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رابطه بین خطوط کف دست و دندان اضافی مزیودنس The relationship between Dermatoglyphics and Mesiodens 1 1 زمینه و هدف: در سالهای اخیر مطالعات متعددی در رابطه با درماتوگلیفیک با برخی موضوعات در دندانپزشکی صورت گرفته است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی رابطه بین دندانهای مزیودنس و نوع خطوط پوستی در افراد واجد دندانهای مزیودنس می باشد. روش بررسی:در این مطالعه توصیفی - مقطعی، 17 فرد دارای دندان مزیودنس و 45 نمونه فاقد دندان مزیودنس از افراد مراجعه کننده به دانشکده دندانپزشکی مشهد، انتخاب شدند. در انجام این تحقیق از روش ثبت خطوط پوستی با مرکب استفاده شد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل از نرم افزار SPSS استفاده گردید و سپس با استفاده از آزمون T به آنالیز اطلاعات پرداختیم. در این مطالعه از سطح معنی داری 5% استفاده شد. یافته ها: T-Test نشان داد که فراوانی اثرانگشت loop در دو گروه تحت مطالعه اختلاف معنی‌داری با یکدیگر دارد (P=0.01). همچنین اختلاف معنی‌داری در رابطه با فراوانی اثرات انگشت arch وwhorl در دو گروه تحت مطالعه مشاهده نشد. مقایسه بررسی‌های خط شماری کل انگشتان در افرادتحت مطالعه نشان داد که اختلاف قابل توجهی بین خط شماری کل انگشتان بین دو گروه وجود دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: مطالعه حاضر کاهش الگوی loop را در کودکان دارای دندانهای مزیودنس در مقایسه باسایر کودکان نشان داد.همچنین تفاوت در الگوهای درمانوگلیفیک در دو جنس در کودکان دارای دندانهای مزیودنس در مقایسه باسایر کودکان مشاهده شد. 2 Background and Aim: There are several studies in relation to dermatoglyphics with some fields in dentistry. The objective of this study is evaluation of relation between dermatoglyphics and mesiodens in cases with mesiodens. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive cross sectional study, 17 cases with mesiodens and 45caseswithoutmesiodens were selected from those referred to Mashhad Dental School. Ink method was used in this study. Data analyzed with SPSS, and T-test with significance of 0.05 was used for statistical analyses. Results: T-test showed significant difference between both groups in frequency of loop pattern type of the finger tips (P=0.01). There is no significant difference between both study group in frequency of types of arch and whorl patterns of the finger tips. Also there is significant difference between mean total numbers of ridge count in the study groups. Conclusion: Present study showed low frequency of loop pattern type of the finger tips in children with mesiodens. Also difference in dermatoglyphics pattern between two sexes in children with mesiodens has been seen. 7 12 2014/10/26 1393/8/4 2014/10/26 1393/8/4 عباس مکارم Abbas Makarem iran ایران معصومه ابراهیمی Masoumeh Ebrahimi iran Iran ناصر مهدوی شهری N Mahdavishahri iran Iran شهداد حسینی shahdad Hoseini iran Iran Mesiodens Dermatoglyphics Prevalence درماتوگلیفیک مزیودنس شیوع Casamassimo PS, Fields HW, Mctigue DJ, Nowak AJ. Pediatric dentistry: Infancy through adolescence. 5th##ed. St.Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2013.##Celikoglu M, Kamak H, Oktay H. Prevalence and characteristics of supernumerary teeth in a non-syndrome##Turkish population: associated pathologies and proposed treatment. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;##15(4):575-8.##Kamali M, Farhood D. Dermatoglyphic. 1st edition, Tehran, Iran: Rasa Institute for cultural services; 1987.##[In Persian]##Robert Nussbaum, Roderick RM, Huntington FW. Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine. Sunders;##Atasu M. Down's syndrome and dermatoglyphics. Turk J Pediatr. 1970; 12(3):106-15.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. J Ment Defic Res. 1979; 23(2):111-21.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in Poland's syndrome. J Med Genet. 1980; 17(1):50-2.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome. J Med Genet. 1980; 17(1):75-6.##Atasu M, Akesi S, Elcioglu N, Yatmaz PI, Ertas EB. A Rapp-Hodgkin like syndrome in three sibs: clinical,##dental and dermatoglyphic study. Clin Dysmorphol. 1999; 8(2):101-10.##Atasu M, Biren S. Ellis-van Creveld syndrome: dental, clinical, genetic and dermatoglyphic findings of a##case. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2000; 24(2):141-5.##Tanboga I, Kargul B, Ergeneli S, Aydin MY, Atasu M. Clinical features of incontinentia pigmenti with##emphasis on dermatoglyphic findings. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2001; 25(2):161-5.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in dental caries: a preliminary report. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1998;##22(2):147-9.##Atasu M, Genc A, Ercalik S. Enamel hypoplasia and essential staining of teeth from erythroblastosis fetalis.##J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1998; 22(3):249-52.##Atasu M, Genc A, Namdar F. Local, hypoplastic type of amelogenesis imperfecta: a clinical, genetic,##radiological and dermatoglyphic study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1996; 20(4):337-42.##Atasu M, Atalay T, Eryilmaz A. Macrodontia: a tooth clinical, genetic and dermatoglyphic study of a case##and his family members. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1994; 18(3):223-6.##Atasu M, Cimilli H. Fusion of the permanent maxillary right incisor to a supernumerary tooth in association##with a gemination of permanent maxillary left central incisor: a dental, genetic and dermatoglyphic study. J##Clin Pediatr Dent. 2000; 24(4):329-33.##Sharma A, Somani R. Dermatoglyphic interpretation of dental caries and its correlation to salivary bacteria##interactions: an in vivo study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2009; 27(1):17-21.##Atasu M, Akyuz S. Bilateral absence of maxillary and mandibular second premolars: a clinical, genetic and##dermatoglyphic study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1994; 18(3):219-21.##Atasu M, Akyuz S. Congenital hypodontia: a pedigree and dermatoglyphic study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1995;##19(3):215-24.##Atasu M, Orguneser A. Inverted impaction of a mesiodens: a case report. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1999;##23(2):143-5.##Polat MH, Azak A, Evlioglu G, Malkondu OK, Atasu M. The relation of bruxism and dermatoglyphics. J##Clin Pediatr Dent. 2000;24(3):191-4.##Tikare S, Rajesh G, Prasad KW, Thippeswamy V, Javali SB. Dermatoglyphics--a marker for malocclusion?##Int Dent J. 2010;60(4):300-4.##Atasu M, Eryilmaz A. Synodontia between maxillary central incisor and a supernumerary incisor teeth: a##dental, genetic and dermatoglyphic study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1996; 20(3):247-51.##Mathew L ,Hegde AM, Rai K. Dermatoglyphic peculiarities in children with oral clefts. J Indian Soc Pedod##Prev Dent. 2005; 23(4):179-82.##Neiswanger K, Cooper ME, Weinberg SM, Flodman P, Keglovits AB, Liu Y. Cleft lip with or without cleft##palate and dermatoglyphic asymmetry: evaluation of a Chinese population. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2002;##5(3):140-6.##Casamassimo PS, Fields HW, Mctigue DJ, Nowak AJ. Pediatric dentistry: Infancy through adolescence. 5th##ed. St.Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2013.##Celikoglu M, Kamak H, Oktay H. Prevalence and characteristics of supernumerary teeth in a non-syndrome##Turkish population: associated pathologies and proposed treatment. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;##15(4):575-8.##Kamali M, Farhood D. Dermatoglyphic. 1st edition, Tehran, Iran: Rasa Institute for cultural services; 1987.##[In Persian]##Robert Nussbaum, Roderick RM, Huntington FW. Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine. Sunders;##Atasu M. Down's syndrome and dermatoglyphics. Turk J Pediatr. 1970; 12(3):106-15.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. J Ment Defic Res. 1979; 23(2):111-21.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in Poland's syndrome. J Med Genet. 1980; 17(1):50-2.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome. J Med Genet. 1980; 17(1):75-6.##Atasu M, Akesi S, Elcioglu N, Yatmaz PI, Ertas EB. A Rapp-Hodgkin like syndrome in three sibs: clinical,##dental and dermatoglyphic study. Clin Dysmorphol. 1999; 8(2):101-10.##Atasu M, Biren S. Ellis-van Creveld syndrome: dental, clinical, genetic and dermatoglyphic findings of a##case. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2000; 24(2):141-5.##Tanboga I, Kargul B, Ergeneli S, Aydin MY, Atasu M. Clinical features of incontinentia pigmenti with##emphasis on dermatoglyphic findings. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2001; 25(2):161-5.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in dental caries: a preliminary report. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1998;##22(2):147-9.##Atasu M, Genc A, Ercalik S. Enamel hypoplasia and essential staining of teeth from erythroblastosis fetalis.##J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1998; 22(3):249-52.##Atasu M, Genc A, Namdar F. Local, hypoplastic type of amelogenesis imperfecta: a clinical, genetic,##radiological and dermatoglyphic study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1996; 20(4):337-42.##Atasu M, Atalay T, Eryilmaz A. Macrodontia: a tooth clinical, genetic and dermatoglyphic study of a case##and his family members. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1994; 18(3):223-6.##Atasu M, Cimilli H. Fusion of the permanent maxillary right incisor to a supernumerary tooth in association##with a gemination of permanent maxillary left central incisor: a dental, genetic and dermatoglyphic study. J##Clin Pediatr Dent. 2000; 24(4):329-33.##Sharma A, Somani R. Dermatoglyphic interpretation of dental caries and its correlation to salivary bacteria##interactions: an in vivo study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2009; 27(1):17-21.##Atasu M, Akyuz S. Bilateral absence of maxillary and mandibular second premolars: a clinical, genetic and##dermatoglyphic study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1994; 18(3):219-21.##Atasu M, Akyuz S. Congenital hypodontia: a pedigree and dermatoglyphic study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1995;##19(3):215-24.##Atasu M, Orguneser A. Inverted impaction of a mesiodens: a case report. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1999;##23(2):143-5.##Polat MH, Azak A, Evlioglu G, Malkondu OK, Atasu M. The relation of bruxism and dermatoglyphics. J##Clin Pediatr Dent. 2000;24(3):191-4.##Tikare S, Rajesh G, Prasad KW, Thippeswamy V, Javali SB. Dermatoglyphics--a marker for malocclusion?##Int Dent J. 2010;60(4):300-4.##Atasu M, Eryilmaz A. Synodontia between maxillary central incisor and a supernumerary incisor teeth: a##dental, genetic and dermatoglyphic study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1996; 20(3):247-51.##Mathew L ,Hegde AM, Rai K. Dermatoglyphic peculiarities in children with oral clefts. J Indian Soc Pedod##Prev Dent. 2005; 23(4):179-82.##Neiswanger K, Cooper ME, Weinberg SM, Flodman P, Keglovits AB, Liu Y. Cleft lip with or without cleft##palate and dermatoglyphic asymmetry: evaluation of a Chinese population. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2002;##5(3):140-6.## ##

بررسی میزان مهارت و آگاهی از تکنولوژی اطلاعات دراساتید، دستیاران تخصصی و دانشجویان دندانپزشکی در دانشکده دندانپزشکی کرمان Evaluation of skill and use of Information Technology (IT) among professors, postgraduate and undergraduate students in Kerman dental schools. 1 1 زمینه و هدف: استفاده از تکنولوژی اطلاعات در آموزش پزشکی و دندانپزشکی به سرعت در حال گسترش است. این پیشرفت سریع تکنولوژی های اطلاعات چالشی را برای آموزش دندانپزشکی ایجاد کرده، بطوریکه اساتید و دانشجویان دندانپزشکی نیاز به یادگیری مهارتها و علوم جدیدی برای اجرای تکنولوژی های مختلف دارند. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین میزان مهارت وآگاهی از تکنولوژی اطلاعات دربین اساتید ، دستیاران تخصصی و دانشجویان دندانپزشکی دانشکده دندانپزشکی کرمان بود. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی- مقطعی پرسشنامه ای در اختیار 343 نفر از اساتید، دستیاران تخصصی و دانشجویان عمومی در دانشکده ی دندانپزشکی کرمان قرار گرفت.پس از تکمیل پرسشنامه، داده ها وارد نرم افزار آماری SPSS شد و با کمک تست ANOVA وآزمون مجذور کای (χ2) آنالیز گردیدند. یافته ها: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد 2/39 % از اساتید،2/26 % از دستیاران تخصصی و 7/8 % از دانشجویان در دوره هایی از آموزش IT شرکت نموده اند.اساتید به طور معنی دار بیش از دو گروه دیگر در کاربرد windows مهارت کافی دارند (p< 0/05 ).تنها 2/11 % از دانشجویان با نرم افزار word اصلا آشنایی نداشتند. میزان آشنایی با وب سایت های معتبر علمی در گروه اساتید نسبت به دو گروه دستیاران و دانشجویان وهمچنین دستیاران نسبت به گروه دانشجویان از نظر آماری به طور معنی داری بالاتر بود. (p< 0/05). اساتید (7/64 %) و دستیاران (5/59%) به طور معنی دار بیش از دانشجویان (5/41%) تا حدودی با کتابخانه ملی دیجیتال پزشکی آشنا بودند. (p< 0/05).نتیجه‌گیری: میزان آگاهی و مهارت اساتید، دستیاران و دانشجویان دندانپزشکی کرمان در زمینه تکنولوژی اطلاعات بیشتر از مطالعات مشابه بود. 2 Background and Aim: Use of Information Technology in medical and dental education is rapidly expanding. This rapid progress of Information Technology has created a challenge for dental education, so professors and dental students need to learn new science and skills for application of various Information Technologies. The aim of this study was to investigate the skill and knowledge of Information Technology among professors, postgraduate and undergraduate students in Kerman dental schools. Materials & Methods: In this cross sectional - descriptive study a questionnaire was given to 343 person of professors, post graduate and under graduate dental students in Kerman dental school. After complement the questionnaires, data was entered to spss statistical software and analysis with ANOWA and χ2 test. Results: The result of this study showed that 39.2 % of professors, 26.2 % of post graduate and 7.8 % of dental students have passed course of IT. Professors significantly more than other groups have enough skills in application of Windows (p< 0/05) .only 11.2 % of dental students have no knowledge about Word Microsoft. Familiarity with scientific web site in professors was statistical significant more than other groups and also in post graduate was more than dental students (p< 0/05). Professors (64.7%) and residents (59.5%) was significantly higher than students (41.5%) were somewhat familiar with Digital Library of Medicine. Conclusion: The skill and knowledge of Information Technology among professors, postgraduate and undergraduate students in Kerman dental schools was more than other same studies. 13 20 2014/10/262014/10/28 1393/8/6 2014/10/262014/10/28 1393/8/6 فاطمه السادات سجادی Fatemeh Sadat Sajadi دانشکده دندانپزشکی کرمان، ایران Iran مصطفی شکوهی Mostafa Shokouhi دانشکده دندانپزشکی کرمان، ایران Iran شهلا کاکویی Shahla Kakoei دانشکده دندانپزشکی کرمان، ایران Iran فرید شیخی Farid Sheikhi دانشکده دندانپزشکی کرمان، ایران Iran Skill Knowledge Dentistry Information Technology مهارت آگاهی دندانپزشکی تکنولوژی اطلاعات Rajab LD, Baqian ZH. Use of Information and communication technology among dental students at the University of Jordan. J Dent Educ. 2005;69:387-98##Uribe S, Mari-o RJ. Internet and information technology use by dental students in Chile. Eur J Dent Educ 2006; 10:162-8.##Ray k, Day J. Student attitudes towards electronic informtion resources. Information Research. 1998;4(2)##Rahman G. Use of computers among students of dental college in Saudi. Arabia Journal of Education and##Virtanen JI, Nieminen P. Information and communication technology among undergraduate dental students in Finland. Eur J Dent Educ. 2002; 6: 147–152.##Lim TA, Wong WH, Lim KY. Perceived skill and utilization of information technology in medical education among final year medical students, University Putra Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 2005; 60:432-40.##Abtahi M, Nali M. Evaluation of Skill and Use of Information Technology and Intednet among Professore, Postgraduate and Undergraduate Student in Mashhad Dental School in Iran in 2007-2008. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2008; 32:257-62.##Kumar S, Tadakamadla J, Tibdewal H, Duraiswamy P, Kulkarni S. Internet usage among undergraduate##Ayatollahi J, Ayatollahi F, Bahrololoomi R. using the internet aming dental students in Yazd. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2010; 7:7-11.##Komerik N. Use of the internet among dental students in Turkey. J Dent Educ. 2005; 69: 470-75.##Rajab LD, Baqian ZH. Use of Information and communication technology among dental students at the University of Jordan. J Dent Educ. 2005;69:387-98##Uribe S, Mari-o RJ. Internet and information technology use by dental students in Chile. Eur J Dent Educ 2006; 10:162-8.##Ray k, Day J. Student attitudes towards electronic informtion resources. Information Research. 1998;4(2)##Rahman G. Use of computers among students of dental college in Saudi. Arabia Journal of Education and##Virtanen JI, Nieminen P. Information and communication technology among undergraduate dental students in Finland. Eur J Dent Educ. 2002; 6: 147–152.##Lim TA, Wong WH, Lim KY. Perceived skill and utilization of information technology in medical education among final year medical students, University Putra Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 2005; 60:432-40.##Abtahi M, Nali M. Evaluation of Skill and Use of Information Technology and Intednet among Professore, Postgraduate and Undergraduate Student in Mashhad Dental School in Iran in 2007-2008. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2008; 32:257-62.##Kumar S, Tadakamadla J, Tibdewal H, Duraiswamy P, Kulkarni S. Internet usage among undergraduate##Ayatollahi J, Ayatollahi F, Bahrololoomi R. using the internet aming dental students in Yazd. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2010; 7:7-11.##Komerik N. Use of the internet among dental students in Turkey. J Dent Educ. 2005; 69: 470-75.## ##

تعیین سطح آگاهی و عملکردوالدین در زمینه سلامت و بهداشت دهان و دندان کودکان 7 ساله Evaluation of Parental Knowledge and Practice of Oral Hygiene Status in 7 Years Old Children in Kerman 1 1 زمینه و هدف: آموزش بهداشت در پیشگیری از پوسیدگی های دندانی اهمیت ویژه ای دارد و والدین نقش مهمی در بهداشت و سلامت دهان کودکان خود دارند. اطلاعات آنهامی تواند رفتارهای سالم بهداشتی را درفرزندانشان تثبیت نماید. این مطالعه به منظور ارزیابی آگاهی و عملکرد والدین در زمینه سلامت و بهداشت دهان و دندان کودکان 7 ساله شهر کرمان در سال 1387 انجام گرفت. روش بررسی: این مطالعه مقطعی توصیفی روی 400 نفر از والدین کودکان 7 ساله شهر کرمان که به روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای چند مرحله ای انتخاب شده بودند انجام شد. ابزار جمع آوری اطلاعات، پرسشنامه پژوهشگر ساخت بود که روایی و پایایی آن تائید شده بود.این پرسشنامه شامل سه بخش بود: بخش اول اطلاعات دموگرافیک (سن، میزان تحصیلات، شغل)، بخش دوم شامل 23 سوال سنجش آگاهی و بخش سوم شامل 9 سوال سنجش عملکرد. داده ها وارد کامپیوتر شده و توسط نرم افزار آماریSPSS با استفاده از آزمون های آماری t و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون در سطح معنی داری 05/0=α مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند.. یافته ها: در این تحقیق 55% افراد پاسخ‌دهنده را مادران و 45% را پدران تشکیل می‌دادند. میانگین سن پدران 23/6±56/38 و میانگین سن مادران 79/5±31/33 بود. میانگین نمره آگاهی والدین 68/43 از 46 و میانگین نمره عملکرد آنها 26/3±32/9 از 18 بود. بین میانگین نمره آگاهی پدران و مادران تفاوت آماری معنی‌دار مشاهده نشد. همچنین بین میزان آگاهی و میزان تحصیلات پدران، بین عملکرد و تحصیلات پدران، بین میزان آگاهی و تحصیلات مادر، و بین عملکرد و تحصیلات مادران ارتباط آماری معنی‌داری مشاهده شد (05/0p<). بین میزان آگاهی و عملکرد والدین در مورد سلامت و بهداشت دهان و دندان کودکان ارتباط معنی‌دار مشاهده شد نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه نشان داد که در مجموع میزان آگاهی والدین در رابطه با سلامت و بهداشت دهان و دندانکودکان 7 ساله مناسب بوده اما عملکرد آنان در این زمینه ضعیف است. 2 Background and Aim: Oral health education has important role in prevention of dental caries. Parents have important role in their children oral health. The aim of this study was to determine the parental knowledge and practice of oral hygiene status in 7 years old children. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 400 subjects selected through a multistage cluster stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire consist of 3 parts: demographic information (age, educational level, and occupational status), 23 questions about knowledge and 9 questions about practice. Data were analyzed using SPSS soft ware, and Pearson and t-test. P value was considered less than 0.05. Results: 55% and 45% of respondents were mothers and fathers, respectively. The mean age of fathers was 38.56±6.23 and the mean age of mothers was 33.31±5.79.The mean score of knowledge and practice were 43.68±13.20 from 46 and 9.32±3.26 from 18 respectively. There is no significant difference regarding knowledge score between mothers and fathers. There are significant differences between knowledge and fathers’ educational level, practice and fathers’ educational level, knowledge and mothers’ educational level, and practice and mothers’ educational level (p 21 28 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/28 1393/8/6 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/28 1393/8/6 ملوک ترابی M Torabi iran Iran رضیه شجاعی پور R Shojaee Poor iran Iran سانعلی کریمی افشار SA Karimi Afshar iran Iran منتهی شجاعت M Shojaat iran Iran مهرناز کریمی افشار M Karimi Afshar iran Iran شهرام مشرفیان SH Moshrefian iran Iran Knowledge practice parents oral hygiene children آگاهی عملکرد والدین بهداشت دهان و دندان کودکان Mahesh kumar p, Joseph T, Varma RB, Jayanthi M. Oral Health Status of 5 years and 12 years School going children in Chennai City – An epidemiological Study. J of Indian Society pedodontics and preventive Dentistry. 2005; 23(1):17-22.##Verbic V. Reasons for the caries decline in Slovenia. Community Dent oral Epidemiol. 2000; 28(2):126-32.##Frandson A. Changing patterns of attitudes and oral health behavior. Inter Dent J. 1995; 35:248-290.##Poutanen R, Lahti s, Seppa L, Tolvanen M, Hausen H. Oral Health related knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and family characteristics among Finish School children with and without active initial caries lesions. Acta Odontol Scand. 2007; 65(2):87-96.##Akpabio A, Klausner CP, Inglehort MR. Mothers'/guardians knowledge about promoting children's oral health. J Dent Hyg. 2008; 82(1):12-19.##Poutanen R, Lahti S, Tolvanen M, HausenH. Parental influence on children's oral health-related behavior. Acta Odontol Scand. 2006; 64(5):286-92.##Saied-Moallemi Z, Murtomaa H, Tehranchi A, Virtanen JI. Oral health behavior of Iranian mothers and their 9-year-old children. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2007; 5(4):263-9.##Vanagas G, Milašauskienė Z, Grabauskas V, Mickevičienė A. Associations between parental skills and their attitudes toward importance to develop good oral hygiene skills in their children. Medicina (Kaunas). 2009; 45(9):718-723.##Costa C, Pereira M, Passadouro R, Spencer B. Children's oral hygiene: healthy mouth, families supervise? Acta Med Port. 2008; 21(5):467-74.##Mitrakul K, Laovoravit V, Vanichanuwat V, Charatchaiwanna A, Charatchaiwanna A, Bunpradit W, Arunakul M. Factors associated with parent capability on child's oral health care. Southeast Asian. J Trop Med Public Health. 2012; 43(1):249-55##Wellappuli N, Amarasena N. Influence of family structure on dental caries experience of preschool children in Sri Lanka. Caries Res. 2012; 46(3):208-12.##Gussy MG, Waters EB, Riggs EM, Lo SK, Kilpatrick NM. Parental knowledge, beliefs and behaviors for oral health of toddlers residing in rural Victoria. Aust Dent J. 2008; 53(1):52-60.##Al–Omiri M, Al–Wahandi A, SaeedK. Oral health attitudes knowledge and Behavior among school children in north Jordan. J Dent Educ. 2006; 70(2):169-187.##Kaur B. Evaluation of oral health awareness in parents of preschool children. Indian J Dent Res. 2009; 20(4):463-465.##Toomarian L, Rahimluii Barabi A. Evaluation of parents' knowledge about oral health in 7 years old students in Tehran in 1375. Journal of Dental School of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 2001; 19(2):125-34. [In Persian]##Chestnutt LG, Murdoch C, Robson KF. Parents and careers choice of drinks for infants and toddlers, in areas of social and economic disadvantage. Community Dent Health. 2003; 20(3):139-45.##Wierzbicka M, Petersen PE, Szatko F, Dybizbanska I. Kalo I. Changing Oral Health status and oral health behavior of school children in Poland . Community Dent health. 2002; 9(4):243-50.##Orenugaoo, Sofolaoo. A survey of the knowledge, attitude and practices of antenatal mothers in Lagos, Nigeria about the primary teeth. Afr J Med Sci. 2005; 34(3):285-91.##Tai BJ, Jiang H, Du MQ, Huang W, Guo Y. A three–year evaluation of the effectiveness of the school–based oral health education program. Shanghai KouQiang Yi Xue. 2006; 15(6):591- 5.##Darout IA, Astrom AN, Skaug N. Knowledge and behavior related to oral health among secondary school students in Khartoum province,Sudan. Int Dent J. 2005; 55(4):224-30.##Van den Branden S, Van den Broucke S, Leroy R, Declerck D, Hoppenbrouwers K. Effects of time and socio-economic status on the determinants of oral health-related behaviors of parents of preschool children. Eur J Oral Sci. 2012; 120(2):153-60.##Ravera E, Sanchez GA, Squassi AF, Bordoni N. Relationship between dental status and family, school and socioeconomic level. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2012; 25(1):140-9.##Rajab LD, Petersen PE, Bakaeen G, Hamdan MA. Oral health behavior of school children and parents in Jordan. Int J Pediatr Dent. 2002; 12(3):168-76.##Okada M, Kawamura M, Kaihara Y, Matshzaki Y, Kuwahara S, Ishido H, Mia A. Influence of parent's Oral health behavior on Oral health status of their School children an exploratory study employing a causal modeling technique. Int J Pediatr Dent. 2002; 12(2):101-105.##Mahesh kumar p, Joseph T, Varma RB, Jayanthi M. Oral Health Status of 5 years and 12 years School going children in Chennai City – An epidemiological Study. J of Indian Society pedodontics and preventive Dentistry. 2005; 23(1):17-22.##Verbic V. Reasons for the caries decline in Slovenia. Community Dent oral Epidemiol. 2000; 28(2):126-32.##Frandson A. Changing patterns of attitudes and oral health behavior. Inter Dent J. 1995; 35:248-290.##Poutanen R, Lahti s, Seppa L, Tolvanen M, Hausen H. Oral Health related knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and family characteristics among Finish School children with and without active initial caries lesions. Acta Odontol Scand. 2007; 65(2):87-96.##Akpabio A, Klausner CP, Inglehort MR. Mothers'/guardians knowledge about promoting children's oral health. J Dent Hyg. 2008; 82(1):12-19.##Poutanen R, Lahti S, Tolvanen M, HausenH. Parental influence on children's oral health-related behavior. Acta Odontol Scand. 2006; 64(5):286-92.##Saied-Moallemi Z, Murtomaa H, Tehranchi A, Virtanen JI. Oral health behavior of Iranian mothers and their 9-year-old children. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2007; 5(4):263-9.##Vanagas G, Milašauskienė Z, Grabauskas V, Mickevičienė A. Associations between parental skills and their attitudes toward importance to develop good oral hygiene skills in their children. Medicina (Kaunas). 2009; 45(9):718-723.##Costa C, Pereira M, Passadouro R, Spencer B. Children's oral hygiene: healthy mouth, families supervise? Acta Med Port. 2008; 21(5):467-74.##Mitrakul K, Laovoravit V, Vanichanuwat V, Charatchaiwanna A, Charatchaiwanna A, Bunpradit W, Arunakul M. Factors associated with parent capability on child's oral health care. Southeast Asian. J Trop Med Public Health. 2012; 43(1):249-55##Wellappuli N, Amarasena N. Influence of family structure on dental caries experience of preschool children in Sri Lanka. Caries Res. 2012; 46(3):208-12.##Gussy MG, Waters EB, Riggs EM, Lo SK, Kilpatrick NM. Parental knowledge, beliefs and behaviors for oral health of toddlers residing in rural Victoria. Aust Dent J. 2008; 53(1):52-60.##Al–Omiri M, Al–Wahandi A, SaeedK. Oral health attitudes knowledge and Behavior among school children in north Jordan. J Dent Educ. 2006; 70(2):169-187.##Kaur B. Evaluation of oral health awareness in parents of preschool children. Indian J Dent Res. 2009; 20(4):463-465.##Toomarian L, Rahimluii Barabi A. Evaluation of parents' knowledge about oral health in 7 years old students in Tehran in 1375. Journal of Dental School of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 2001; 19(2):125-34. [In Persian]##Chestnutt LG, Murdoch C, Robson KF. Parents and careers choice of drinks for infants and toddlers, in areas of social and economic disadvantage. Community Dent Health. 2003; 20(3):139-45.##Wierzbicka M, Petersen PE, Szatko F, Dybizbanska I. Kalo I. Changing Oral Health status and oral health behavior of school children in Poland . Community Dent health. 2002; 9(4):243-50.##Orenugaoo, Sofolaoo. A survey of the knowledge, attitude and practices of antenatal mothers in Lagos, Nigeria about the primary teeth. Afr J Med Sci. 2005; 34(3):285-91.##Tai BJ, Jiang H, Du MQ, Huang W, Guo Y. A three–year evaluation of the effectiveness of the school–based oral health education program. Shanghai KouQiang Yi Xue. 2006; 15(6):591- 5.##Darout IA, Astrom AN, Skaug N. Knowledge and behavior related to oral health among secondary school students in Khartoum province,Sudan. Int Dent J. 2005; 55(4):224-30.##Van den Branden S, Van den Broucke S, Leroy R, Declerck D, Hoppenbrouwers K. Effects of time and socio-economic status on the determinants of oral health-related behaviors of parents of preschool children. Eur J Oral Sci. 2012; 120(2):153-60.##Ravera E, Sanchez GA, Squassi AF, Bordoni N. Relationship between dental status and family, school and socioeconomic level. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2012; 25(1):140-9.##Rajab LD, Petersen PE, Bakaeen G, Hamdan MA. Oral health behavior of school children and parents in Jordan. Int J Pediatr Dent. 2002; 12(3):168-76.##Okada M, Kawamura M, Kaihara Y, Matshzaki Y, Kuwahara S, Ishido H, Mia A. Influence of parent's Oral health behavior on Oral health status of their School children an exploratory study employing a causal modeling technique. Int J Pediatr Dent. 2002; 12(2):101-105.## ##

بررسی کیفیت زندگی در کودکان 9-8 ساله دارای براکسیسم دبستان های شهر همدان در سال 92-1391 The quality of life evaluation in children 8-9 years old with bruxism in Hamadan city, 2012 1 1 زمینه و هدف: براکسیسم در کودکان نگرانی در حال افزایشی است که با کیفیت زندگی کودکان در ارتباط می باشد. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین کیفیت زندگی در کودکان 9-8 ساله دارای براکسیسم دبستان های شهر همدان در سال 92-1391 است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه مورد-شاهدی ، دانش آموزان 9-8 ساله به صورت حضوری و با استفاده از سوند، آینه و نور طبیعی مورد معاینه قرار گرفته و با پرسشگری از خود کودک (نمایش نحوه سایش دندان ها به هم)، اطرافیان، معلم و همکلاسیها ، تعداد 65 دانش آموز مبتلا به براکسیسم را انتخاب نمودیم. سپس پرسشنامه استاندارد در اختیار والدین دانش آموز گروه براکسیسم و گروه شاهد قرار گرفت. اطلاعات به دست آمده از پرسشنامه ها به وسیله نرم افزار آماریSPSS v.16.0 و آزمون آماری t‏ مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: در این بررسی، براکسیسم با سن دانش آموزان، شغل پدر ، تحصیلات پدر و مادر، محل سکونت، وضعیت اقتصادی، زندگی با دو والد، طلاق (جدا شدن) پدر و مادر، تعداد اعضای خانواده، سابقه خانوادگی براکسیسم، سابقه سایر عادات دهانی، دعوا در خانواده، وضعیت تحصیلی کودک، بیماریمزمن پدر و مادر و اعتیاد پدر ارتباط معنی داری داشت (05/0>P) اما با جنس، فرزند چندم بودن (رتبه فرزندان خانواده) ، شغل واعتیاد مادر ارتباط معنی داری نداشت (05/0P). نتیجه‌گیری: عادات پارافانکشنال بر روی ساختمان دندانی- فکی اثر می گذارد و اگر دیر تشخیص داده شود و درمان به تأخیر بیفتد مشکلات بعدی را در پی خواهد داشت، شناسایی کودکان مبتلا به براکسیسم به منظور پیشگیری و آموزش والدین و کودکان جهت کاهش شیوع براکسیسم، علل و عوارض ناشی از آن در جامعه ضروری است. 2 Background and aim: Bruxism is a growing concern in children that has led to negative impact on quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of life in children 8-9 years old with bruxism in Hamadan city, 2012. Materials and Methods: In this case- control study 130 students 8-9 year old using a probe, mirror and natural light were examined as well as the questioning of the child (showing how to bruxism), acquaintances, teachers and classmates, 65 students who had bruxism chosen. The questionnaire was given to parents of bruxism and control groups. Data obtained from the questionnaire was analysis with the statistical software SPSS v.16.0 and t-test. Results: In the present study, the bruxism with students age, father's occupation, father's education, mother's education, place of residence, socioeconomic status, living with two parents, divorced (separated) parents, family size, family history bruxism, history and other oral habits, argument in the family, children's education, father's chronic disease, mother's chronic disease and father's addiction was significantly associated (P<0.05), but bruxism with the sex , the family birth rate and mothers addiction was not significantly associated (P>0.05). Quality of life of students with bruxism was significantly lower than quality of life of healthy children. (not having bruxism) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Oral parafunctional habits impact on tooth and jaw, if diagnosed lately and delayed treatment would be led to serious problems, early diagnosis for prevention of disease and education of parents and children to reduce the incidence and complications of bruxism is necessary. 29 38 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/282014/10/28 1393/8/6 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/282014/10/28 1393/8/6 محسن دالبند M Dalband iran Iran محمد احمدپناه M Ahmad Panah iran Iran صحرا نورمحمدی خیاوی S Noor Mohammadi Khayavi iran Iran سعادت ترابیان S Torabian iran Iran Quality of life children 8-9 years old bruxism کیفیت زندگی کودکان 9-8 ساله براکسیسم Castelo PM, Barbosa TS, Gavião MB. Quality of life evaluation of children with sleep bruxism. BMC Oral Health. 2010; 10(1):16.##Nematollahi H, Jahanbin A. An Eevaluation on the prevalence of oral habits prevalence and related familial##Simões-Zenari M, Bitar ML. Factors associated to bruxism in children from 4-6 years. Pro Fono. 2010; 22(4):465-72.##Giraki M, Schneider C, Schäfer R, Singh P, Franz M, Raab WH. Correlation between stress, stress-coping and current sleep bruxism. Head Face Med. 2010; 6:2 .##de la Hoz-Aizpurua JL, Díaz-Alonso E, LaTouche-Arbizu R, Mesa-Jiménez J. Sleep bruxism. Conceptual review and update. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011; 16(2): 231-8.##Huynh N, Manzini C, Rompré PH, Lavigne GJ. Weighing the potential effectiveness of various treatments for sleep bruxism. J Can Dent Assoc. 2007; 73(8):727-30.##Carvalho AL, Cury AA, Garcia RC. Prevalence of bruxism and emotional stress and the association between them in Brazilian police officers. Braz Oral Res. 2008; 22(1):31-5.##Ahlberg J, Rantala M, Savolainen A, Suvinen T, Nissinen M, Sarna S. Reported bruxism and stress experience. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002; 30(6):405-8.##Varni JW, Seid M, Kurtin PS. PedsQL 4.0: reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory##version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations. Med Care. 2001; 39(8):800-12.##KargarNajafi M, Borhani F. Quality of life in thalassemic school aged children of Kerman special diseases center in 2010. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2011; 10(2):26-33 .##Demir A, Uysal T, Guray E, Basciftci FA. The relationship between bruxism and occlusal factors among sevento 19-year-old Turkish children. Angle Orthod. 2004; 74(5):672-6.##Seraj B, Shahrabi M, Ghadimi S, Ahmadi R, Nikfarjam J, Zayeri F, et al. The Prevalence of Bruxism and Correlated Factors in Children Referred to Dental Schools of Tehran, Based on Parents' Report. Iran J Pediatr. 2010; 20(2):173-80.##Cheifetz AT, Osganian SK, Allred EN, Needleman HL. Prevalence of bruxism and associated correlates in children as reported by parents. J Dent Child (Chic). 2005; 72(2):67-73.##Serra-Negra JM, Paiva SM, Seabra AP, Dorella C, Lemos BF, Pordeus IA. Prevalence of sleep bruxism in a group of Brazilian schoolchildren. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2010; 11(4):192-5.##Antonio AG, Pierro VS, Maia LC. Bruxism in children: a warning sign for psychological problems. J Can Dent Assoc. 2006; 72(2):155-60.##Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan and sadock comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 10th ed. NewYork: Lippincot Williams & wilkinz; 2009.##Castelo PM, Barbosa TS, Gavião MB. Quality of life evaluation of children with sleep bruxism. BMC Oral Health. 2010; 10(1):16.##Nematollahi H, Jahanbin A. An Eevaluation on the prevalence of oral habits prevalence and related familial##Simões-Zenari M, Bitar ML. Factors associated to bruxism in children from 4-6 years. Pro Fono. 2010; 22(4):465-72.##Giraki M, Schneider C, Schäfer R, Singh P, Franz M, Raab WH. Correlation between stress, stress-coping and current sleep bruxism. Head Face Med. 2010; 6:2 .##de la Hoz-Aizpurua JL, Díaz-Alonso E, LaTouche-Arbizu R, Mesa-Jiménez J. Sleep bruxism. Conceptual review and update. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011; 16(2): 231-8.##Huynh N, Manzini C, Rompré PH, Lavigne GJ. Weighing the potential effectiveness of various treatments for sleep bruxism. J Can Dent Assoc. 2007; 73(8):727-30.##Carvalho AL, Cury AA, Garcia RC. Prevalence of bruxism and emotional stress and the association between them in Brazilian police officers. Braz Oral Res. 2008; 22(1):31-5.##Ahlberg J, Rantala M, Savolainen A, Suvinen T, Nissinen M, Sarna S. Reported bruxism and stress experience. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002; 30(6):405-8.##Varni JW, Seid M, Kurtin PS. PedsQL 4.0: reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory##version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations. Med Care. 2001; 39(8):800-12.##KargarNajafi M, Borhani F. Quality of life in thalassemic school aged children of Kerman special diseases center in 2010. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2011; 10(2):26-33 .##Demir A, Uysal T, Guray E, Basciftci FA. The relationship between bruxism and occlusal factors among sevento 19-year-old Turkish children. Angle Orthod. 2004; 74(5):672-6.##Seraj B, Shahrabi M, Ghadimi S, Ahmadi R, Nikfarjam J, Zayeri F, et al. The Prevalence of Bruxism and Correlated Factors in Children Referred to Dental Schools of Tehran, Based on Parents' Report. Iran J Pediatr. 2010; 20(2):173-80.##Cheifetz AT, Osganian SK, Allred EN, Needleman HL. Prevalence of bruxism and associated correlates in children as reported by parents. J Dent Child (Chic). 2005; 72(2):67-73.##Serra-Negra JM, Paiva SM, Seabra AP, Dorella C, Lemos BF, Pordeus IA. Prevalence of sleep bruxism in a group of Brazilian schoolchildren. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2010; 11(4):192-5.##Antonio AG, Pierro VS, Maia LC. Bruxism in children: a warning sign for psychological problems. J Can Dent Assoc. 2006; 72(2):155-60.##Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan and sadock comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 10th ed. NewYork: Lippincot Williams & wilkinz; 2009.## ##

.بررسی شیوع جرم دندانی در دو دوره ی دندانی شیری و مختلط .Evaluation of dental calculus prevalence in primary and mixed dentition period in Tehran (2011-2012) 1 1 .چکیده زمینه و هدف: تجربیات بالینی نشان می دهد در دوره ی دندانهای شیری،میزان وقوع جرم بسیار ناچیز است در حالیکه با رویش دندانهای دائمی بویژه دندانهای قدامی فک پائین این میزان افزایش مییابد. بنظر می رسد عوامل متعددی بر این تفاوت شیوع تاثیر داشته باشد.دراین مطالعه برآن شدیم تا عواملی مانند تانگ تراست، کراودینگ، فضای اینتردنتال، Black Stain وارتباط آنها با تشکیل جرم را در دو دورهی دندانی شیری و مختلط بررسی کنیم. روش بررسی:طییک مطالعه اپیدمیولوژیک و مقطعی (Cross Sectional)شیوع جرم دندانی در دو گروه سنی از کودکان شامل 120 نفر از کودکان 5-3 ساله و 120 نفر از کودکان 10-8 ساله ساکن شهر تهران که از نظرتاریخچه پزشکیمشکلی نداشتند،تعیین شد.بررسی عواملی مانند تانگ تراست، کراودینگ،فضای اینتردنتال و Black Stain با کمک آینه یکبار مصرف ساخت شرکت فیض طب (ایران) درزیر نوراتاق صورت گرفت.اطلاعات با استفاده از آزمون Chi-square مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته ها:در بررسی اپیدمیولوژیک میزان شیوع جرم، تانگ تراست،کراودینگ و فضای اینتردنتال تفاوت آماری معناداری را در دو دوره نشان دادند(P-value‹0.05) ولی میزان Black Stain تفاوت آماری معناداری نداشت (P-value›0.05).در افراد دارای جرم و بدون جرم هیچیک ازعوامل فوق الذکر تفاوت آماری معناداری را نشان ندادند (P-value›0.05). نتیجه‌گیری:در بررسی اپیدمیولوژیک مشخص شد شیوع جرم در دوره دندانی مختلط بیشترازدوره دندانی شیری می باشد.عواملی مانندتانگ تراست،کراودینگ،فضای اینتردنتال و Black Stain نقش موثری درتفاوت شیوع جرم ندارند. 2 Background and Aim:  Clinical experience suggests that occurrence of calculus in primary dentition is rare while it increases with the eruption of permanent teeth particularly the anterior mandibular teeth.  It seems several factors effect on this difference. So we decided to evaluate these factors such as tongue trust, crowding, interdental space, black stain and theirs relationship with formation of calculus in primary and mixed dentition period. Materials and Methods: During an epidemiological and cross sectional study, the evaluation of dental calculus prevalence in 3-5 years old (120 people) and 8-10- year -old children (120 people) who settled at Tehran with unremarkable medical history was done. We evaluated tongue trust, crowding, interdental space and black stain with disposable mirror (Feiz Teb, Iran) under room light. Data were analyzed with Chi-square tests. Results: There were significant statistical differences in this epidemiologic study in calculus prevalence, tongue trust, crowding and interdental space (P-value‹0.05) but not for black stain. There wasn’t significant statistical difference about above-mentioned factors in mixed dentition period between people with and without calculus (P-value›0.05).  Conclusion:  The epidemiologic study determined the occurrence of dental calculus in mixed dentition was more than in primary dentition.  Factors such as tongue trust, crowding, interdental space and black stain don’t have effect on calculus prevalence  39 42 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/28 1393/8/6 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/28 1393/8/6 حسین افشار H Afshar iran Iran زهرا بنی عامر Z Baniamer iran Iran .Dental calculus Primary dentition Mixed dentition .جرم دندانی دوره دندانی شیری دوره دندانی مختلط. White DJ. Dental calculus: rescent insights into occurrence,formation,prevention,removal and oral health effects of supragingival and subgingival deposits. Euor J Oral Sci. 1997; 105:508-522.##McTigue DJ, Nowak AJ, Fields HW, Casamassiomo PS. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy through Adolescence. 5th ed. Missouri: Elsevier; 2013:377.##Dawes C, Macpherson LMD. The distribution of saliva and sucrose around the mouth during the use of chewing gum and the implications for the site specificity of caries and calculus deposition. J Dent Res. 1993; 72:852-857.##Newman GN, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA. Carranza̕ s Clinical Periodontology. 11th ed. Missouri: Elsevier; 2012:217-224, 107.##Kaur R, Kataria H, Kumar S, Kaur G. Caries experience among females aged 16-21 in Punjab,India and its relationship with lifestyle and salivary HSP70 levels. Eur J Dent. 2010; 4(3):308-313.##Farsi N. Dental caries in relation to salivary factors in Saudi population groups. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2008; 9(3):16-23.##Dean JF, Mc Donald RE, Avery DR. Dentistry for the child and Adolescent. 9th ed. Boston: Mosby; 2011: 399.##Beicher ME. Black stains and caries in deciduous and mixed dentition. Health sciences. 2008; 1:71-9.##Heinrich-Weltzien R, Monse B, Van Palensteinhelderman W. Black stain and dental caries in Filipino school children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2009; 37:182-7.##Goel P, Sequeira P, Peter S. Prevalence of dental disease among 5-6 and 12-13 old school children of Putter Municipality, Karnataka State-India. J Indian Soc Pedo Prev Dent. 2000; 18(1):11-17.##Notman S, Mandel I d, Mercadante J. Calculus in normal children and children with cyctic fibrosis. IADR, 48th Meeting, 1970; P 64.##Soumi J D. Oral calculus inchildren. J Periodontol. 1971; 42:341-345.##Rae N G. Oral health status of certified school children of Mysore state-a report. J Ind Dent Asoka. 1985; 57:61-64.##White DJ. Dental calculus: rescent insights into occurrence,formation,prevention,removal and oral health effects of supragingival and subgingival deposits. Euor J Oral Sci. 1997; 105:508-522.##McTigue DJ, Nowak AJ, Fields HW, Casamassiomo PS. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy through Adolescence. 5th ed. Missouri: Elsevier; 2013:377.##Dawes C, Macpherson LMD. The distribution of saliva and sucrose around the mouth during the use of chewing gum and the implications for the site specificity of caries and calculus deposition. J Dent Res. 1993; 72:852-857.##Newman GN, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA. Carranza̕ s Clinical Periodontology. 11th ed. Missouri: Elsevier; 2012:217-224, 107.##Kaur R, Kataria H, Kumar S, Kaur G. Caries experience among females aged 16-21 in Punjab,India and its relationship with lifestyle and salivary HSP70 levels. Eur J Dent. 2010; 4(3):308-313.##Farsi N. Dental caries in relation to salivary factors in Saudi population groups. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2008; 9(3):16-23.##Dean JF, Mc Donald RE, Avery DR. Dentistry for the child and Adolescent. 9th ed. Boston: Mosby; 2011: 399.##Beicher ME. Black stains and caries in deciduous and mixed dentition. Health sciences. 2008; 1:71-9.##Heinrich-Weltzien R, Monse B, Van Palensteinhelderman W. Black stain and dental caries in Filipino school children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2009; 37:182-7.##Goel P, Sequeira P, Peter S. Prevalence of dental disease among 5-6 and 12-13 old school children of Putter Municipality, Karnataka State-India. J Indian Soc Pedo Prev Dent. 2000; 18(1):11-17.##Notman S, Mandel I d, Mercadante J. Calculus in normal children and children with cyctic fibrosis. IADR, 48th Meeting, 1970; P 64.##Soumi J D. Oral calculus inchildren. J Periodontol. 1971; 42:341-345.##Rae N G. Oral health status of certified school children of Mysore state-a report. J Ind Dent Asoka. 1985; 57:61-64.## ##

بررسی آگاهی، نگرش و عملکرد دانش آموزان مدارس ابتدایی شهر یزد در خصوص بهداشت دهان و دندان Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Elementary Schools Students about Oral Health in Yazd 1 1 زمینه و هدف: سلامت دهان و دندان یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل مؤثر در سلامت عمومی هر جامعه‌ای می‌باشد. در خدمات دندانپزشکی تأکید بر ارائه خدمات پیشگیری اولیه و در مراحل بعدی تأکید بر پیشگیری ثانویه، ثالثیه، ارتقاء و توسعه سلامت تک تک افراد می‌باشد. علیرغم پیشرفت‌های زیاد در مبارزه با بیماری‌ها در سطح جهان بیماری‌های دندان به خصوص پوسیدگی هنوز هم شایع‌ترین بیماری در سطح جهان از جمله در کشور ما هستند. هدف از انجام مطالعه حاضر تعیین میزان آگاهی، نگرش و عملکرد دانش آموزان مدارس ابتدایی شهر یزددر خصوص بهداشت دهان و دندان بود. روش بررسی: این مطالعه توصیفی - تحلیلی از نوع مقطعی بود و در میان 354 نفر از دانش آموزان دختر و پسر دبستانی شهر یزد که به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه ای انتخاب شدند، انجام گرفت. ابزار مورد استفاده پرسشنامه‌ چهار بخش شامل؛ اطلاعات جمعیت شناختی، آگاهی (محدوه امتیاز 22-0)، نگرش (محدوه امتیاز 30-5) و عملکرد (محدوه امتیاز 8-0) بود. اطلاعات جمع آوری شده با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS-18 و با کمک آزمون‌های توصیفی و تحلیلی نظیرT-test مستقل، ANOVA و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون در سطح معناداری 05/0 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته ها: میانگین نمره آگاهی 50/2±59/15، که 4/66% دارای آگاهی خوب و 6/33% آگاهی متوسط بودند. میانگین نمره نگرش68/3±04/25، که 4/90% دارای نگرش خوب، 3/9%داری نگرش متوسط و 3/0% دارای نگرش ضعیف و میانگین نمره عملکرد دانش آموزان 33/1±45/4، که 6/18% عملکرد خوب، 5/65% عملکرد متوسط و 6/5% دارای عملکرد ضعیف بودند. پسرها از نگرش بهتری نسبت به دخترها برخوردار بودند (026/0=p). نتیجه‌گیری:آگاهی، نگرش و عملکرد بهداشتی دانش آموزان مقطع دبستانی شهر یزد در خصوص بهداشت دهان و دندان در سطح متوسطی قرار داشت و لزوم آموزش مورد تاکید قرار می‌گیرد. از آنجایی که دانش آموزان مهم‌ترین منبع کسب اطلاع خود را مربی بهداشت و معلمین ذکر کردند به نظر می‌رسد با آموزش از این طریق بتوان به نتایج رضایت بخشی دست یافت. 2 Background and Aim: Oral health is the most important factor in public health in any society. Dental services emphasize primary preventive dental care services and in the next stages emphasize the secondary and tertiary prevention, health promotion and development of individual’s health. Despite great progress in fight against disease in the world, tooth decay is still the most common disease in the world, such as our country. The aim of this study was determination of knowledge, attitude and practice of fourth and fifth grade students of elementary schools about oral health in Yazd. Materials & Methods: This study was a cross-sectional research and conducted among 354 male and female students in fourth and fifth grade at elementary school in Yazd who were selected through randomize sampling method. Data were collected via questionnaires consist of demographic, knowledge (score range 0-22), attitude (score range 5-30) and practice (score range 0-8) questions. Data were analyzed by using SPSS-18 with descriptive and analytical tests such as independent T. test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient at α=0.05. Results: The results showed that, average knowledge score 15.59±2.5, 66.4% had good and 33.6% had medium knowledge. Average attitude score was 25.04±3.68. 90.4% had good, 9.3% had medium, and 0.3% had poor attitude. Average practice score was 4.45±1.33. 18.6% had good, 65.5% medium and 5.6% had poor practice. Boys' attitudes were more than girls (p=0.026). Conclusion: knowledge, attitudes and practice about oral health among students were at the medium level and education is emphasized. Because students reported teachers and health educator were most important sources of information, it seems we can achieve satisfying results by education through those channels. 43 50 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/28 1393/8/6 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/28 1393/8/6 مهدی میرزایی علویجه M MirzaeiAlavijeh iran Iran فرزاد جلیلیان F Jalilian iran Iran محمد حسین باقیانی مقدم M Baghiani Moghadam iran Iran ناصر حاتم زاده N Hatamzadeh iran Iran فاضل زینت مطلق F ZinatMotlagh iran Iran نرگس دهاقین N Dahaghin iran Iran Knowledge Attitude Practice Oral Health Student. آگاهی نگرش عملکرد بهداشت دهان و دندان دانش آموز. Sanei A, Maleki Z, Moslemi M, SabouriMotlagh N. Comparison of the effect of different preventive measures on plaque index. J Dent Sch. 2003; 21(2):220-226. [In Persian]##Naylor MN, Murray JJ. Fluorides and Dental Caries. In: Murray JJ, ed. The Prevention of Dental Disease, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford Press; 1990:3.##Watt R, Sheiham A. Inequalities in oral health: a review of the evidence and recommendations for action. Br Dent J. 1999; 187(1):6-12.##Samadzadeh H. Why and How Teeth Decay will happen? Oral Health Reference Book. Education Committee of oral health services integration. Tehran: The Ministry of Health Press; 1997: p.3. [In Persian]##Petersen PE, Stella YL. Health promoting schools: an opportunity for oral health promotion. Bull world health organ. 2005; 83(9):677-684.##Park YC, Lee SY, Kim DH, Jee SH. Intrusion of posterior teeth using mini-screw implants. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2003; 123(6):690-94.##Aghahosseini F, Enshayi M. DMFT evaluation of upper and lower first permanent molars in patients examined in oral medicine and diagnosis department at faculty of dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and health services (1997). Journal of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2002; 14(4):50-59. [In Persian]##Moslemei M, Ansari Gh, Fallahinzhadqajary M, Yazdani R. DMFT of children with disabilities under Welfare Organization in Tehran 12-6 year 1378. J Dent Sch. 2001; 19(3):9-15. [In Persian]##Gluck GM, Morganastein WM, Jong S. Community dental health. 5th Ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2003: 17.##Kavand G, Younesian F, SaffarShahroudi A, Dorri M, AkbarzadehBaghban A, Khoshnevisan M. Oral Health Related Quality of Life among Iranian children: Part I - Validity, reliability, prevalence and severity assessment of daily impact factors. J Dent Sch. 2010;27(4):187-196 [In Persian]##O'mullane D. Can prevention eliminate caries? Advances in Dental Research. 1995; 9(2):106-109.##Pakshir HR. Oral health in Iran. Int Dent J. 2004; 54(6 Suppl 1):367-72.##Haerian Ardakani A, Soleymani A, Rashidi-Meibodi F, Gholami N, Hosseini-Abrishami M. DMFT Evaluation of First Permanent Molars in Primary-School Students in Yazd. Toloo-e-Behdasht. 2012; 11(2):1-9. [In Persian]##Sahba S, Ghadimi S. Measuring the quality of life. J Dent Sch. 2006; 23(4):599-605##Freitas-Fernandes LB, Novaes AB, Feitosa A. Effectiveness of an oral hygiene program for Brazilian orphans. Brazilian dental journal. 2002; 13(1):44-48.##Horowitz AM. The public's oral health: The gaps between what we know and what we practice. Adv Dent Res. 1995;9(2):91-95.##Bowen WH. Are current models for preventive programs sufficient for the needs of tomorrow? Adv Dent Res. 1995; 9(2):77-81.##Zafarmand A, Moslemei M, Hazireiyazdei S. Students' knowledge and attitudes towards oral health in Tehran (school year 1378-79). J Dent Sch. 2001; 19(4):9-15. [In Persian]##Khedmat S. Oral Diseases. Tehran: Saman Publication; 2001:12-32. [In Persian]##Fallahinejad Ghajari M, Mirshekar Z, Razavi S. Knowledge and attitude toward oral and dental health among Zahedan's guidance school students. J Dent Sch. 2007;24(4):492-498 [In Persian]##Saadatniya M, Ghodsi A. Knowledge and Attitudes of Elementary School Students to Oral Health in City of Bushehr [MD thesis]. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; 2001. [In Persian]##Mirzaie M, Ghodsi A. Knowledge and Attitudes of Elementary School Students to Oral Health in City of Varamin [MD thesis]. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; 2002. [In Persian]##Petersen PE, Peng B, Bian Z. Effect of a school–based oral health education programme in Whuan City, People Republic of China. Int Dent J. 2004; 54:33-41.##Sanei A, Maleki Z, Moslemi M, SabouriMotlagh N. Comparison of the effect of different preventive measures on plaque index. J Dent Sch. 2003; 21(2):220-226. [In Persian]##Naylor MN, Murray JJ. Fluorides and Dental Caries. In: Murray JJ, ed. The Prevention of Dental Disease, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford Press; 1990:3.##Watt R, Sheiham A. Inequalities in oral health: a review of the evidence and recommendations for action. Br Dent J. 1999; 187(1):6-12.##Samadzadeh H. Why and How Teeth Decay will happen? Oral Health Reference Book. Education Committee of oral health services integration. Tehran: The Ministry of Health Press; 1997: p.3. [In Persian]##Petersen PE, Stella YL. Health promoting schools: an opportunity for oral health promotion. Bull world health organ. 2005; 83(9):677-684.##Park YC, Lee SY, Kim DH, Jee SH. Intrusion of posterior teeth using mini-screw implants. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2003; 123(6):690-94.##Aghahosseini F, Enshayi M. DMFT evaluation of upper and lower first permanent molars in patients examined in oral medicine and diagnosis department at faculty of dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and health services (1997). Journal of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2002; 14(4):50-59. [In Persian]##Moslemei M, Ansari Gh, Fallahinzhadqajary M, Yazdani R. DMFT of children with disabilities under Welfare Organization in Tehran 12-6 year 1378. J Dent Sch. 2001; 19(3):9-15. [In Persian]##Gluck GM, Morganastein WM, Jong S. Community dental health. 5th Ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2003: 17.##Kavand G, Younesian F, SaffarShahroudi A, Dorri M, AkbarzadehBaghban A, Khoshnevisan M. Oral Health Related Quality of Life among Iranian children: Part I - Validity, reliability, prevalence and severity assessment of daily impact factors. J Dent Sch. 2010;27(4):187-196 [In Persian]##O'mullane D. Can prevention eliminate caries? Advances in Dental Research. 1995; 9(2):106-109.##Pakshir HR. Oral health in Iran. Int Dent J. 2004; 54(6 Suppl 1):367-72.##Haerian Ardakani A, Soleymani A, Rashidi-Meibodi F, Gholami N, Hosseini-Abrishami M. DMFT Evaluation of First Permanent Molars in Primary-School Students in Yazd. Toloo-e-Behdasht. 2012; 11(2):1-9. [In Persian]##Sahba S, Ghadimi S. Measuring the quality of life. J Dent Sch. 2006; 23(4):599-605##Freitas-Fernandes LB, Novaes AB, Feitosa A. Effectiveness of an oral hygiene program for Brazilian orphans. Brazilian dental journal. 2002; 13(1):44-48.##Horowitz AM. The public's oral health: The gaps between what we know and what we practice. Adv Dent Res. 1995;9(2):91-95.##Bowen WH. Are current models for preventive programs sufficient for the needs of tomorrow? Adv Dent Res. 1995; 9(2):77-81.##Zafarmand A, Moslemei M, Hazireiyazdei S. Students' knowledge and attitudes towards oral health in Tehran (school year 1378-79). J Dent Sch. 2001; 19(4):9-15. [In Persian]##Khedmat S. Oral Diseases. Tehran: Saman Publication; 2001:12-32. [In Persian]##Fallahinejad Ghajari M, Mirshekar Z, Razavi S. Knowledge and attitude toward oral and dental health among Zahedan's guidance school students. J Dent Sch. 2007;24(4):492-498 [In Persian]##Saadatniya M, Ghodsi A. Knowledge and Attitudes of Elementary School Students to Oral Health in City of Bushehr [MD thesis]. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; 2001. [In Persian]##Mirzaie M, Ghodsi A. Knowledge and Attitudes of Elementary School Students to Oral Health in City of Varamin [MD thesis]. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; 2002. [In Persian]##Petersen PE, Peng B, Bian Z. Effect of a school–based oral health education programme in Whuan City, People Republic of China. Int Dent J. 2004; 54:33-41.## ##

مقایسه شاخص بهداشت دهان و دندان (OHI-S) دانش‌آموزان راهنمایی شهری و روستایی شهرستان شهریار Comparison of Simplified Oral Health Index (OHI-S) between Rural and Urban Middle School Students of Shahriar City 1 1 زمینه و هدف: مطالعات اپیدمیولوژیک نقش مهمی در برنامه‌ریزی برای بهبود بهداشت دهان و دندان ایفا می‌نمایند. تحقیق حاضر با هدف تعیین شاخص بهداشت دهان و دندان (OHI-S) در دانش‌آموزان راهنمایی شهری و روستایی شهرستان شهریار در سال 1386 انجام شد. روش بررسی: در این تحقیق توصیفی-تحلیلی، 400 دانش‌آموز مدارس راهنمایی (12، 13، 14 ساله) شهری و روستایی شهرستان شهریار پس از کسب مجوزاز سازمانهای مربوطه به صورت تصادفی و به تعداد مساوی از دو جنس و مدارس شهری و روستایی انتخاب و بررسی شدند. معاینات با سوند و آینه دندانپزشکی و نور چراغ مطالعه انجام و شاخص‌های دبری و جرم و به همراه شاخص ساده شده بهداشت دهان و دندان (OHI-S) طبق معیارهای WHO در 6 سکستانت دهان برآورد و ثبت گردید. داده‌های دموگرافیک ثبت و شاخص‌ بهداشت دهان و دندان با آزمون‌های Mann-whitney U، Kruskal wallis و مقایسه‌های دوبه دوی Dunett تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: شاخص OHI-S در مناطق شهری برابر 57/0±96/1 و در مناطق روستایی برابر 56/0±33/2 بود که در نمونه‌های روستایی به صورت معنی‌داری بیشتر بود (0001/0p<). بیشتر نمونه‌ها (5/52%) روزانه یک بار مسواک می‌زدند، 3/71% از نخ دندان استفاده نکرده و 8/28% به طور مرتب یا نامرتب از آن استفاده می‌کردند. 3/52% به دندانپزشک مراجعه نکرده و 8/33% در موارد اورژانس مراجعه می‌کردند. فقط 14% مرتب هر سال به دندانپزشک مراجعه می‌کردند. 22 نفر (5/5%)؛ بهداشت خوب، 359 نفر (8/89%) بهداشت متوسط و 19 نفر (8/4%) بهداشت بد داشتند. تفاوت‌های معنی‌داری برحسب جنس، نوع مدرسه، سن در وضعیت بهداشت دهان و دندان دیده نشد. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج تحقیق وضعیت بهداشت دهان و دندان دانش‌آموزان مورد بررسی در حد متوسطی باشد. با این حال، کاستی‌هایی در امر پیشگیری در میان دانش‌آموزان وجود داشته و تلاش برای افزایش سطح آگاهی جامعه در امر پیشگیری و بهداشت ضرورت دارد. 2 Background and Aim: Epidemiologic studies play an important role in planning strategies to improve public oral health. The aim of current study was to determine Simplified Oral Health Index (OHI-S) in middle school students of urban and rural areas of Shahriar city during year 1386. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 400 middle school students of urban and rural areas of Shahriar city with age range of 12-14 years old were randomly selected after license acquisition from related committees. M/F and urban/rural ratios were 1 among selected students. Dental examination was performed on each student using mirror and dental explorer under light of reading lamp. Indices of debris, caries and OHI-S were recorded in each sextant of oral cavity based on WHO criteria. Demographic data and recorded indices were statistically analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Dunett paired comparison tests. Results: Measured OHI-S was 1.96 ± 0.57 in urban areas which was significantly lower than its rural counterpart 2.33 ± 0.56 (P<0.0001). Most of students (52.5%) have brushed their teeth once a day. 71.3% of students have not used tooth floss and 28.8% have used it regularly or irregularly. 52.3% of subjects have not met a dentist and 33.8% have had an emergency dental appointment. Regular dental appointments were encountered in only 14% of students. Distribution of oral hygiene level was 22 students (5.5%) with good hygiene and 359 (89.8%) and 19 (4.8%) students with moderate and poor oral hygiene, respectively. There was no significant correlation between sex, type of school and age with oral health status. Conclusion: According to results of current study, oral health status of involved students is moderate. Despite this, some deficiencies were encountered in preventive strategies applied to students. So, further efforts to increase public knowledge about oral health and preventive measures is recommended. 51 58 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/29 1393/8/7 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/29 1393/8/7 مسعود فلاحی نژاد قاجاری M Fallahnejad iran Iran بهشته ملک افضلی B Malekafzali iran Iran سیدمهدی اینانلو M Inanloo iran Iran Oral health Debris index Caries index Preventive dentistry بهداشت دهان و دندان شاخص دبری شاخص جرم دندانپزشکی پیشگیری. O'mullane D. Can prevention eliminate caries? Adv Dent Res. 1995;9(2):106-9.##Petersen PE: Oral health behaviour of 6 – year – Old Danish children. Acta Odontol Scand. 1992; 50(1):57-64.##Murray JJ. Prevention of oral disease. 3rd Ed. New York: Oxford; 1996; Chap18:250.##Newbroun E. Preventing dental caries: Current and prospective strategies. J Am Dent Assoc. 1992; 123(4):68-73.##Ralph E, McDonald D. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 7th Ed. St Louis: Masby; 2000.##Yee R, David J, Khadka R. Oral cleanliness of 12-13–years–old and 15–year–old school children of Sunsari District, Nepal. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2006; 24(3):146-51.##Janković B, Ciglar I, Knezević A, Jurić H, Buković D, Stanicić T. Caries and oral hygiene in children in postwar Novi Travnik (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Zabok (Croatia). Coll Antropol. 2004; 28(1):439-45.##Safavi SM, Astaraki A. Oral health and dental caries in guidance school students of Doroud City during 1999-2000. Journal of Shahid Beheshti Dental School. 2001; 19(2):116-124 [Persian].##Nemati S, Seirafi M, Keshavarzi N. Gingival health and oral hygien of 6, 12 and 15-years old students of Shiraz schools. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 1998; 21(1, 2):23-26. [In Persian]##Eskandarian T, Nikorazm A, Dolatkhah R. Dental caries index (DMFT) and oral hygiene simplified (OHI-S) of mentally retarded students aged 10 and 12 years old in the Shiraz Schools for retarded students on 2000. Journal of Shiraz Dental School. 2002;3(3;4):1-9 [In Persian]##O'mullane D. Can prevention eliminate caries? Adv Dent Res. 1995;9(2):106-9.##Petersen PE: Oral health behaviour of 6 – year – Old Danish children. Acta Odontol Scand. 1992; 50(1):57-64.##Murray JJ. Prevention of oral disease. 3rd Ed. New York: Oxford; 1996; Chap18:250.##Newbroun E. Preventing dental caries: Current and prospective strategies. J Am Dent Assoc. 1992; 123(4):68-73.##Ralph E, McDonald D. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 7th Ed. St Louis: Masby; 2000.##Yee R, David J, Khadka R. Oral cleanliness of 12-13–years–old and 15–year–old school children of Sunsari District, Nepal. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2006; 24(3):146-51.##Janković B, Ciglar I, Knezević A, Jurić H, Buković D, Stanicić T. Caries and oral hygiene in children in postwar Novi Travnik (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Zabok (Croatia). Coll Antropol. 2004; 28(1):439-45.##Safavi SM, Astaraki A. Oral health and dental caries in guidance school students of Doroud City during 1999-2000. Journal of Shahid Beheshti Dental School. 2001; 19(2):116-124 [Persian].##Nemati S, Seirafi M, Keshavarzi N. Gingival health and oral hygien of 6, 12 and 15-years old students of Shiraz schools. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 1998; 21(1, 2):23-26. [In Persian]##Eskandarian T, Nikorazm A, Dolatkhah R. Dental caries index (DMFT) and oral hygiene simplified (OHI-S) of mentally retarded students aged 10 and 12 years old in the Shiraz Schools for retarded students on 2000. Journal of Shiraz Dental School. 2002;3(3;4):1-9 [In Persian]## ##

استفاده از مادران آموزش دیده برای انجام وارنیش فلورایدتراپی The Role of Trained Mothers in Varnish Fluoride Therapy Program 1 1 زمینه و هدف: یکی از روشهای پیشگیری از پوسیدگی، وارنیش‌فلورایدتراپی است. با توجه به محدودیت‌های دسترسی همه اقشار جامعه به دندانپزشکان و نیز هزینه‌های بالا، واگذاری امور ساده پیشگیرانه به نیروهای حد واسط راهکار مناسبی به نظر می‌آید. نحوه وارنیش فلورایدتراپی به مادران داوطلب پس از دو روش آموزشی در این مطالعه مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. روش بررسی:یک مطالعه مداخله‌ای و آموزشی طراحی شد. جمعیت مورد مطالعه، مادران داوطلبی بود که تحصیلات دانشگاهی در حد کارشناسی داشته، و دارای کودک در سن مدرسه بودند. پانزده نفر در این بررسی شرکت نمودند و تحت آموزش با دو روش آموزشی مختلف قرار گرفتند. گروه اول (6 نفر) با فیلم و گروه دوم (9 نفر) با فیلم به همراه جلسه پرسش و پاسخ آموزش دیدند. سپس هر مادر بر روی کودک خود، وارنیش فلورایدتراپی را انجام داد. عملکرد افراد هر گروه تحت ارزیابی قرار گرفت. در پایان با مقایسه میانگین نمره به دست آمده توسط افراد هر گروه کارایی دو روش آموزشی با هم مقایسه شد. یافته ها:هفت نفر از نه نفر مادران در گروه دوم تمامی موارد را بخوبی انجام دادند. میانگین نمره عملکرد درگروه اول 74 و در گروه دوم 97 از حداکثر نمره 100 بود(p value< 0.001). نتیجه‌گیری:نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد که مادران دارای سطح تحصیلات دانشگاهی که با روش استفاده از فیلم و جلسه بحث آموزش دیده‌اند، می‌توانند به منظور بکارگیری افراد غیر دندانپزشک برای وارنیش فلورایدتراپی، مد نظر قرار گیرند. 2 Background and Aim: Considering the high rate of the dental caries in Iran, prevention, especially in children is necessary. One of the preventive methods is varnish fluoride therapy (VFT). Along with the limited access to dentists and highly priced dental services, providing simple preventive services by volunteer mothers seems to be a suitable solution. The aim of this study was to evaluate the success rate of training varnish fluoride therapy to volunteer mothers comparing two different educational methods were used. Materials and Methods: This was an interventional educational study. The target population was educated volunteer mothers having a child at school age. Fifteen mothers were trained in two different methods. The first group was trained by multimedia and the second by multimedia plus a discussion session. Then every mother did VFT on her child. The practice of mothers of each group was evaluated. Finally, the average score of each group was compared to evaluate of two educational methods. Results: The average practice score in the first group was 74, and in the second group was 97. (Pvalue<0.001) Conclusion: The result of this study showed that the second educational method (multimedia and discussion session) was more effective than the first educational method (multimedia). 59 66 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/292014/10/29 1393/8/7 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/292014/10/29 1393/8/7 احمد جعفری A Jafari iran Iran محبوبه زنگویی M Zangooei iran Iran سعیده اصلانی S Aslani iran Iran احمدرضا شمشیری A Shamshiri iran Iran حسین حصاری H Hesari iran Iran Varnish fluoride therapy School based oral health program Preventive dentistry Mothers Educational methods. وارنیش فلوراید تراپی مادران دانش‌آموز سلامت دهان کودکان روش آموزشی. Dean J A, Avery D R, McDonald R E. McDonald and Avery. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. Indiana: Mosby; 2010.##Visavadia BG, Kumar M. A study of attitudes to oral health and prevalence of dental disease in primary school children in Delhi. J Dent. 1991; 18(8):351-2.##Daly B, Watt R, Atchelor P, Treasure E. Essential dental public health.1st edition. Oxford. Oxford University; 2013. Part 3.##Saied-Moallemi Z. Oral Health among Preadolescents: A School-Based Intervention in Iran: Concepts, Models, Determinants, Promotion. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing; 2010.##Pninkham J, Casamassimo P. Pediatric dentistry. 4th edition. W.B. Saunders Company; 2005. Chap 12.##Harald O. Heymann, Edward J, Swift Jr, Andre V. Art and science of operative dentistry. 6th edition. Mosby; 2012. Chap 3.##Azarpazhooh A, Mai PA. Fluoride Varnish in the Prevention of Dental Caries in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. JCDA. 2008;74(1):73-79##Gibson G, Jurasic MM, Wehler CJ, Jones JA. Supplemental fluoride use for moderate and high caries risk adults: a systematic review. J Public Health Dent. 2011;71(3):171-5.##Arruda AO, SenthamaraiKannan R, Inglehart MR, Rezende CT, Sohn W. Effect of 5% fluoride varnish application on caries among school children in rural Brazil: a randomized controlled trial. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2011; 63(4):48-53.##Gugwad SC, Shah P, Lodaya R, Bhat C, Tandon P, Choudhari S, Patil S. Caries Prevention Effect of Intensive Application of Sodium Fluoride Varnish in Molars in Children between Age 6 and 7 Years. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2011; 12(6):408-13.##Zwieg K. Fluoride in caries control. 2011 April [cited 2011]; Available from: http://ida.cdeworld.com/courses/4501-Fluoride_in_Caries_Control. Accessed: August 2, 2013.##California dental association. Topical fluoride application. California 2009 [cited 2011]; Available from: http://cando.ucsf.edu/Documents/AB667TopicalFLBill.pdf. Accessed: August 10, 2013.##Lewis Ch, Lynch H, Richardson L. Fluoride Varnish Use in Primary Care: What Do Providers Think?. Pediatrics. 2005; 11(5):69-76.##Swigonski NL, Yoder KM, Maupome G, Ofner S. Dental Providers' Attitudes Regarding the Application of Fluoride Varnish by Pediatric Health Care Providers. J Public Health Dent. 2009;69(4):242-7.##Okunseri C, Szabo A, Jackson S, Pajewski NM, Garcia RI. Increased Children's Access to Fluoride Varnish Treatment by Involving Medical Care Providers: Effect of a Medicaid Policy Change. Health Serv Res. 2009; 44(4):1144–1156.##Washington State School-based Sealant and Fluoride Varnish Program Guidelines, Third Edition, June 2012, At http://here.doh.wa.gov/materials/sealant-fluoride-varnish-guidelines/15_OHsealguid_E12L.pdf. Accessed: September 1, 2013.##Slade GD, Rozier RG, Zeldin LP, Margolis PA. Training pediatric health care providers in prevention of dental decay: results from a randomized controlled trial. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007; 7:176.##Jafarzadeh M, Eshghi A, Saneei M. Effect of educational films compared to conventional behavior control methods in pediatric dentistry on the attitude of dental students. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2011; 6(5):561-567.##Bahri, N, Bagheri S, Erfani M, Rahmani R, Tolidehi H. The Comparison of Workshop-Training and Booklet-Offering on Knowledge, Health Beliefs and Behavior of Breastfeeding after Delivery. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Infertility. 2013; 15(32):14-22.##Hamidzade Y, Nemati A. Comparing the effect of presence and distance education methods by health staffs and health volunteers on knowledge of mothers feeding their infants and infant anthropometric changes. Report of research project. 2008. At: http://eprints.arums.ac.ir/1666/1/hamidzadeh.pdf. Accessed: September 15, 2013.##Dean J A, Avery D R, McDonald R E. McDonald and Avery. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. Indiana: Mosby; 2010.##Visavadia BG, Kumar M. A study of attitudes to oral health and prevalence of dental disease in primary school children in Delhi. J Dent. 1991; 18(8):351-2.##Daly B, Watt R, Atchelor P, Treasure E. Essential dental public health.1st edition. Oxford. Oxford University; 2013. Part 3.##Saied-Moallemi Z. Oral Health among Preadolescents: A School-Based Intervention in Iran: Concepts, Models, Determinants, Promotion. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing; 2010.##Pninkham J, Casamassimo P. Pediatric dentistry. 4th edition. W.B. Saunders Company; 2005. Chap 12.##Harald O. Heymann, Edward J, Swift Jr, Andre V. Art and science of operative dentistry. 6th edition. Mosby; 2012. Chap 3.##Azarpazhooh A, Mai PA. Fluoride Varnish in the Prevention of Dental Caries in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. JCDA. 2008;74(1):73-79##Gibson G, Jurasic MM, Wehler CJ, Jones JA. Supplemental fluoride use for moderate and high caries risk adults: a systematic review. J Public Health Dent. 2011;71(3):171-5.##Arruda AO, SenthamaraiKannan R, Inglehart MR, Rezende CT, Sohn W. Effect of 5% fluoride varnish application on caries among school children in rural Brazil: a randomized controlled trial. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2011; 63(4):48-53.##Gugwad SC, Shah P, Lodaya R, Bhat C, Tandon P, Choudhari S, Patil S. Caries Prevention Effect of Intensive Application of Sodium Fluoride Varnish in Molars in Children between Age 6 and 7 Years. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2011; 12(6):408-13.##Zwieg K. Fluoride in caries control. 2011 April [cited 2011]; Available from: http://ida.cdeworld.com/courses/4501-Fluoride_in_Caries_Control. Accessed: August 2, 2013.##California dental association. Topical fluoride application. California 2009 [cited 2011]; Available from: http://cando.ucsf.edu/Documents/AB667TopicalFLBill.pdf. Accessed: August 10, 2013.##Lewis Ch, Lynch H, Richardson L. Fluoride Varnish Use in Primary Care: What Do Providers Think?. Pediatrics. 2005; 11(5):69-76.##Swigonski NL, Yoder KM, Maupome G, Ofner S. Dental Providers' Attitudes Regarding the Application of Fluoride Varnish by Pediatric Health Care Providers. J Public Health Dent. 2009;69(4):242-7.##Okunseri C, Szabo A, Jackson S, Pajewski NM, Garcia RI. Increased Children's Access to Fluoride Varnish Treatment by Involving Medical Care Providers: Effect of a Medicaid Policy Change. Health Serv Res. 2009; 44(4):1144–1156.##Washington State School-based Sealant and Fluoride Varnish Program Guidelines, Third Edition, June 2012, At http://here.doh.wa.gov/materials/sealant-fluoride-varnish-guidelines/15_OHsealguid_E12L.pdf. Accessed: September 1, 2013.##Slade GD, Rozier RG, Zeldin LP, Margolis PA. Training pediatric health care providers in prevention of dental decay: results from a randomized controlled trial. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007; 7:176.##Jafarzadeh M, Eshghi A, Saneei M. Effect of educational films compared to conventional behavior control methods in pediatric dentistry on the attitude of dental students. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2011; 6(5):561-567.##Bahri, N, Bagheri S, Erfani M, Rahmani R, Tolidehi H. The Comparison of Workshop-Training and Booklet-Offering on Knowledge, Health Beliefs and Behavior of Breastfeeding after Delivery. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Infertility. 2013; 15(32):14-22.##Hamidzade Y, Nemati A. Comparing the effect of presence and distance education methods by health staffs and health volunteers on knowledge of mothers feeding their infants and infant anthropometric changes. Report of research project. 2008. At: http://eprints.arums.ac.ir/1666/1/hamidzadeh.pdf. Accessed: September 15, 2013.## ##

فیوژن در دندانهای شیری: ارائه ی مورد Fusion in primary dentition: a case report 1 1 مقدمه: تکامل دندانهای انسان یک پروسه ی پیچیده می باشد. هر گونه انحراف از حالت نرمال باعث ایجاد اختلالات تکاملی می شود. فیوژن نوعی آنومالی دندانی می باشد که طی آن دو دندان با هم، دندانی واحد را تشکیل می دهند و گاهی نیاز به درمانهای دندان پزشکی دارد. معرفی مورد: دختر 5/3 ساله ای با شکایت از پوسیدگی دندانی به بخش کودکان دانشکده دندان پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران مراجعه و با تشخیص فیوژن بین دندان سانترال شیری با یک دندان اضافه، درمانهای پالپ و ترمیمی آن انجام شد. 2 Introduction: Tooth development is a complicated process. Any deviation from the normal state causes developmental disorders. Fusion is a dental anomaly in which two teeth together make up a fused one and this anomaly sometimes needs dental treatment. Case report: A 3.5-year-old girl with chief complaint of dental caries was referred to Pediatric dentistry department of Tehran University of medical sciences. Endodontic and restorative treatments with diagnosis of fusion between primary central incisor and a supernumerary tooth were done. 67 72 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/292014/10/292014/10/29 1393/8/7 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/292014/10/292014/10/29 1393/8/7 حسین افشار H Afshar iran Iran مهسا منصوری M Mansouri iran Iran fusion gemination supernumerary tooth primary teeth فیوژن ژمیناسیون دندان اضافه دندانهای شیری Afshar H, Toffighi Daryan M. The occurrence of anomalies of primary anterior teeth and their concurrence with the permanent successors in anomalies in Iranian children. J Mash Dent Sch. 2011; 35(1):1-8.##Guimarães Cabral LA, Firoozmand LM, Dias Almeida J. Double teeth in primary dentition: report of two clinical cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2008;13(1):77-80.##Chaudhry SI, Sprawson NJ, Howe L, Nairn RI. Dental twinning. Br Dent J. 1997; 182(5):185-8.##Alvarez I, Creath CJ. Radiographic considerations for supernumerary tooth extraction: report of case. ASDC J Dent Child. 1995; 62(2):141-4.##Favalli O, Webb M, Culp J 3rd. Bilateral twinning: report of case. ASDC J Dent Child. 1998;65(4):268-71, 230.##Sachdeva GS, Malhotra D, Sachdeva LT, Sharma N, Negi A. Endodontic managementof mandibular central incisor fused to a supernumerary tooth associated with a talon cusp: a case report. Int Endod J. 2012; 45(6):590-6.##Velasco LF, de Araujo FB, Ferreira ES, Velasco LE. Esthetic and functional treatment of a fused permanent tooth: a case report. Quintessence Int. 1997; 28(10):677-80.##Atkins CO Jr, Mourino AP. Management of a supernumerary tooth fused to a permanent maxillary central incisor. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1986; 61(2):146-8.##Mader CL. Fusion of teeth. J Am Dent Assoc. 1979; 98(1):62-4.##Tsurumachi T, Kuno T. Endodontic and orthodontic treatment of a cross-bitefused maxillary lateral incisor. IntEndod J. 2003; 36(2):135-42.##Duncan WK, Helpin ML. Bilateral fusion and gemination: a literature analysisand case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987; 64(1):82-7.##Nik-Hussein NN, Abdul Majid Z. Dental anomalies in the primary dentition: distribution and correlation with the permanent dentition. J Clin Pediatr Dent.1996; 21(1):15-9.##Onçag O, Candan U, Arikan F. Comprehensive therapy of a fusion between amandibular lateral incisor and supernumerary tooth: case report. Int Dent J. 2005; 55(4):213-6.##Blaney TD, Hartwell GR, Bellizzi R. Endodontic management of a fused tooth: acase report. J Endod. 1982; 8(5):227-30.##Kolenc-Fusé FJ. Tooth agenesis: in search of mutations behind failed dental development. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2004; 9(5):390-5; 385-90.##Budd CS, Reid DE, Kulild JC, Weller RN. Endodontic treatment of an unusualcase of fusion. J Endod. 1992; 18(3):133-7.##Salcido-García JF, Ledesma-Montes C, Hernández-Flores F, Pérez D, Garcés-Ortíz M. Frequency of supernumerary teeth in Mexican population. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2004;9(5):407-9,403-6.##Melnik AK. Orthodontic movement of a supplemental maxillary incisor throughthe midpalatal suture area. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993; 104(1):85-90.##Ozden B, Gunduz K, Ozer S, Oz A, Otan Ozden F. The multidisciplinary management of a fused maxillary central incisor with a talon cusp. Aust Dent J. 2012; 57(1):98-102.##Calişkan MK. Traumatic gemination--triple tooth. Survey of the literature andreport of a case. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1992; 8(3):130-3.##Camm JH, Wood AJ. Gemination, fusion and supernumerary tooth in the primary dentition: report of case. ASDC J Dent Child. 1989; 56(1):60-1.##Milazzo A, Alexander SA. Fusion, gemination, oligodontia, and taurodontism. J Pedod. 1982; 6(2):194-9.##Kayalibay H, Uzamis M, Akalin A. The treatment of a fusion between the maxillary central incisor and supernumerary tooth: report of a case. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1996; 20(3):237-40.##Kim E, Jou YT. A supernumerary tooth fused to the facial surface of a maxillary permanent central incisor: case report. J Endod. 2000; 26(1):45-8.##Solares R, Romero MI. Supernumerary premolars: a literature review. Pediatr Dent. 2004; 26(5):450-8.##Açikgöz A, Açikgöz G, Tunga U, Otan F. Characteristics and prevalence ofnon-syndrome multiple supernumerary teeth: a retrospective study. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2006; 35(3):185-90.##Shah A, Gill DS, Tredwin C, Naini FB. Diagnosis and management of supernumerary teeth. Dent Update. 2008; 35(8):510-2, 514-6, 519-20.##Weglarz WP, Tanasiewicz M, Kupka T, Skórka T, Sułek Z, Jasiński A. 3D MRimaging of dental cavities-an in vitro study. Solid State Nucl Magn Reson. 2004; 25(1-3):84-7.##Brook AH, Winter GB. Double teeth. A retrospective study of 'geminated' and'fused' teeth in children. Br Dent J. 1970; 129(3):123-30.##O'Reilly PM. A structural and ultrastructural study of a fused tooth. J Endod.1989;15(9):442-6##Afshar H, Toffighi Daryan M. The occurrence of anomalies of primary anterior teeth and their concurrence with the permanent successors in anomalies in Iranian children. J Mash Dent Sch. 2011; 35(1):1-8.##Guimarães Cabral LA, Firoozmand LM, Dias Almeida J. Double teeth in primary dentition: report of two clinical cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2008;13(1):77-80.##Chaudhry SI, Sprawson NJ, Howe L, Nairn RI. Dental twinning. Br Dent J. 1997; 182(5):185-8.##Alvarez I, Creath CJ. Radiographic considerations for supernumerary tooth extraction: report of case. ASDC J Dent Child. 1995; 62(2):141-4.##Favalli O, Webb M, Culp J 3rd. Bilateral twinning: report of case. ASDC J Dent Child. 1998;65(4):268-71, 230.##Sachdeva GS, Malhotra D, Sachdeva LT, Sharma N, Negi A. Endodontic managementof mandibular central incisor fused to a supernumerary tooth associated with a talon cusp: a case report. Int Endod J. 2012; 45(6):590-6.##Velasco LF, de Araujo FB, Ferreira ES, Velasco LE. Esthetic and functional treatment of a fused permanent tooth: a case report. Quintessence Int. 1997; 28(10):677-80.##Atkins CO Jr, Mourino AP. Management of a supernumerary tooth fused to a permanent maxillary central incisor. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1986; 61(2):146-8.##Mader CL. Fusion of teeth. J Am Dent Assoc. 1979; 98(1):62-4.##Tsurumachi T, Kuno T. Endodontic and orthodontic treatment of a cross-bitefused maxillary lateral incisor. IntEndod J. 2003; 36(2):135-42.##Duncan WK, Helpin ML. Bilateral fusion and gemination: a literature analysisand case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987; 64(1):82-7.##Nik-Hussein NN, Abdul Majid Z. Dental anomalies in the primary dentition: distribution and correlation with the permanent dentition. J Clin Pediatr Dent.1996; 21(1):15-9.##Onçag O, Candan U, Arikan F. Comprehensive therapy of a fusion between amandibular lateral incisor and supernumerary tooth: case report. Int Dent J. 2005; 55(4):213-6.##Blaney TD, Hartwell GR, Bellizzi R. Endodontic management of a fused tooth: acase report. J Endod. 1982; 8(5):227-30.##Kolenc-Fusé FJ. Tooth agenesis: in search of mutations behind failed dental development. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2004; 9(5):390-5; 385-90.##Budd CS, Reid DE, Kulild JC, Weller RN. Endodontic treatment of an unusualcase of fusion. J Endod. 1992; 18(3):133-7.##Salcido-García JF, Ledesma-Montes C, Hernández-Flores F, Pérez D, Garcés-Ortíz M. Frequency of supernumerary teeth in Mexican population. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2004;9(5):407-9,403-6.##Melnik AK. Orthodontic movement of a supplemental maxillary incisor throughthe midpalatal suture area. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993; 104(1):85-90.##Ozden B, Gunduz K, Ozer S, Oz A, Otan Ozden F. 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دستورالعمل ملی کاربرد فیشورسیلانت در دندانپزشکی کودکان (1389) 1 1 "سیلانت" به ماده ای گفته می شود که درون حفرات و شیارهای دندانهای سالم مستعد پوسیدگی قرارگرفته با دندان اتصال میکرومکانیکال برقرار میکند واز دسترسی باکتریهای پوسیدگی‌زا به منبع غذایی‌شان جلوگیری می نماید. پوسیدگی های حفره و شیار نزدیک به 80٪ تا90٪ تمام پوسیدگی های دندانهای دایمی خلفی و44٪ دندانهای شیری را شامل می شوند. سیلانتها ریسک پوسیدگی را در حفرات و شیارهای مستعد به مقدار قابل توجهی کاهش می دهند. نشان داده شده که قراردادن سیلانتهای رزینی مناسب در کودکان ونوجوانان پس از یکسال 86٪ و پس از 4 سال 58٪ باعث کاهش بروز پوسیدگی می شود. 73 74 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/292014/10/292014/10/292014/10/29 1393/8/7 2014/10/262014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/282014/10/292014/10/292014/10/292014/10/29 1393/8/7 مهسا مظفری iran Iran سهیلا احترامی iran Iran حسین افشار iran Iran قاسم انصاری iran Iran مهرسا پاریاب iran Iran سارا توسلی iran Iran احمد جعفری iran Iran علی رضا رحیمی فرد iran Iran شیوا رضوی iran Iran نرگس عشایری و دکتر مجتبی وحید گلپایگانی iran Iran دستورالعمل ملی کاربرد فیشورسیلانت در دندانپزشک ی کودکان American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) - Guideline on Fissure Sealant in Pediatric Dentistry- Revised 2008-Reference Manual-V32/No 6/ P 10, 11##Ahovuo-Saloranta A, Hijri A, Nordblad A, Makela M, Worthington HV, MakelaM. Pit and fissure sealants for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth of children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Systematic Review. 2008 ;(34):CD001830.18E##Nunn JH, Murray JJ, Smallridge J; BSPD. British Society of Paediatric Dentistry. British Society of Pediatric Dentistry (BSPD): a policy document on fissure sealants in paediatric dentistry-revised. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2000; 10(2):174-7.##American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) - Guideline on Fissure Sealant in Pediatric Dentistry- Revised 2008-Reference Manual-V32/No 6/ P 10, 11##Ahovuo-Saloranta A, Hijri A, Nordblad A, Makela M, Worthington HV, MakelaM. Pit and fissure sealants for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth of children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Systematic Review. 2008 ;(34):CD001830.18E##Nunn JH, Murray JJ, Smallridge J; BSPD. British Society of Paediatric Dentistry. British Society of Pediatric Dentistry (BSPD): a policy document on fissure sealants in paediatric dentistry-revised. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2000; 10(2):174-7.## ##