner. Data gain by question of parent and family, hygiene file evaluation and use of check listed. Results: Digit sucking is higher prevalence among girls. 131 children with digit sucking and 499 no digit sucking. 73 girls (55/7%) and 58 boys (44.3%) have Digit sucking habit. Digit sucking in higher prevalence among children which the family smoking and haven't owned home .long bottle feeding periods and use of pacifier showed a preventive effect against finger sucking Conclusion: Digit sucking has relation with children sex. The family use of smoking and have owned home relation to digit sucking and decrease in Digit sucking children is as a result of bottle feeding period's longer than12 months or use of pacifier. Propos responsible hygiene country with effect education plane about recognize appropriate and effective factors of Digit sucking and in early items can waste less time an investment prevention of Digit sucking. Propos to parent if your child wants to suck their digit you should offer him or her pacifier.},  
Keywords = {Digit sucking, prevalence, Social, Demographic},
volume = {9},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {7-12}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.2.7},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-35-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-35-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2014}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ghandehari, M and Jafari, A and Rahmanzadeh, S},  
title = {Evaluating mothers’ knowledge about the importance of primary dentition}, 
abstract ={Background and Aims: Understanding the importance of primary teeth will influence physical and mental wellbeing of children. Mothers as primary care giver are important in health promotion programs for children. Purpose of this study conducted to determine the level of knowledge of mothers about the importance of primary teeth in 3-5 year children in Tabriz. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study has been designed. Mother’s of preschool children aged 3-5 years were selected from Tabriz kindergarten. Data was analyzed by using multi-stage sampling and SPSS software. Results: 18.4% of mothers had very poor knowledge about the importance of primary dentition, 46.6% had poor knowledge, 27% had moderate knowledge and only 8% of the mothers had good awareness. The data also suggest that there is a significant relationship between mother's education level and family income level and the level of knowledge (P value<0.05). Source of information for mothers was mainly radio and TV. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that mothers' awareness about the importance of primary teeth was low. Significant relationship was found between mother's education, family income and mothers' awareness.},  
Keywords = {Knowledge, primary teeth, dental and oral health},
volume = {9},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {13-18}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.2.13},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-36-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-36-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2014}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Afshar, H and Nahvi, A},  
title = {Investigating the sweeteners of current gums present in Iranian market}, 
abstract ={Background and Aims: Dental research has developed substantial evidence that dental plaque is the predominant etiological factor responsible for dental caries. Plaque deposits can be removed either mechanically or chemically. Although brushing the teeth with a toothbrush is a widely recognized technique for maintaining dental health, chewing gum has over the years been advocated as a possible excellent adjunct for cleaning the teeth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the properties of different gums present in Iranian market. Materials and Methods: In this cross - sectional study, compounds of 11 gum species (sugar free gums, gums containing sugar) is investigated. Results: gum ingredients include: gum base, sweeteners, flavouring, antioxidant, colour, glazing agent and emulsifier. The most common dietary polyols used in sugar-free chewing gum are Xylitol and Sorbitol. Most oral bacteria do not metabolise Xylitol and Sorbitol to form acid. While the main sweetenerin chewing gum containing the sugar is glucose. Conclusion: sugar free gum can be effective in preventing dental caries.},  
Keywords = {: gum, sweetener, dental caries},
volume = {9},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {19-24}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.2.19},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-37-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-37-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2014}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Eskandarian, T and EftekharianJahromi, H and Soleymanzade, R},  
title = {Evaluation of sedative effect and safety of pregabalin in uncooperative children in dental clinic}, 
abstract ={Background and Aims: Treatment of uncooperative children is achallenging issue in pediatric dentistry. Pedodontistsare interested in medications with mild sedative effects. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the sedative effect and safety of pregabalin in uncooperative children. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one children were included in this randomized crossover, double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial. Each child participated in two separated dental visits. Pregabalin or placebo was given randomly at the first visit and the alternative was used at the second visit. Ramsay Sedation Scale and Frankl behavioral rating scale were using to evaluate the efficacy of the premedication. These scales were scored 2.5hours after premedication. The data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test. The comparison of the number of the “successful” treatments was done using the Chi-square test. Monitoring of the vital signs was done under the supervision of an anesthesiologist throughout the treatment procedure. Results: Sedation level of the children during the dental treatment was significantly higher in the pregabalin group than in the placebo group (p=0.007). The Children’s behavioral rating score during the dental treatment was not significantly different between the two groups (p=0.067). The number of treatments which are finished “successfully” was more in the pregabalin group (p=0.013). Children’s vital signs during the entire treatment procedure were within the normal range. Conclusion: Pregabalin provides sufficient safety in children. A significant sedative effect is anticipated to be seen from 2.5 hours after orally given pregabalin in children. Sedative effect of pregabalin results in more successful treatment procedures in uncooperative children.},  
Keywords = {pregabalin, behavior management techniques, sedative effect},
volume = {9},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {25-30}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.2.25},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-38-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-38-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2014}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ahmadi, N and Zare, M and Kaviani, N and Malekpour, A},  
title = {Evaluation of pulp vitality tests in children: thermal test, electric pulp test and pulse oximetry}, 
abstract ={Background and Aims: Thermal and electric pulp testing vitality is of limited use with children, often resulting in false positive or false negative results. The main limitation of the present pulp testing methods is the evaluation of vitality by stimulating the sensory nerve fibers which is unreliable in cases of trauma. Pulse oximetry is a proven method of measuring vascular health by evaluating oxygen saturation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the thermal and electric tests methods and examining the oxygen saturation of teeth in children. Materials and Methods: In this study seventeen children aged between 10 to 12 years with vital maxillary central incisors with no caries, history of trauma to the teeth, orthodontic treatment, restoration and par functional habits, participated. After isolating teeth, for the cold test refrigerant spray 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane, for the warm test gutta-percha and for the electric pulp test the pulp vitality tester (PT-20) was used. The Spo2 of teeth was evaluating with pulse oximetry. Then data reported. Results: All the teeth gave positive responses to the thermal test. The mean value of electric pulp test for girls was 5.69 and for boys were 5.41. Also the mean value of electric pulp test in the maxillary left central was 5.35 and for maxillary right central were 5.77. The mean value of Spo2 for girls was 92.78 and for boys was 92.19.The mean value of Spo2 in the maxillary left central was 92.12 and in the maxillary right central was 92.88. Conclusion: Pulse oximetery is a noninvasive, cheap method to detect pulp vitality by evaluating the oxygen saturation which can be useful for evaluating the pulp vitality especially in the case of trauma and pediatric dentistry.},  
Keywords = {Children, Pulp Vitality, Pulse Oximetry},
volume = {9},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {31-38}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.2.31},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-39-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-39-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2014}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shahtusi, M and HajenoruzaliTehrani, M and Ghafournia, M and BalashAbadi, S},  
title = {Relationship between oral habits and feeding behavior with increased over jet in the primary           dentition among a group of 3-5 year-old children in Esfahan}, 
abstract ={Background and Aims: Oral habits of neuromuscular actions that have different effects on occlusion. If you do not stop them on time, they cause a variety of adverse changes in children with normal occlusion in long-term. One of this adverse changes is anterior overjet increased that unless to be treated properly and timely, can cause adverse effects. This study aimed to determine the relationship between oral habits and their impact on the increase of anterior over jet. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 151 preschool-children aged 3-5 years. The increased overjet group (n = 51) and the normal group (n = 100) was made up of children without increased overjet. Information on breastfeeding, bottle feeding and non-nutritive sucking habits was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using chi-squared test and student’s t-test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: 98 % of children in both groups were breast sucking oral habits. The odds ratio of increased anterior overjet with oral habits such as bottle feeding, thumb sucking and pacifier sucking habit were relatively 1/6, 6/9 and 1/7 times than normal group and the odds ratio of increased anterior overjet with simultaneous habits such as bottle feeding- thumb sucking, bottle feeding- pacifier sucking and thumb- pacifier sucking were relatively 5, 1/5and 5 times than normal group. There concurrency three oral habits, use a bottle feeding, thumb sucking and pacifier sucking a chance to increase the anterior overjet 6/3 times. Coexistence of four oral habits chance coincidence is mentioned three oral habits. Conclusion: Under the limitations of the present study, it appears increased overjet in the primary dentition in preschool children is directly related to bottle feeding, thumb sucking and pacifier sucking habits.},  
Keywords = {Oral habits, feeding behavior, over jet, Primary dentition},
volume = {9},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {39-46}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.2.39},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-40-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-40-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2014}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mousavizahed, Sh and Amini, K and Ansari, Gh},  
title = {Irrigation efficacy of Calcipex II during cleaning and shaping on Enterococcus faecalis}, 
abstract ={Background and Aims: Microorganisms and their by-products are responsible for pulp and periapical diseases. The main purpose of root canal treatment is to eliminate these microorganisms from the root canal system. In order to achieve this purpose, complete mechanical and chemical cleaning of the root canal is mandatory. Many studies have shown that mechanical irrigation of the infected root canal system will not completely eliminate the microorganisms and the antibacterial properties of these solutions must be considered. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial capability of calcipex II as an irrigant during cleaning and shaping of infected root canals. Materials and Methods: In this invitro investigation, 60 single-rooted permanent anterior teeth were selected. Crowns of the teeth were cut to obtain a 14 mm length in all samples. Initial instrumentation of the canals was performed to achieve similar diameters in all canals. The apical foramen of the root were sealed with composite resin and then all samples were sterilized in autoclave. Then, the teeth were infected with Enterococcus faecalis and were randomly divided into four groups of 15. Final cleaning and shaping with one of the irrigants were performed in each group. After incubation, a spectrophotometer was used to count the number of obtained colonies in each sample. One-way variance test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The antibacterial effect of Calcipex II on E. Faecalis was less than sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the strong antibacterial property of chlorhexidine. Considering the long-standing antibacterial property of chlorhexidine and biocompatibility of chlorhexidine with the periapical tissue, this solution can be an alternative choice for irrigation of infected canals.},  
Keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Chlorhexidine , CalcipexII, Canal irrigant , Sodiumhypochlorite},
volume = {9},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {47-54}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.2.47},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-41-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-41-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2014}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Sahrai, P and KeshavarzMohammadi, N and Razavi, Sh},  
title = {Typology of barriers to children\'s oral health}, 
abstract ={Background and Aims: Oral health is element of individual health in all stages of life, especially during childhood. Despite its importance, people experience several barriers in achieving oral health. This study aims to identify experienced barriers towards oral health reported in local and international literature and researches. Materials and Methods: This study was reviewed and with keyword selection database articles ScienceDirect, Medline, PMDR, Cochrane, PubMed, proQuest, Scopus, Ovid, BioMedCentral, Elsevier, Google Scholar, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, American Dental Association, Australian Dental Association, World Health Organization and Search articles of Sites Scientific– Research Internal Irandoc, SID, magiran, Iranmedex, Medlib Search and were reviewed. Results: Data analysis of findings led to categorizing barriers in four major groups including individual barriers, dentistry barriers, dentist barriers and environmental barriers. Conclusion: These findings have significant implications in developing oral health promotion programs targeting at children. It especially draws the attention to barriers beyond individual control which should be considered in oral health promotion programs},  
Keywords = {barriers, oral health, Children},
volume = {9},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {63-72}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.2.63},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-42-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-42-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2014}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Moini, P and Afsharianzadeh, M and AbdoliTafti, E},  
title = {Dentinogenesis Imperfecta type II: A case report}, 
abstract ={Dentinogenesis Imperfecta type II or hereditary opalescent dentin is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, that affects both primary and permanent dentition. It occurs in both sex. Clinically, this disorder is characterized by yellowish brown teeth with structural defects such as bulbous crown and small pulp chambers, radiographically. The underlying defect of mineralization often results in shearing of the overlying enamel leaving exposed weakened dentin which is prone to wear. In this article, a 6 year old Iranian boy with Dentinogenesis Imperfecta and his recommended treatment plan is reported.},  
Keywords = {Dentinogenesis Imperfecta},
volume = {9},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {73-78}, 
publisher = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},

doi = {10.29252/ijpd.9.2.73},
url = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-43-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jiapd.ir/article-1-43-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry},  
issn = {1735-8434}, 
eissn = {1735-8434}, 
year = {2014}  
}