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تعیین دو شاخص DMFT و SiC دانش آموزان دختر پانزده ساله شهرستان رشت DMFT and SiC Indices in 15-years-old female students in the city of Rasht, Iran 1 1 زمینه و هدف:با توجه به این که متـداولتـرین شـاخص پوسـیدگی دندانی در سطح جهانی شاخص DMFT است، بـر آن شـدیم کـه از آن بـرای نشان دادن وضعیت سلامت دهان و دندان گروه هـدف اسـتفاده کنیم. هدف از انجام این مطالعه تعیین دو شاخص DMFT و نیز شاخص بررسی بیشترین پوسیدگی در جامعه(SiC) Significant Caries Index،در دانش آموزان دختران 15 ساله شهر رشت بود. مواد و روشها:مطالعه حاضر به صورت یک مطالعه مقطعی توصیفی طراحی شده بود.تعداد 228 دانش آموز دختر به روش نمونه گیری چند مرحله ای و به صورت منظم انتخاب شدند. مشخصات دموگرافیک با استفاده از پرسشنامه تکمیل شد، سپس جهتمعاینه این دانش آموزان یک نفر دانشجوی سال آخر که از نظر معاینه و تشخیصمشکلات دندانی آموزش دیده بود،بر اساس ضوابط سازمان بهداشت جهانی شاخص DMFT را تعیین نمود.سپس شاخص (SiC) Significant Caries Index بر اساسمیانگینDMFT دریک سوم جمعیت که بالاترین میزان راداشتند، محاسبه گردید. داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار آماریSPSS 21 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند.آزمونهایآماریT-test، spearman correlation، Kruskal Wallis و Chi-square برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها بکار رفتند. یافتهها:در این مطالعه مشخص گردید،میانگینDMFT در دختران مورد مطالعه برابر 7/2 ± 29/3وشاخص SiC برابر 76/0±19/6 بود.همچنین در این مطالعه مشخص گردید که همبستگی از نوع مثبت بینDMFT و تعداد فرزندان خانواده دیده میشود)0001/0>P)با استفاده از آزمون Spearman Correlation مشخص گردید که همبستگی از نوع منفی بینDMFT و تعداد موارد مسواک زدن روزانه در افراد مورد مطالعه دیده میشود (0001/0>P). نتیجه گیری:میانگین شاخصDMFTدر دانش آموزان دختر 15 ساله شهررشت مشابه میانگین شاخص DMFTکشوری می باشد. هم چنین تعداد فرزندان در خانواده و تعداد دفعات مسواک زدن نیز به طور قابل توجهی در تعیین میانگین شاخص  DMFTدر دانش آموزان تاثیرگذار هستند. 2 Background:DMFT index is the most common caries detecting index worldwide. The aim of present study was to determine DMFT as well as the prevalence of highest caries rate or Significant Caries Index (SiC), among 15 years of age female students in the city of Rasht, Iran. Materials and methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 228 female students were selected using stratified multi-stage sampling method. Demographic status was assessed by questionnaire. Clinical examinations were conducted by a trained senior dental student. DMFT index was  firstly determined by WHO criteria. At the next stage, SiC index was extracted by calculating DMFT among one third of study population who had the highest rate of DMFT. Analyzed by SPSS 21. Spearman correlation, Kruskal Wallis و Chi-square T-test,Data were used for data analysis. Results:The mean DMFT was 3.29±2.7, and SiC index was 6.19±0.76. Spearman correlation determined that there was a positive direct correlation between DMFT and the number of children within the family (P<0.0001). A negative correlation was observed between DMFT and daily tooth brushing(P<0.0001). Conclusion:The mean DMFT index among 15 years-old females was similar to mean national scores. The number of siblings and tooth brushing were correlated with DMFT score in the study population.   1 10 2019/07/22 1398/4/31 2019/07/22 1398/4/31 کتایون سالم K Salem استادیار دانشگاه آزاد تهران، بخش دندانپزشکی کودکان، تهران، ایران ایران صدف شمخانی S Shamkhani دانشگاه آزاد تهران، بخش دندانپزشکی کودکان، تهران، ایران ایران سبا آقایی S Aghayi استادیار دانشگاه آزاد تهران، بخش دندانپزشکی کودکان، تهران، ایران ایران الهه ابراهیم زاده E Ebrahimzadeh دانشگاه آزاد تهران، بخش دندانپزشکی کودکان، تهران، ایران ایران DMFT index 15 years of age Dental caries SiC index شاخصDMFT پانزده سالگی پوسیدگی و شاخص SiC Oral Health Surveys, BaSiC Methods,5th edition, WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, © World Health Organization 2013, )PRINTED IN FRANCE)pp 1##Braga MM, Oliveira LB, Bonini GA, Bonecker M, Mendes FM. Feasibility of the international caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS-II) in epidemiological surveys and comparability with standard World Health Organization criteria. Caries Res. 2009; 43:245-249.##Eskandaryzedeh A et.al. Caries Free Prevalence among 6, 12 & 15- Year Old School Children in Kerman during 2000-2005. J Health & Development 2015; 4(1):42-51##Rezaei-Soufi L., Kasraei S., Jazaeri M., Khamverdi Z. "Dental Caries Experience in 13-1year-old Iranian Students Expressed by DMFT and Significant Caries Index DJH 2011;.3(.2):45-52##Torabi-Parizi M, Eskandarizadeh A, Razifar M, Karimi-Afshar M, Mosharafian S. "Assessment of significant caries index and oral hygiene status in 15-year-old student in Kerman", 2012 . J Oral Health, Oral Epidemiol, 2014 ;(3):1##Eishaqi E, Eskandari M, Vejdani J.DMFT Index in 15 years old male students in the city of Rasht2012, Dissertation number 1351 for DDS Degree, Guilan Dental School, Rasht,Iran##Khoshnevisan MH, Ghasemianpour M, Samadzadeh H, Baez RJ. Oral health status and healthcare system in IR Iran. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences. 2018 Sep 26; 4(3).##Oulis C.J, Tsinidou K., Vadiakas G., Mamai-Homata E., Polychronopoulou A., Athanasouli T. "Caries prevalence of 5, 12 and 15-year-old Greek children: A national pathfinder survey". Community Community Dental Health. 2012; 29(1):29-32##Markovic N, Muratbegovic AA, Kobaslija S, Bajric E, Selimovic-Dragas M, Huseinbegovic A. "Caries prevalence of children and adolescents in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Acta Medica Academica 2013; 42(2):108-116##Pontigo-Loyola AP, Medina-Solis CE, Borges-Yañez SA, Patiño-Marín N, Islas-Márquez A, Maupome G.Prevalence and Severity of Dental Caries in Adolescents Aged 12 and 15 Living in Communities with Various Fluoride Concentrations", J Public Health Dent 2007;(67):1##Hobdell M, Petersen PE, Clarkson J, Johnson N, "Global goals for oral health 2020",International Dental Journal 2003; 53(5):285-8##Verma P, Hegde AM. Digit Ratio and Dental Caries: A Sexually Dimorphic Trait. Int J of Clin Ped Dentistry. 2018;11(1):1.##Shimomura-Kuroki J, Nashida T, Miyagawa Y,Sekimoto T. The Role of Genetic Factors in the Outbreak Mechanism of Dental Caries. J Clin Ped Dent. 2018; 42(1):32-6.##Dianišková S, Králiková M, Gazdík L, Dalessandri D. Oral health status in Slovak population of 15-year-old children. Jokull2016; 66(8):85-91.##Praveena S, Thippeswamy HM, Nanditha K, Kalyana Chakravarthy P. Relationship of oral hygiene practices and dental caries among school children of Sullia Taluk, Karnataka, South India. Global Journal of Medical Research. 2014.##16 Sajadi FS, Mosharafian Sh, Torabi M, Hajmohamadi S. Evaluation of DMFT index and Significant Caries Index in 12-year-old students in Sirjan, Kerman. J Isfahan Dent Sch 2014; 10(4): 290-8.##Asdagh S, Nuroloyuni S, Amani F, Sadeghi Mazidi. Dental Caries Prevalence among 6-12 Years Old School Children in Ardabil City, 2012. J Ardabil University of Med Sci 2015; 15(1):39-45##Al-Otaibi MF., Al-Mamari F., Baskaradoss JK.: "Oral health status of 12-year-old school children in Yemen. A cross- sectional survey", Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2012;13(##Oral Health Surveys, BaSiC Methods,5th edition, WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, © World Health Organization 2013, )PRINTED IN FRANCE)pp 1##Braga MM, Oliveira LB, Bonini GA, Bonecker M, Mendes FM. Feasibility of the international caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS-II) in epidemiological surveys and comparability with standard World Health Organization criteria. Caries Res. 2009; 43:245-249.##Eskandaryzedeh A et.al. Caries Free Prevalence among 6, 12 & 15- Year Old School Children in Kerman during 2000-2005. J Health & Development 2015; 4(1):42-51##Rezaei-Soufi L., Kasraei S., Jazaeri M., Khamverdi Z. "Dental Caries Experience in 13-1year-old Iranian Students Expressed by DMFT and Significant Caries Index DJH 2011;.3(.2):45-52##Torabi-Parizi M, Eskandarizadeh A, Razifar M, Karimi-Afshar M, Mosharafian S. "Assessment of significant caries index and oral hygiene status in 15-year-old student in Kerman", 2012 . J Oral Health, Oral Epidemiol, 2014 ;(3):1##Eishaqi E, Eskandari M, Vejdani J.DMFT Index in 15 years old male students in the city of Rasht2012, Dissertation number 1351 for DDS Degree, Guilan Dental School, Rasht,Iran##Khoshnevisan MH, Ghasemianpour M, Samadzadeh H, Baez RJ. Oral health status and healthcare system in IR Iran. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences. 2018 Sep 26; 4(3).##Oulis C.J, Tsinidou K., Vadiakas G., Mamai-Homata E., Polychronopoulou A., Athanasouli T. "Caries prevalence of 5, 12 and 15-year-old Greek children: A national pathfinder survey". Community Community Dental Health. 2012; 29(1):29-32##Markovic N, Muratbegovic AA, Kobaslija S, Bajric E, Selimovic-Dragas M, Huseinbegovic A. "Caries prevalence of children and adolescents in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Acta Medica Academica 2013; 42(2):108-116##Pontigo-Loyola AP, Medina-Solis CE, Borges-Yañez SA, Patiño-Marín N, Islas-Márquez A, Maupome G.Prevalence and Severity of Dental Caries in Adolescents Aged 12 and 15 Living in Communities with Various Fluoride Concentrations", J Public Health Dent 2007;(67):1##Hobdell M, Petersen PE, Clarkson J, Johnson N, "Global goals for oral health 2020",International Dental Journal 2003; 53(5):285-8##Verma P, Hegde AM. Digit Ratio and Dental Caries: A Sexually Dimorphic Trait. Int J of Clin Ped Dentistry. 2018;11(1):1.##Shimomura-Kuroki J, Nashida T, Miyagawa Y,Sekimoto T. The Role of Genetic Factors in the Outbreak Mechanism of Dental Caries. J Clin Ped Dent. 2018; 42(1):32-6.##Dianišková S, Králiková M, Gazdík L, Dalessandri D. Oral health status in Slovak population of 15-year-old children. Jokull2016; 66(8):85-91.##Praveena S, Thippeswamy HM, Nanditha K, Kalyana Chakravarthy P. Relationship of oral hygiene practices and dental caries among school children of Sullia Taluk, Karnataka, South India. Global Journal of Medical Research. 2014.##16 Sajadi FS, Mosharafian Sh, Torabi M, Hajmohamadi S. Evaluation of DMFT index and Significant Caries Index in 12-year-old students in Sirjan, Kerman. J Isfahan Dent Sch 2014; 10(4): 290-8.##Asdagh S, Nuroloyuni S, Amani F, Sadeghi Mazidi. Dental Caries Prevalence among 6-12 Years Old School Children in Ardabil City, 2012. J Ardabil University of Med Sci 2015; 15(1):39-45##Al-Otaibi MF., Al-Mamari F., Baskaradoss JK.: "Oral health status of 12-year-old school children in Yemen. A cross- sectional survey", Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2012;13( ##

بررسی آگاهی و عملکرد ماماهای شهرکرمان درمورد بهداشت دهان و دندان در زنان باردار ونوزادان و کودکان Midwives’knowledge and practice about oral health in pregnant women,infants and children in Kerman 1 1 زمینه و هدف:حفظ و نگهداری سلامت دهان در طی دوران بارداری به عنوان  یکی از موارد مهم بهداشت عمومی  برای مادر و کودک مورد توجه می باشد.هدف از انجام این مطالعه بررسی آگاهی و عملکرد ماماهای شهرکرمان درمورد بهداشت دهان و دندان در زنان باردار ونوزادان و کودکان سال1396بوده است. مواد و روشها:این مطالعه ی مقطعی توصیفی روی 118 مامای شهر کرمان که به روش سرشماری انتخاب شده بودند انجام شد.روش جمع اوری داده ها پرسشنامه شامل اطلاعات فردی و 12 سوال سنجش عملکرد 14 سوال سنجش آگاهی در مورد بهداشت دهان و دندان دوران نوزادی و کودکی بود که قبلا روایی و پایایی آن انجام و روا و پایا تشخیص داده شدهبود.اطلاعات وارد کامپیوتر شده و با نرم افزار آماریSPSS21 با استفاده از تست های آماریT و ANOVA ورگرسیون خطی در سطح معنی داری 0.05 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافتهها:در این مطالعه  میانگین سن و سالهای فارغ التحصیلی افراد به ترتیب  84/8±52/38 و83/8±60/14سال و میانگین سالهای خدمت 36/9±68/15سالبود.میانگین نمره ی آگاهی افراد در این پژوهش 46/2±65/8 و عملکرد 37/1±97/6 بود.70 نفر(3/59٪) آگاهی متوسط و 75 نفر(6/63٪) عملکرد خوب داشتند.بین عملکرد افراد و شرکت در دوره های بهداشت دهان و دندان،با سال های  خدمت ومنبع اطلاعات رابطه مستقیم و معنی دار مشاهده شد.افرادی که سن بیشتر داشتند آگاهی کمتر داشتند.افرادی که در درمانگاه کار میکردند و سال خدمت بیشتر داشتند،بطور معنی داری آگاهی بیشتری داشتند. نتیجه گیری:یافته های این مطالعه نشان داد که میزان عملکرد افراد در مورد بهداشت دهان و دندان در کودکان و نوزادان مناسب و آگاهی متوسط می باشد. گذراندن دوره های بهداشت دهان و دندان جهت افزایش آگاهی توصیه می شود.   2 Background:Maintaining oral health during pregnancy is considered as one of the most important public health issues for mother and children. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge and practice of midwives about oral health in pregnant women,infants and children in Kerman. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 118 midwives in Kerman who were selected by census method. Data collection method was a questionnaire consist of 12  and 14 questions about oral health knowledge and practice,  demographic information,which its validity and reliability were confirmed  previously. Data analyzed by SPSS 21 software and using statistical T test, ANOVA and linear regression. The significance level was considered 0.05. Results:In this study, the average age and years of graduation were 38.52±8.84 and 14.60±8.83,respectively. The average years of  service was 15.68±9.36. The mean score of knowledge and practice were8.65±2.46 and 6.97±1.37 respectively. (59.3%)  of participants had moderate knowledge and (63.6%) had favorable practice. There was a direct and significant relationship between the practice of individuals and participation in oral hygiene courses with years of service and information source. participants who were older, had lower awareness. Midwives who worked in the clinic and who had more years of service, had significantly more knowledge. Conclusion:The findings of this study showed that the practice of individuals about oral hygiene in children and infants is favorable and knowledge is moderate. It is recommended to spend oral hygiene courses to raise knowledge.   11 20 2019/07/222019/07/22 1398/4/31 2019/07/222019/07/22 1398/4/31 مرضیه کریمی افشار M Karimiafshar استادیار گروه ارتودنسی، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان ایران ساناز حاجی زاده S Hajizadeh دندانپزشک، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان ایران ملوک ترابی M Torabi دانشیار گروه آسیب شناسی فک و صورت، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان ایران شهرزاد طاهری Sh Taheri استادیار گروه پروتزهای دندانی، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان ایران Oral hygiene Pregnancy Childhood Infancy Prevention knowledge midwives practice بهداشت دهان و دندان بارداری کودکی نوزادی پیشگیری ماما آگاهی عملکرد Cengiz SB. The pregnant patient: Considerations for dental management and drug use. Quintessence Int. 2007;38:e133-42.##Cucó G, Fernández-Ballart J, Sala J, Viladrich C, Iranzo R, Vila J, et al. Dietary patterns and associated lifestyles in preconception, pregnancy and postpartum. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60:364-71.##George A, Johnson M, Blinkhorn A, Ajwani S, Bhole S, Yeo AE, et al. The oral health status, practices and knowledge of pregnant women in south-western Sydney. Aust Dent J. 2013;58:26-33.##4 .Wagner Y , Heinrich-Weltzien R.Midwives' oral health recommendations for pregnant women, infants and young children: results of a nationwide survey in Germany. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:36.##George A, Johnson M, Blinkhorn A, Ellis S, Bhole S, Ajwani S. Promoting oral health during pregnancy: current evidence and implications for Australian Midwives. J Clin Nurs. 2010;19:3324-33.##Pitiphat W, Joshipura KJ, Gillman MW, Williams PL, Douglass CW, Rich- Edwards JW. Maternal periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2008;36:3-11.##Morgan MA, Crall J, Goldenberg RL, Schulkin J. Oral health during pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009 Sep;22(9):733-9.##Neves AG, Barp MA, Rosing CK. Avaliação do conhecimento de médicos obstetras de Porto Alegre sobre a inter-relação entre odontologia-medicina. Odonto. 2004 Jan-Jun;23(1):68-72.##Ehlers V, Callaway A, Azrak B, Zock C, Willershausen B. Survey of midwives' knowledge of caries prevention in perinatal care. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2014 Jul-Aug;39(4):253-9.##Golkari A, Khosropanah H, Saadati F. Evaluation of knowledge and practice behaviours of a group of Iranian obstetricians, general practitioners, and midwives, regarding periodontal disease and its effect on the pregnancy outcome. J Public Health Res. 2013 Sep 5;2(2):e15.##Ramos-Gomez FJ, Crystal YO, Wai M, Crall JJ, Featherstone JDB. Pediatric dental care: prevention and management protocols based on caries risk assessment. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2010;38:746-61.##Johnson M, George A1, Dahlen H, Ajwani S, Bhole S, Blinkhorn A, Ellis S, Yeo A .The midwifery initiated oral health-dental service protocol: an intervention to improve oral health outcomes for pregnant women. BMC Oral Health. 2015 Jan 15;15:2.##13 .George A, Johnson M, Blinkhorn A, Ajwani S, Ellis S, Bhole S.Views of pregnant women in South Western Sydney towards dental care and an oral-health program initiated by midwives. Health Promot J Austr. 2013 Dec;24(3):178-84##Wooten KT, Lee J, Jared H, Boggess K , Wilder RS. Nurse practitioner's and certified nurse midwives' knowledge, opinions and practice behaviors regarding periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Dent Hyg 2011;85:122-31.##Li Y, Zhang Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Zou J, Kang D. Associations of social and behavioural factors with early childhood caries in Xiamen city in China. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2011;21(2):103-11.##https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.4494##16 .Veale M, Ajwani S, Johnson M, Nash L, Patterson T, George A. The early childhood oral health program: a qualitative study of the perceptions of child and family health nurses in South Western Sydney, Australia. BMC Oral Health. 2016 May 16;16(1):56.##17 .American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy on oral health risk assessment timing and establishment of the dental home. Pediatrics 2003;111(5Pt1):1113-6.##Trivedi S, Lal N, Singhal R. Periodontal diseases and pregnancy. J Orofacial Sci 2015;7:67.##Huda S, Doering H, Tenenbaum HC, Whittle W, Sigal MJ, Glogauer M. Oral neutrophil levels: a screening test for oral inflammatory load in pregnancy in a medical setting. J Periodontol 2015;86:72-81.##20 .Rocha JM, Chaves VR, Urbanetz AA,et al. Obstetricians' knowledge of periodontal disease as a potential risk factor for preterm delivery and low birth weight. Braz Oral Res 2011;25:248-54.##Thomas N, Middleton P, Crowther C. Oral and dental health care practices in pregnant women in Australia: a postnatal survey. BMC PregnancyChildbirth. 2008;8:13.##Cengiz SB. The pregnant patient: Considerations for dental management and drug use. Quintessence Int. 2007;38:e133-42.##Cucó G, Fernández-Ballart J, Sala J, Viladrich C, Iranzo R, Vila J, et al. Dietary patterns and associated lifestyles in preconception, pregnancy and postpartum. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60:364-71.##George A, Johnson M, Blinkhorn A, Ajwani S, Bhole S, Yeo AE, et al. The oral health status, practices and knowledge of pregnant women in south-western Sydney. Aust Dent J. 2013;58:26-33.##4 .Wagner Y , Heinrich-Weltzien R.Midwives' oral health recommendations for pregnant women, infants and young children: results of a nationwide survey in Germany. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:36.##George A, Johnson M, Blinkhorn A, Ellis S, Bhole S, Ajwani S. Promoting oral health during pregnancy: current evidence and implications for Australian Midwives. J Clin Nurs. 2010;19:3324-33.##Pitiphat W, Joshipura KJ, Gillman MW, Williams PL, Douglass CW, Rich- Edwards JW. Maternal periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2008;36:3-11.##Morgan MA, Crall J, Goldenberg RL, Schulkin J. Oral health during pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009 Sep;22(9):733-9.##Neves AG, Barp MA, Rosing CK. Avaliação do conhecimento de médicos obstetras de Porto Alegre sobre a inter-relação entre odontologia-medicina. Odonto. 2004 Jan-Jun;23(1):68-72.##Ehlers V, Callaway A, Azrak B, Zock C, Willershausen B. Survey of midwives' knowledge of caries prevention in perinatal care. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2014 Jul-Aug;39(4):253-9.##Golkari A, Khosropanah H, Saadati F. Evaluation of knowledge and practice behaviours of a group of Iranian obstetricians, general practitioners, and midwives, regarding periodontal disease and its effect on the pregnancy outcome. J Public Health Res. 2013 Sep 5;2(2):e15.##Ramos-Gomez FJ, Crystal YO, Wai M, Crall JJ, Featherstone JDB. Pediatric dental care: prevention and management protocols based on caries risk assessment. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2010;38:746-61.##Johnson M, George A1, Dahlen H, Ajwani S, Bhole S, Blinkhorn A, Ellis S, Yeo A .The midwifery initiated oral health-dental service protocol: an intervention to improve oral health outcomes for pregnant women. BMC Oral Health. 2015 Jan 15;15:2.##13 .George A, Johnson M, Blinkhorn A, Ajwani S, Ellis S, Bhole S.Views of pregnant women in South Western Sydney towards dental care and an oral-health program initiated by midwives. Health Promot J Austr. 2013 Dec;24(3):178-84##Wooten KT, Lee J, Jared H, Boggess K , Wilder RS. Nurse practitioner's and certified nurse midwives' knowledge, opinions and practice behaviors regarding periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Dent Hyg 2011;85:122-31.##Li Y, Zhang Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Zou J, Kang D. Associations of social and behavioural factors with early childhood caries in Xiamen city in China. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2011;21(2):103-11.##https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.4494##16 .Veale M, Ajwani S, Johnson M, Nash L, Patterson T, George A. The early childhood oral health program: a qualitative study of the perceptions of child and family health nurses in South Western Sydney, Australia. BMC Oral Health. 2016 May 16;16(1):56.##17 .American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy on oral health risk assessment timing and establishment of the dental home. Pediatrics 2003;111(5Pt1):1113-6.##Trivedi S, Lal N, Singhal R. Periodontal diseases and pregnancy. J Orofacial Sci 2015;7:67.##Huda S, Doering H, Tenenbaum HC, Whittle W, Sigal MJ, Glogauer M. Oral neutrophil levels: a screening test for oral inflammatory load in pregnancy in a medical setting. J Periodontol 2015;86:72-81.##20 .Rocha JM, Chaves VR, Urbanetz AA,et al. Obstetricians' knowledge of periodontal disease as a potential risk factor for preterm delivery and low birth weight. Braz Oral Res 2011;25:248-54.##Thomas N, Middleton P, Crowther C. Oral and dental health care practices in pregnant women in Australia: a postnatal survey. BMC PregnancyChildbirth. 2008;8:13. ##

ارزیابی نگرش دانشجویان رشته دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان در مورد یادگیریالکترونیکی و عوامل موثر برآن Attitude of Kerman dental students towards electronic learning and related factors 1 1 زمینه و هدف:در سالهای اخیر اطلاعات، تکنولوژی ارتباط و آموزش الکترونیکی نقش بزرگی را در سیستم آموزشی در سطوح بالاتر بدست آورده است. هدف از انجام این پژوهش بررسی نگرش دانشجویان دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان در مورد آموزش الکترونیکی وعوامل موثر بر آن بوده است. مواد و روشها:این مطالعه ی مقطعی–توصیفی روی 307 دانشجوی دندانپزشکی که به روش سرشماری انتخاب شده بودند انجام شد.روش جمع آوری داده ها پرسشنامه شامل اطلاعات فردی،آشنایی با کامپیوتر و میزان استفاده از آن و15 سوال سنجش نگرش که قبلا روایی و پایایی آن انجام و روا و پایا تشخیص داده شده، بود.اطلاعات وارد کامپیوتر شده و با نرم افزار آماریSPSS21 با استفاده از تست هایANOVA ورگرسیون خطی در سطح معنی داری 0.05 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافتهها:در این تحقیق%57.0 دختر و بقیه پسر بودند.مدت زمان آشنایی با کامپیوتر در 90.2% بیش از 3 سال  و مدت زمان استفاده از کامپیوتر در 70.4% بیش از 3 ساعت در هفته بود. بیشترین میزان نمره در آشنایی افراد در استفاده از مرورگرهای وب(1.37±5.40) بود.69.4%افراد نگرش مثبت داشتند. بین  نمره ی نگرش با سال ورود و جنس دانشحویان ارتباط آماری معنی دار مشاهده نشد. بین آشنایی با کامپیوتر، استفاده از اینترنت، کیفیت سخت افزاری دانشکده  با نگرش ارتباط آماری معنی دار مشاهده شد. نتیجه گیری:نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه نشان داد که نگرش حدود دو سوم دانشجویان دانشکده دندانپزشکی نسبت به آموزش الکترونیکی مثبت و تجربه ی دانشجویان در استفاده از مرورگر های وب خوب بود. بین کیفیت سخت افزاری و نگرش رابطه مثبت و معنی داری مشاهده شد.   2 Background:In recent years information, communication technology  and electronic learning  have been gain a big role in higher educational level.The aim of the present study was to assessment of Kerman dental students attitude about electronic learning. Materials and methods:This cross-sectional study was carried on 307 dental students, who selected through census sampling method. Data were collected through demographic data,experience of e-learning  and  questionnaire consist of 15 question about attitude to electronic learning. Data analyzed in SPSS 21 soft-ware using T,ANOVA and linear regression tests. P-value considered at 0.05 significant level. Results:In the present study 57.0% were girls90.2% were familiar with computer more than 3 past years. 70.4% used computer over 3 hours in week. The most score was in using web explorer.Sixty nine  and four percent had positive attitude. There was not significant correlation between academic year, sex and attitude. There was significant correlation between familiar with computer, using internet, dental school hard ware quality  and attitude Conclusion:Based on the results of the present study about two third of students had positive attitude about electronic learning. Students’ experience about using web exploring was good. There was significant correlation between dental school hard ware quality  and attitude .   21 32 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/22 1398/4/31 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/22 1398/4/31 مرضیه کریمی افشار M Karimiafshar استادیار گروه ارتودنسی، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان ایران مریم کریمی گوغری M Karimigooghari دندانپزشک، دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان ایران ملوک ترابی پاریزی M TorabiParizi21 دانشیار گروه پاتولوژی فک و صورت، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان ایران Electronic learning web computer attitude dental students نگرش آموزش الکترونیکی دانشجو دندانپزشکی کامپیوتر وب Fincham AG, Shuler CF. The changing face of dental education: the impact of J Dent Educ 2001;65:406-21.##Stromso HI, Grottum P, Hofgaard Lycke K. Changes in student approaches to learning with the introduction of computer-supported problem-based learning. Med Educ2004;38:390-8.##3 .Komerik N.Use of the Internet among dental students in Turkey. J Dent Educ. 2005 Apr;69(4):470-5.##Al-Jewair TS1, Qutub AF, Malkhassian G, Dempster LJ. A systematic review of computer-assisted learning in endodontics education. J Dent Educ. 2010 Jun;74(6):601-11.##5 .Grigg P, Stephens CD. Review: computer-assisted learning in dentistry-a view from the UK. J Dent 1998; 26(387):95.##6 .Morrow JA, Pulido MT, Smith PB, McDaniel TF, Willcox AB. Effective use of e-grading in the dental simulation clinic. J Dent Educ. 2014 Jun;78(6):829-37.##7 .Gupta B, White DA, Walmsley AD. The attitudes of undergraduate students and staff to the use of electronic learning Br Dent J. 2004 Apr 24;196(8):487-92.##8 .Fayaz A, Mazahery A, Hosseinzadeh M, Yazdanpanah S.Video-based Learning Versus Traditional Method for Preclinical Course of Complete Denture Fabrication. J Dent (Shiraz). 2015 Mar;16(1 Suppl):21-8.##9 .Ariana A, Amin M, Pakneshan S, Dolan-Evans E, Lam AK. Integration of Traditional and E-Learning Methods to Improve Learning Outcomes for Dental Students in Histopathology. J Dent Educ. 2016 Sep;80(9):1140-8.##10 .Sadeghi R, Sedaghat MM, Sha Ahmadi F. Comparison of the effect of lecture and blended teaching methods on students' learning and satisfaction. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2014 Oct;2(4):146-50.##11 .Brumini G, Spalj S, Mavrinac M, Biočina-Lukenda D, Strujić M, Brumini M. Attitudes towards e-learning amongst dental students at the universities in Croatia. Eur J Dent Educ. 2014 Feb;18(1):15-23.##Adewole-Odeshi E. Attitude of Students Towards E-learning in South- West Nigerian Universities: An Application of Technology Acceptance Model. Libr Philos Pract [Internet]. 2014;19.##13 .Mirzaei M, Ahmadipour F, Azizian F. View points of students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences towards e-Learning in teaching clinical biochemistry. Jmed . 2012; 7(2): 67-74[Persian]##14 .Seyde Naghavi M A. Study of Teachers and Students Attitude toward E-learning:Surveying in Iran's E-learning Universities IRPHE 2007, 13(1): 157-176[Persian]##Jafari, Navimipour N, Zareie B . A model for assessing the impact of e-learning systems on employees' satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior 2015; 53: 475-485.##Decˇman M. Modeling the acceptance of e-learning in mandatory environments of higher education: The influence of previous education and gender. Computers in Human Behavior2015; 49 : 272-281.##17 .Pakseresht S , Khalili-Sabet M , Vahedi MA , Monfared A. comparative study for Knowledge and Attitudes of Virtual and Non Virtual Students towards E-Learning. Resarch in Medical Education.2017;8(4):61 68.[Persian]##Latifnejad Roudsari R, Jafari H, Hosseini BL, Esfalani A. Measuring students' knowledge and attitude towards E- learning in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS).Iranian Journal of Medical Education 2011;10(4):364-373. [Persian]##19 .Keshavarz M, Rahimi M, Esmaeili Z. The Effect of e-Learning on the Academic Development of University Students. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 1 (2) :13-21[Persian]##Rhema, A, Miliszewska I. Analysis of student attitudes towards e-learning: The case of engineering students in Libya. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology 2014;11: 169-190.##Hussain I. A study of student's attitude towards virtual education in Pakistan. Turkish Journal of Distance Learning 2007; 8(2), 69-79.##22 .Okhovati M, Sharifpoor Ghahestani E, Islami Nejad T, Hamzezadeh Marzooni M, Motamed Jahroomi M. Attitude, Knowledge and Skill of Medical Students Toward E-Learning Kerman University Of Medical Sciences. Educ Strategy Med Sci. 2015; 8(1) :51-58[Persian]##23 .Sebnmen. Investigation of Students' Attitudes towards e-learning in terms of different variables. Journal of Educational Research and Reviews2015 ;10(1): 81-91.##Dhiman K , Birbal S , Bhim C M. Attitude of University Students towards E-learning in West Bengal. American Journal of Educational Research.2014; 2(8), 669-673.##Cheng K. A research study on students' level of acceptance in applying e-learning for business course: A case study on a Technical College in Taiwan. Journal of American Academy of Business.2006; 8(2), 265-272.##Zabadi A M , Al-Alawi AH. University Students' Attitudes towards E-Learning: University of Business & Technology (UBT)-Saudi Arabia-Jeddah: A Case Study. International Journal of Business and Management.2016;11(6):286-295.##Mohammadi SD, Hosseini SM, Shaban Ali Fami H, Rajab Beigi M, Eisaei MT. An analysis of the attitudes of instructors towards E-Learning in agricultural Applied-Science education in Iran. Iran J Agric Econ Dev Res. 2008;39(1):99-109. [Persian]##Fincham AG, Shuler CF. The changing face of dental education: the impact of J Dent Educ 2001;65:406-21.##Stromso HI, Grottum P, Hofgaard Lycke K. Changes in student approaches to learning with the introduction of computer-supported problem-based learning. Med Educ2004;38:390-8.##3 .Komerik N.Use of the Internet among dental students in Turkey. J Dent Educ. 2005 Apr;69(4):470-5.##Al-Jewair TS1, Qutub AF, Malkhassian G, Dempster LJ. A systematic review of computer-assisted learning in endodontics education. J Dent Educ. 2010 Jun;74(6):601-11.##5 .Grigg P, Stephens CD. Review: computer-assisted learning in dentistry-a view from the UK. J Dent 1998; 26(387):95.##6 .Morrow JA, Pulido MT, Smith PB, McDaniel TF, Willcox AB. Effective use of e-grading in the dental simulation clinic. J Dent Educ. 2014 Jun;78(6):829-37.##7 .Gupta B, White DA, Walmsley AD. The attitudes of undergraduate students and staff to the use of electronic learning Br Dent J. 2004 Apr 24;196(8):487-92.##8 .Fayaz A, Mazahery A, Hosseinzadeh M, Yazdanpanah S.Video-based Learning Versus Traditional Method for Preclinical Course of Complete Denture Fabrication. J Dent (Shiraz). 2015 Mar;16(1 Suppl):21-8.##9 .Ariana A, Amin M, Pakneshan S, Dolan-Evans E, Lam AK. Integration of Traditional and E-Learning Methods to Improve Learning Outcomes for Dental Students in Histopathology. J Dent Educ. 2016 Sep;80(9):1140-8.##10 .Sadeghi R, Sedaghat MM, Sha Ahmadi F. Comparison of the effect of lecture and blended teaching methods on students' learning and satisfaction. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2014 Oct;2(4):146-50.##11 .Brumini G, Spalj S, Mavrinac M, Biočina-Lukenda D, Strujić M, Brumini M. Attitudes towards e-learning amongst dental students at the universities in Croatia. Eur J Dent Educ. 2014 Feb;18(1):15-23.##Adewole-Odeshi E. Attitude of Students Towards E-learning in South- West Nigerian Universities: An Application of Technology Acceptance Model. Libr Philos Pract [Internet]. 2014;19.##13 .Mirzaei M, Ahmadipour F, Azizian F. View points of students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences towards e-Learning in teaching clinical biochemistry. Jmed . 2012; 7(2): 67-74[Persian]##14 .Seyde Naghavi M A. Study of Teachers and Students Attitude toward E-learning:Surveying in Iran's E-learning Universities IRPHE 2007, 13(1): 157-176[Persian]##Jafari, Navimipour N, Zareie B . A model for assessing the impact of e-learning systems on employees' satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior 2015; 53: 475-485.##Decˇman M. Modeling the acceptance of e-learning in mandatory environments of higher education: The influence of previous education and gender. Computers in Human Behavior2015; 49 : 272-281.##17 .Pakseresht S , Khalili-Sabet M , Vahedi MA , Monfared A. comparative study for Knowledge and Attitudes of Virtual and Non Virtual Students towards E-Learning. Resarch in Medical Education.2017;8(4):61 68.[Persian]##Latifnejad Roudsari R, Jafari H, Hosseini BL, Esfalani A. Measuring students' knowledge and attitude towards E- learning in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS).Iranian Journal of Medical Education 2011;10(4):364-373. [Persian]##19 .Keshavarz M, Rahimi M, Esmaeili Z. The Effect of e-Learning on the Academic Development of University Students. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 1 (2) :13-21[Persian]##Rhema, A, Miliszewska I. Analysis of student attitudes towards e-learning: The case of engineering students in Libya. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology 2014;11: 169-190.##Hussain I. A study of student's attitude towards virtual education in Pakistan. Turkish Journal of Distance Learning 2007; 8(2), 69-79.##22 .Okhovati M, Sharifpoor Ghahestani E, Islami Nejad T, Hamzezadeh Marzooni M, Motamed Jahroomi M. Attitude, Knowledge and Skill of Medical Students Toward E-Learning Kerman University Of Medical Sciences. Educ Strategy Med Sci. 2015; 8(1) :51-58[Persian]##23 .Sebnmen. Investigation of Students' Attitudes towards e-learning in terms of different variables. Journal of Educational Research and Reviews2015 ;10(1): 81-91.##Dhiman K , Birbal S , Bhim C M. Attitude of University Students towards E-learning in West Bengal. American Journal of Educational Research.2014; 2(8), 669-673.##Cheng K. A research study on students' level of acceptance in applying e-learning for business course: A case study on a Technical College in Taiwan. Journal of American Academy of Business.2006; 8(2), 265-272.##Zabadi A M , Al-Alawi AH. University Students' Attitudes towards E-Learning: University of Business & Technology (UBT)-Saudi Arabia-Jeddah: A Case Study. International Journal of Business and Management.2016;11(6):286-295.##Mohammadi SD, Hosseini SM, Shaban Ali Fami H, Rajab Beigi M, Eisaei MT. An analysis of the attitudes of instructors towards E-Learning in agricultural Applied-Science education in Iran. Iran J Agric Econ Dev Res. 2008;39(1):99-109. [Persian] ##

بررسی اپیدمیولوژیک تروماهای دندانی دربیماران مراجعه کننده به دانشکده دندانپزشکی تهران در سالهای(1397-1390) Epidemiologic study of dental trauma in patients presenting to the dental clinic of School of Dentistry of Tehran University of Medical Sciences during 2011-2018. 1 1 زمینه و هدف:آشنایی با مسایل اپیدمیولوژیک می تواند اهمیت پیشگیری، تشخیص و طرح درمان را خاطر نشان سازد. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی فراوانی آسیب های دندانی، نوع آسیب، نوع درمان های انجام شده و زمان مراجعه براساس پرونده های بیماران مراجعه کننده بهدانشکده دندانپزشکی تهران در سالهای1397-1390 بود. مواد و روشها:در این مطالعه گذشته نگر توصیفی،  تمام پرونده‌های بیمارانی که به واسطه ضربه به دندان ها به دانشکده دندانپزشکی تهران درسال های 1397-1390، مراجعه کرده بودند، توسط دستیاران دندانپزشکی کودکان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.متغیرهای مورد بررسی شامل سن، جنس، نوع دندان صدمه دیده، علت صدمه، نوع صدمه و فاصله بین وقوع ضربه و زمان مراجعه  و نوع درمان انجام شده بودند. اطلاعات توصیفی در قالب فراوانی و درصد محاسبه شد و در نرم افزار آماری SPSS نسخه ی 22جهت مقایسه انواع صدمات دندانی بر اساس اطلاعات دموگرافیک استفاده شد . یافتهها:در بین 165بیمار آسیب دیده 03/63 درصد  پسر و 03/43 درصد مراجعه کنندگان بین سنین  8 و 9 سالگی قرار داشتند. شیوع تروما در فک بالا و  فک پایین به ترتیب 02/90 درصد  و 96/9 درصد بود. بیشترین فراوانی آسیب مربوط به دندان ثنایای میانی فک بالا (09/72درصد) گزارش شد. بیشترین علت تروما زمین خوردن و برخورد با اجسام سخت (93/73  درصد) و کمترین علت ورزش(06/6درصد) بوده است. از نظر نوع تروما وارد شده به دندان بیشترین و کمترین نوع در سری دندان شیری به ترتیب، اینتروژن و شکستگی تاج و ریشه و در سری دندان دایمی شکستگی تاج  و اکستروژن بود. از بین افراد آسیب دیده 03/3 درصد در کمتر از 4 ساعت و 66/6 بین 6 تا 12 ماه بعد از زمان آسیب مراجعه کرده بودند. درمانهای انجام شده شامل  ترمیم ساده دندان(6%/27)، اسپلینت (6%/11)، درمان پالپ ریشه (12%)، پالپ کپ (2%/1) و  2% از موارد ریپلنت بودند. نتیجه گیری:آسیب تروماتیک در کودکی و نوجوانییک مشکل شایع است و براساس مطالعه حاضر جنس و سن  از عوامل مستعد کننده اسیب دندانی هستند. شایع ترین دندان در معرض آسیب سانترال ماگزیلاست و شایعترین آسیب، شکستگی تاج در دائمی و اینتروژن در شیری ها است. شایع ترین علت، زمین خوردن و برخورد با اجسام می باشد. در بررسی آسیب ها بر اساس نوع درمان، شایع ترین درمان ترمیم با کامپوزیتو کمترین پالپکتومی بود. در بررسی زمان مراجعه بیشترین مراجعه  بیماران بین 4 تا 24 ساعت، و کمترین مراجعه بین 6 تا 12 ماه گزارش گردید.   2 Background:Epidemiologic knowledge can signify the importance of prevention, diagnosis and treatment planning. This study aimed to assess the frequency of dental trauma, type of injury, type of treatment performed and time of admission of dental trauma patients presenting to the School of Dentistry of Tehran University of Medical Sciences during 2011-2018.   Materials and methods: In this retrospective, descriptive study, pediatric dentistry postgraduate students evaluated the charts of patients admitted to the dental clinic of School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences during 2011-2018 due to dental trauma. Age and sex of patients, type of traumatized tooth, cause of injury, type of injury, time interval between the trauma and visit and type of treatment performed were all recorded. Descriptive data were reported as frequency and percentage. Different types of dental injuries were compared using SPSS version 22.   Results:Of 165 injured patients, 63.03% were males and 43.03% were between 8-9 years of age. The prevalence of trauma to the maxilla and mandible was 90.02% and 9.96%, respectively. The maxillary central incisors had the highest frequency of trauma (72.09%). Slips and falls were the most common causes of trauma (73.93%) while sport injuries were the least common (6.06%). In terms of type of trauma to the teeth, intrusion was the most common and crown and root fracture were the least common in primary dentition while tooth crown fracture was the most common and extrusion was the least common in permanent teeth. Of injured patients, 3.03% sought treatment in less than 4 hours and 6.66% between 6-12 months after injury. Treatments included simple tooth restoration (27.6%), splinting (11.6%), pulpectomy/root canal treatment (12%), pulp-capping (1.2%) and replantation (2%).   Conclusion:Traumatic injuries are common in children and adolescents. The current results showed that age and gender were among the predisposing factors to dental injuries. Maxillary central incisors were the most commonly traumatized teeth. Tooth crown fracture was the most common injury in permanent teeth while intrusion was the most common injury in primary teeth. Slips and falls were the most common causes of dental trauma. Composite restoration was the most common and pulpectomy was the least common treatment. Patients mainly presented within 4 to 24 hours after injury. Those presenting 6-12 months later had the lowest frequency.   33 44 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/22 1398/4/31 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/22 1398/4/31 مرضیه صالحی شهرابی M Salehishahrabi دستیار تخصصی بخش دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران سعیده مختاری S Mokhtari استادیار بخش دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران مهدی شهرابی M Shahrabi دانشیار بخش دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران علیرضا حیدری A Heidari دانشیار بخش دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران سارا قدیمی S Ghadimi دانشیار بخش دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران شهرام مشرفیان Sh Mosharafian استادیار بخش دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران زهرا حسینی Z Hoseini دستیار تخصصی بخش دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران Epidemiology Dental Trauma Prevalence Etiology Treatment Time of Admission اپیدمیولوژی آسیبهای دندانی شیوع اتیولوژی درمان زمان مراجعه Bastone EB, Freer TJ, McNamara JR. Epidemiology of dental trauma: a review of the literature. Aust Dent J 2000; 45(1): 2-9.##Azami-Aghdash S, Ebadifard Azar F, Pournaghi Azar F, Rezapour A, Moradi- Joo M, Moosavi A, et al. Prevalence, etiology, and types of dental trauma in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2015 Jul 10;29(4):234.##Eilert-Petersson E, Andersson L, S€orensen S. Traumatic oral vs. non-oral injuries.An epidemiological study during one year in a Swedish county. Swed Dent J1997;21:55-68##Glendor U, Andersson L. Public health aspects of oral diseases and disorders: dentaltrauma. In: Pine C, Harris R, eds. Community Oral Health. London: QuintessencePublishing; 2007:203-11.##Bijella MF, Yared FN, Bijella VT, Lopes ES. Occurrence ofprimary incisor traumatism in Brazilian children: A house-by- house survey. ASDC J Dent Child 1990; 57(6): 427-7.##Cortes MIS, Marcenes W, Sheiham A. Impact of traumatic injuries to the permanent teeth on the oral health-related quality of life in 12-14-year-old children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002; 30(3): 193-8.##Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM. Textbook and color of traumatic injuries to the teeth, 3rd ed. New Delhi: Munksgaard; 1994.##Ferreira JM, Fernandes de Andrade EM, Katz CR, Rosenblatt A. Prevalence of dental trauma in deciduous teeth of Brazilian children. Denttraumatol 2009;25(2):219-23.##McDonald RE, Avery DR, Dean JA. Dentistry for the child and adolescent. 9th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2011. P: 489-90.##Marchiori EC, Santos SE, Asprino L, de Moraes M, Moreira RW. Occurrence of dental avulsion and associated injuries in patients with facial trauma over a 9-year period. Oral MaxillofacSurg 2012;7:7.##Garbin CA, Guimaraese Queiroz AP, Rovida TA, Garbin AJ. Occurrence of traumatic dental injury in cases of domestic violence. Braz Dent J 2012;23(1):72-6.##Celenk S, Sezgin B, Ayna B, Atakul F. Causes of dental fractures in the early permanent dentition: a retrospective study. J Endod 2002; 28(3): 208-10.##13 Rocha MJ, Cardoso M. Traumatized permanent teeth in Brazilian childrenassisted at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Dent Traumatol.2001 Dec;17(6):245-9.##Noori AJ, Al-Obaidi WA. Traumatic dental injuries among primary school children in Sulaimani city, Iraq. Dent Traumatol 2009; 25(4): 442-6.##Dorney B. Inappropriate treatment of traumatic dental injuries. Aust Endod J 1999; 25(2): 76-8.##Ingle JI, Bakland LK. Endodontics. 5thed. Ontario: B.CDecker.2002##Andersson L, Andreasen JO, Day P, et al. International Association of DentalTraumatologyguidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 2. Avulsion ofpermanent teeth. Dent Traumatol 2012;28:88-96.##Eilert-Petersson E, Andersson L, S€orensen S. Traumatic oral vs. non-oral injuries.An epidemiological study during one year in a Swedish county. Swed Dent J1997;21:55-68.##Cohen S, Richard C. Cohen's pathways of the pulp. 10th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2010. p. 635.##Ferreira JMS, Andrade EMF, Katz CRT, Rosenblatt A. prevalence of dental trauma in deciduous teeth of Brazilian children. Dent Traumatol. 2009;25:219-23.##Jorge KO, Moysés SJ, Ramos-Jorge ML, Zarzar PMPA. Prevalence and factors associated to dental trauma in infants 1-3 years of age. Dent Traumatol. 2009;25:185-9.##Forsberg CM, Tedestam G. Traumatic injuries to teeth in Swedish children living in an urban area. Swed Dent J 1990; 14(3): 115-22.##Roberts G, Longhurst P. Oral and Dental Trauma in children and adolescent.1st ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1996. p. 5-10.##Chen YL, Tsai TP, See LC. Survey of incisor trauma in second grade students of central Taiwan. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi.1999 Jun; 22(2):212-9.##Perez R, Berkowitz R, McIlveen L, Forrester D. Dental trauma in children: a survey. Endod Dent Traumatol 1991; 7(5): 212-3.##Onetto JE, Flores MT, Garbarino ML. Dental trauma in children and adolescents in Valparaiso, Chile. Endod Dent Traumatol 1994; 10(5): 223-7.##Stockwell A.J. Incidence of dental trauma in the Western Australian School Dental Service. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1988; 16(5): 294-8.##Galea H. An investigation of dental injuries treated in an acute care general hospital. J Am Dent Assoc 1984; 109(3): 434-8.##Martin IG, Daly CG, Liew VP. After-hours treatment of anterior dental trauma in Newcastle and western Sydney: a four-year study. Aust Dent J 1990; 35(1): 27-31.##Henry RJ. Pediatric dental emergencies. Pediatr Nurs 1991; 17(2): 162-7.##Jorge KO, Moysés SJ, Ferreira e Ferreira E, Ramos-Jorge ML, de Araújo Zarzar PM. Prevalence and factors associated to dental trauma in infants 1-3 years of age. Dent Traumatol. 2009; 25: 185-9.##Cem Güngör H, Uysal S, Altay N. A retrospective evaluation of crown-fractured permanent teeth treated in a pediatric dentistry clinic. Dent Traumatol 2007; 23: 211-7.##Fariniuk LF, Souza MH, Westphalen VP, Carneiro E, Silva Neto UX, Roskamp L,Cavali AE. Evaluation of care of dentoalveolar trauma. J Appl Oral Sci. 2010Jul-Aug;18(4):343-5.##Sakai VT, Magalhães AC, Pessan JP, Silva SM, Machado MA. Urgency treatmentprofile of 0 to 15 year-old children assisted at urgency dental service fromBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo. J Appl Oral Sci. 2005Dec;13(4):340-4.##Rasmusson CG, Koch G. Assessment of traumatic injuries to primary teeth in general practise and specialized paediatric dentistry. Dent Traumatol 2010; 26(2): 129-32.##Bastone EB, Freer TJ, McNamara JR. Epidemiology of dental trauma: a review of the literature. Aust Dent J 2000; 45(1): 2-9.##Azami-Aghdash S, Ebadifard Azar F, Pournaghi Azar F, Rezapour A, Moradi- Joo M, Moosavi A, et al. Prevalence, etiology, and types of dental trauma in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2015 Jul 10;29(4):234.##Eilert-Petersson E, Andersson L, S€orensen S. Traumatic oral vs. non-oral injuries.An epidemiological study during one year in a Swedish county. Swed Dent J1997;21:55-68##Glendor U, Andersson L. Public health aspects of oral diseases and disorders: dentaltrauma. In: Pine C, Harris R, eds. Community Oral Health. London: QuintessencePublishing; 2007:203-11.##Bijella MF, Yared FN, Bijella VT, Lopes ES. Occurrence ofprimary incisor traumatism in Brazilian children: A house-by- house survey. ASDC J Dent Child 1990; 57(6): 427-7.##Cortes MIS, Marcenes W, Sheiham A. Impact of traumatic injuries to the permanent teeth on the oral health-related quality of life in 12-14-year-old children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002; 30(3): 193-8.##Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM. Textbook and color of traumatic injuries to the teeth, 3rd ed. New Delhi: Munksgaard; 1994.##Ferreira JM, Fernandes de Andrade EM, Katz CR, Rosenblatt A. Prevalence of dental trauma in deciduous teeth of Brazilian children. Denttraumatol 2009;25(2):219-23.##McDonald RE, Avery DR, Dean JA. Dentistry for the child and adolescent. 9th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2011. P: 489-90.##Marchiori EC, Santos SE, Asprino L, de Moraes M, Moreira RW. Occurrence of dental avulsion and associated injuries in patients with facial trauma over a 9-year period. Oral MaxillofacSurg 2012;7:7.##Garbin CA, Guimaraese Queiroz AP, Rovida TA, Garbin AJ. Occurrence of traumatic dental injury in cases of domestic violence. Braz Dent J 2012;23(1):72-6.##Celenk S, Sezgin B, Ayna B, Atakul F. Causes of dental fractures in the early permanent dentition: a retrospective study. J Endod 2002; 28(3): 208-10.##13 Rocha MJ, Cardoso M. Traumatized permanent teeth in Brazilian childrenassisted at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Dent Traumatol.2001 Dec;17(6):245-9.##Noori AJ, Al-Obaidi WA. Traumatic dental injuries among primary school children in Sulaimani city, Iraq. Dent Traumatol 2009; 25(4): 442-6.##Dorney B. Inappropriate treatment of traumatic dental injuries. Aust Endod J 1999; 25(2): 76-8.##Ingle JI, Bakland LK. Endodontics. 5thed. Ontario: B.CDecker.2002##Andersson L, Andreasen JO, Day P, et al. International Association of DentalTraumatologyguidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 2. Avulsion ofpermanent teeth. Dent Traumatol 2012;28:88-96.##Eilert-Petersson E, Andersson L, S€orensen S. Traumatic oral vs. non-oral injuries.An epidemiological study during one year in a Swedish county. Swed Dent J1997;21:55-68.##Cohen S, Richard C. Cohen's pathways of the pulp. 10th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2010. p. 635.##Ferreira JMS, Andrade EMF, Katz CRT, Rosenblatt A. prevalence of dental trauma in deciduous teeth of Brazilian children. Dent Traumatol. 2009;25:219-23.##Jorge KO, Moysés SJ, Ramos-Jorge ML, Zarzar PMPA. Prevalence and factors associated to dental trauma in infants 1-3 years of age. Dent Traumatol. 2009;25:185-9.##Forsberg CM, Tedestam G. Traumatic injuries to teeth in Swedish children living in an urban area. Swed Dent J 1990; 14(3): 115-22.##Roberts G, Longhurst P. Oral and Dental Trauma in children and adolescent.1st ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1996. p. 5-10.##Chen YL, Tsai TP, See LC. Survey of incisor trauma in second grade students of central Taiwan. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi.1999 Jun; 22(2):212-9.##Perez R, Berkowitz R, McIlveen L, Forrester D. Dental trauma in children: a survey. Endod Dent Traumatol 1991; 7(5): 212-3.##Onetto JE, Flores MT, Garbarino ML. Dental trauma in children and adolescents in Valparaiso, Chile. Endod Dent Traumatol 1994; 10(5): 223-7.##Stockwell A.J. Incidence of dental trauma in the Western Australian School Dental Service. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1988; 16(5): 294-8.##Galea H. An investigation of dental injuries treated in an acute care general hospital. J Am Dent Assoc 1984; 109(3): 434-8.##Martin IG, Daly CG, Liew VP. After-hours treatment of anterior dental trauma in Newcastle and western Sydney: a four-year study. Aust Dent J 1990; 35(1): 27-31.##Henry RJ. Pediatric dental emergencies. Pediatr Nurs 1991; 17(2): 162-7.##Jorge KO, Moysés SJ, Ferreira e Ferreira E, Ramos-Jorge ML, de Araújo Zarzar PM. Prevalence and factors associated to dental trauma in infants 1-3 years of age. Dent Traumatol. 2009; 25: 185-9.##Cem Güngör H, Uysal S, Altay N. A retrospective evaluation of crown-fractured permanent teeth treated in a pediatric dentistry clinic. Dent Traumatol 2007; 23: 211-7.##Fariniuk LF, Souza MH, Westphalen VP, Carneiro E, Silva Neto UX, Roskamp L,Cavali AE. Evaluation of care of dentoalveolar trauma. J Appl Oral Sci. 2010Jul-Aug;18(4):343-5.##Sakai VT, Magalhães AC, Pessan JP, Silva SM, Machado MA. Urgency treatmentprofile of 0 to 15 year-old children assisted at urgency dental service fromBauru Dental School, University of São Paulo. J Appl Oral Sci. 2005Dec;13(4):340-4.##Rasmusson CG, Koch G. Assessment of traumatic injuries to primary teeth in general practise and specialized paediatric dentistry. Dent Traumatol 2010; 26(2): 129-32. ##

بررسی آگاهی مراقبین سلامت از اهمیت درمان های پیشگیرانه ارتودنسیچکیده تحقیقی Evaluation of health care providers knowledge on importance of preventive orthodontic treatment Original Article 1 1 زمینه و هدف:بررسی آگاهی و عملکرد مراقبین بهداشت مدارس به عنوان افرادی که مسئول حفظ سلامت دانش آموزان می­باشند و شناسایی موانع اجرای برنامه بهداشت دهان و دندان و آگاهی مراقبین در رابطه با پیشگیری از بیماری های دهان و دندان برای ارتقا سلامت دانش آموزان،امری مهم و ضروریمی­باشد.در این پژوهش بر آن شدیم که میزان آگاهی مراقبین بهداشت از درمان های زودهنگام ارتودنسی در شهر شیراز را بسنجیم. مواد و روشها:با هماهنگی های انجام شده با اداره کل آموزش و پرورش شیراز مراقبین بهداشت در این پژوهش شرکت داده شدند .حجم نمونه کلیه مراقبین بهداشت مقطع ابتدایی شهر شیراز بود که 113 نفر از مراقبین حاضر به همکاری شدند.سوالاتی در زمینه آگاهی مراقبین سلامت در زمینه سلامت دهان و دندان و ناهنجاری های دندانی فکی پرسیده شد و نتایج توسط نرم افزار SPSS  و با استفاده از آمار توصیفی و Kruskal Wallis test  مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافتهها:5/42 درصد از مراقبین سلامت دارای آگاهی خوب و 1/53 دارای آگاهی متوسط و 4/4 درصد دارای آگاهی کم بودند.از طرفی میزان تحصیلات، سن ، سابقه کار و مدت زمان فراغت از آخرین مدرک تحصیل هیچ تاثیری در میزان آگاهی افراد نداشت. نتیجه گیری:میزان آگاهی مراقبین سلامت شهر شیراز از اهمیت درمان های زودهنگام ارتودنسی پایین بود و نیاز به یکسری دوره های آموزشی توسط دندانپزشکان با نظارت بیشتر می باشد.   2 Background:Assessing the knowledge and performance of school health care providers as a means to protect the health of students and identifying barriers to the implementation of oral health programs and the awareness of school health care providers regarding the prevention of oral and dental illness to promote the health of students is important and It is necessary in this research to determine the awareness of health care providers about early orthodontic treatment in Shiraz. Materials and methods: In coordination with the Shiraz General Education Office, health care providers participated in this study. All health care elementary school students in Shiraz were sampled. 113 health care providers were willing to cooperate. Provides information on health care awareness in the field Oral and dental health and dental anomalies were questioned and analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics and Kruskal Wallis test. Results:42.5% of health care providers had good knowledge and 53.1% had moderate knowledge and 4.4% had low knowledge. On the other hand, the level of education, age, work experience and the length of time from the last degree did not have any effect on the level of awareness of individuals. Conclusion:The level of awareness of health care providers in Shiraz, considering their important role of the importance of early orthodontic treatment, was low and there was a need for more courses by dentists with more supervision.   45 52 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/22 1398/4/31 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/22 1398/4/31 مریم کاراندیش M Karandish بخش ارتودنسی دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شیراز، شیراز، ایران ایران حمیدرضا پاک شیر H Pakshir مرکز تحقیقات ارتودنسی، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شیراز، شیراز، ایران ایران زهرا کریمیان Z Karimian دانشجو دندانپزشکی، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شیراز، شیراز، ایران ایران Health Care Providers Orthodontics Preventive Orthodontics School Oral Health آگاهی مراقبین بهداشت ارتودنسی پیشگیری مدرسه سلامت دهان و دندان Mousavifatemi N, Vakilzadeh S, Armani Alafabadi, Karimi M, Mohammad Shirazi M, Mschi M, Hatami B, Qaisi R. Oral and Dental Health: A Special Oral and Dental Health Program for Elementary Students. Iran: Golabgir Publications, 1394. Page 4. 6##Profit WR. Contemporary orthodontics. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book; 1993. P. 75-9 .##Basir Leila, Mashallah Mashallah House, Fallahi Hamid Reza. Investigating the Effect of Education on the Knowledge of Ahwaz School Health Instructors on the Prevention of Orthodontics in the Year 2005-2007##Cameron AC, Widmer RP. Handbook of pediatric dentistry. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Mosby Elsevier; 2008. P. 345-52.##Lahcen O, Laila L. Early Treatment in Orthodontics. Croatia: INTECHOpen Access Publisher; 2011.##Gugino CF, Dus I, editors. Unlocking Orthodontic malocclusions: Aninterplay between form and function. Seminars in Orthodontics; 1998; NewYork: Elsevier## ##Ahadian H,Akhavan Karbasi M.Evaluating the error rate of Yazd primary school health educators in diagnosis of dental problems among students.Quarterly Journal of Yazd School of Health.Fifth Year.Quarterly Journal of Yazd School of Health, Fifth Year. First and Second Ed, Spring and Summer;2006.##Taghizadeh Ganji A,Jafari A,Poorgholi N,Iranizadeh H. Evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practice of Tabriz's school health workers about oral and dental health. Journal of Dental Medicine.2009;22(3):132-138.‎##Loupe MJ, Frazier PJ. Knowledge and attitudes of schoolteachers toward oral health programs. J Am Dent Assoc. 1983; 107(2):229-34.##Peter S. Essentials of Public health dentistry. 5th edition. New delhi: Arya medi publishing house; July 2013.##Petersen PE, Mzee O. Oral health profile of schoolchildren, mothers and schoolteachers in Zanzibar. Community Dental Health 1998; 15: 256−62.##Ramroop V, Wright D, Naidu R. Dental health knowledge and attitudes of primary school teachers toward developing dental health education. West Indian Medical Journal. 2011 Oct;60(5):576-80.##Mousavifatemi N, Vakilzadeh S, Armani Alafabadi, Karimi M, Mohammad Shirazi M, Mschi M, Hatami B, Qaisi R. Oral and Dental Health: A Special Oral and Dental Health Program for Elementary Students. Iran: Golabgir Publications, 1394. Page 4. 6##Profit WR. Contemporary orthodontics. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book; 1993. P. 75-9 .##Basir Leila, Mashallah Mashallah House, Fallahi Hamid Reza. Investigating the Effect of Education on the Knowledge of Ahwaz School Health Instructors on the Prevention of Orthodontics in the Year 2005-2007##Cameron AC, Widmer RP. Handbook of pediatric dentistry. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Mosby Elsevier; 2008. P. 345-52.##Lahcen O, Laila L. Early Treatment in Orthodontics. Croatia: INTECHOpen Access Publisher; 2011.##Gugino CF, Dus I, editors. Unlocking Orthodontic malocclusions: Aninterplay between form and function. Seminars in Orthodontics; 1998; NewYork: Elsevier## ##Ahadian H,Akhavan Karbasi M.Evaluating the error rate of Yazd primary school health educators in diagnosis of dental problems among students.Quarterly Journal of Yazd School of Health.Fifth Year.Quarterly Journal of Yazd School of Health, Fifth Year. First and Second Ed, Spring and Summer;2006.##Taghizadeh Ganji A,Jafari A,Poorgholi N,Iranizadeh H. Evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practice of Tabriz's school health workers about oral and dental health. Journal of Dental Medicine.2009;22(3):132-138.‎##Loupe MJ, Frazier PJ. Knowledge and attitudes of schoolteachers toward oral health programs. J Am Dent Assoc. 1983; 107(2):229-34.##Peter S. Essentials of Public health dentistry. 5th edition. New delhi: Arya medi publishing house; July 2013.##Petersen PE, Mzee O. Oral health profile of schoolchildren, mothers and schoolteachers in Zanzibar. Community Dental Health 1998; 15: 256−62.##Ramroop V, Wright D, Naidu R. Dental health knowledge and attitudes of primary school teachers toward developing dental health education. West Indian Medical Journal. 2011 Oct;60(5):576-80. ##

ارزیابی مداخلات ارتقاء سلامت دهان و دندان در کودکان 0 تا 6 سال: مقاله مروری مروری Evaluation of oral health promotion interventions among 0 to 6 Years old children: Scoping review 1 1 زمینه و هدف:رفتارهای سلامت دهان و دندان در کودکان 6-0 سال به دلیل پیامدهای آن بر سلامت بسیار اهمیت دارد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف ارزیابی نوع و میزان موفقیت مداخلات ارتقاء سلامت دهان در کودکان 6-0 سال انجام شده است. مواد و روشها:این مطالعه بصورت یک مقاله مروری (Scoping) انجام شده است. در این راستا مقالات مرتبط در پایگاه­های اطلاعاتیProQuest، PubMed، Biomed Central، Google Scholar و پایگاه­های علمی داخل کشور مانند SID و Magiran محدود به زبان انگلیسی و فارسی، همچنین با محدودیت زمانی از سال 2000 تا سال 2018 با استفاده از کلمات کلیدی فارسی (سلامت دهان کودکان 6-0 سال، دانش سلامت دهان، ارتقاء سلامت دهان، برنامه سلامت دهان) و انگلیسی (Oral health promotion, Program, Knowledge) انجام شده است. در نهایت این مطالعه با بررسی 23 مقاله منتشر شده داخل و خارج از کشور در زمینه ارتقاء سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان 6 - 0 سال انجام گرفت. یافتهها:در کل تعداد 7904 مقاله و از بینآن­ها 23 مقاله انتخاب شده که مطالعات تجربی، نیمه تجربی بودند. مداخلات به صورت برنامه­های آموزشی با جلسات پیگیری، معاینه و خدمات پیشگیرانه در مدت زمان مختلف انجام شده بود و متغیرهای اندازهگیری شده در آنها شامل آگاهی، نگرش، باور و عملکرد در زمینه انجام مراقبت­های بهداشت دهان و دندان، اجزای مدل اعتقاد بهداشتی وشاخص پوسیدگی دندان بود، که تمامی این متغیرها در بین شرکت­کنندگان گروه آزمون بعد از انجام مداخله آموزشی از لحاظ آماری بهبود معنی­دار پیدا کرده بود. نتیجه گیری:با توجه به بررسی مداخلات صورت گرفته در داخل و خارج از ایران و ارزیابی نتایج آنها، آموزش رفتارهای ارتقاءدهنده سلامت دهان و دندان به والدین و ارائهخدمات پیشگیرانه در کوتاه مدت بیانگر تأثیرات مثبت بر سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان می­باشد. همچنین به نظر می­رسد که مداخلات مبتنی بر نظریه­ها و مدل­های تغییر رفتار می­تواند به عنوان یک روش مؤثر در ارتقاء عملکرد بهداشت دهان و دندان در کودکان 6-0 در نظر گرفته شود.   2 Background:Oral health is an important issue, because of its consequences on general health of children. Present study has been provisional to evaluate types and effectiveness of oral health promotion interventions on 0-6 years-old children. Materials and methods:A Scoping review was done, with search in PubMed, Google scholar, ProQuest, Biomed Central and also domestic data bases in SID, Magiran limited to English and Farsi language, from 2008-2018 using Farsi and English keywords; Oral health promotion, oral health program, oral health knowledge, infant, toddler, preschool children. Finally, present review was done based on 23 local and interventional studies in the field of oral health promotion of 0-6 years-old children. Results:Selected twenty-three studies were experimental and Quasi-experimental studies. Interventions were done as educational program with follow-up sessions, examinations and prevention dental services in the different periods of time. Researched variables were; knowledge, attitude, belief and behaviors in the field of oral health care and dental status. All the above mentioned outcome variables showed significant improvement among participants afterinterventions. Conclusion:According to the evaluation of the results of the interventions in Iran and other countries among 0-6 years-old children, oral health education to parents in short time had positive results on the oral and dental health of them. Also it has been shown that behavioral attentions, use of models and theories, can be considered as an effective method for promoting oral health status of 0-6 years-old children.   53 70 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/22 1398/4/31 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/22 1398/4/31 رضا یزدانی R Yazdani دانشیار دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، گروه سلامت دهان و دندانپزشکی اجتماعی دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران ایران حسین حصاری H Hesari استادیار دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، گروه سلامت دهان و دندانپزشکی اجتماعی دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران ایران فاطمه باقریان F Bagherian دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، گروه سلامت دهان و دندانپزشکی اجتماعی دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران ایران Oral health oral health promotion precautionary services 0-6 years-old children infant toddler preschool children سلامت دهان ارتقای سلامت دهان خدمات پیشگیرانه کودکان 6 - 0 سال کودکان پیش دبستانی Petersen, P. E.. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century-the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Com Dent and oral epidemiol. 2003;31(1):3-24.##Petersen, P. E.. World Health Organization global policy for improvement of oral Health‐World Health Assembly 2007. Int dent j. 2008;58(3):115-121.##Drury, T. F., Horowitz, A. M., Ismail, A. I., Maertens, M. P., Rozier, R. G., & Selwitz, R. H.. Diagnosing and reporting early childhood caries for research purposes: a report of a workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, the Health Resources and Services Administration, and the Health Care Financing Administration. J public health dent.1999:59(3):192-197.##Delany, G. M., & Goldblatt, L. I.. Fused teeth: a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. JADA. 1981;103(5):732-734.##Ismail, A. I., Burt, B. A., & Eklund, S. A.. The cariogenicity of soft drinks in the United States. JADA. 1984;109(2),:241-245.##Smith, L., Katz, L., Emery, H., Sieppert, J., Polsky, Z., & Nagan, K.. It's about more than just baby teeth: An examination of early oral care in Canada. Universal J Public Health. 2014;2(4),:125-130.##Delany, G. M., & Goldblatt, L. I.. Fused teeth: a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. JADA. 1981;103(5):732-734.##Dooley, D., Moultrie, N. M., Heckman, B., Gansky, S. A., Potter, M. B., & Walsh, M. M.. Oral health prevention and toddler well-child care: routine integration in a safety net system. Pediatrics, 2016;137;(1), e20143532..##Pakpour AH, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E, Kumar S, Harrison AP. The status of dental caries and related factors in a sample of Iranian adolescents. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011; Sep 1;16(6):e822-7.##Declerck, D., Leroy, R., Martens, L., Lesaffre, E., Garcia‐Zattera, M. J., Broucke, S. V., ... & Hoppenbrouwers, K.. Factors associated with prevalence and severity of caries experience in preschool children. Com dent oral epidemiol. 2008; 36(2):168-178.##Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A.. Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. J chiropractic med. 2006;5(3): 101-117.##Malboosbaf, R., & Azizi, F.. What is systematic review and how we should write it?. Res Med. 2010;34(3):203-207.##Röhrig, B., du Prel, J. B., Wachtlin, D., & Blettner, M. Types of study in medical research: part 3 of a series on evaluation of scientific publications. Deutsches Arzteblatt International. 2009;106(15): 262.##Mattheus DJ. Efficacy of oral health promotion in primary care practice during early childhood: creating positive changes in parent's oral health beliefs and behaviors. Oral Health Dent Manag. 2014; Jun;13(2):316-9.##Qiu RM, Lo EC, Zhi QH, Zhou Y, Tao Y, Lin HC1.Factors related to children's caries: a structural equation modeling approach. BMC Public Health. 2014 Oct 15;14:1071. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1071.##Folayan, M. O., Kolawole, K. A., Oziegbe, E. O., Oyedele, T., Oshomoji, O. V., Chukwumah, N. M., & Onyejaka, N. Prevalence, and early childhood caries risk indicators in preschool children in suburban Nigeria. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15(1):72.##Agouropoulos, A., Twetman, S., Pandis, N., Kavvadia, K., & Papagiannoulis, L.. Caries-preventive effectiveness of fluoride varnish as adjunct to oral health promotion and supervised tooth brushing in preschool children: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J dent. 2014;42(10): 1277-1283.##Naidu, R., Nunn, J., & Forde, M.. Oral healthcare of preschool children in Trinidad: a qualitative study of parents and caregivers. BMC oral health. 2012; 12(1): 27.##Sacheti, A., Ng, M. W., & Ramos-Gomez, F. Infant oral health is the current standard of care. J Massachusetts Dent Society. 2012;61(3):22.##Corrêa, F. N. P., Vilela, T., Bönecker, M., Salete, M., & Corrêa, N. P. Effectiveness of tooth wipes in removing babies' dental biofilm. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2012;10:319-326.##Gehshan, S., & Wyatt, M. Improving oral health care for young children. National Academy for State Health Policy. 2007##Tegwyn H. Brickhouse .The Impact of a Home Visiting Program on Children's Utilization of Dent Serv Pediat. 2013;132(Suppl 2): S147-S152.##Ferreira, S. H., Beria, J. U., Kramer, P. F., Feldens, E. G., & Feldens, C. A.. Dental caries in 0‐to 5‐year‐old Brazilian children: prevalence, severity, and associated factors. Int j paediat dent. 2007;17(4): 289-296.##Gao, X., Lo, E. C. M., McGrath, C., & Ho, S. M. Y.. Innovative interventions to promote positive dental health behaviors and prevent dental caries in preschool children: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013;14(1):118.##Yost, J., & Li, Y. Promoting oral health from birth through childhood: prevention of early childhood caries. MCN: A J Maternal/Child Nurs. 2008;33(1): 17-23.##Santos AP, Oliveira BH, Nadanovsky P.Effects of low and standard fluoride toothpastes on caries and fluorosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Caries Res. 2013;47(5):382-90.##Rolnick, S. J., Jackson, J. M., DeFor, T. A., & Flottemesch, T. J. Fluoride Varnish Application in the Primary Care Setting. A Clinical Study. J Clin Pediat Dent. 2015;39(4):311-314.##Dooley, D., Moultrie, N. M., Heckman, B., Gansky, S. A., Potter, M. B., & Walsh, M. M. Oral health prevention and toddler well-child care: routine integration in a safety net system. Pediatrics. 2016;137(1): e20143532.##Arrow, P., Raheb, J., & Miller, M. Brief oral health promotion intervention among parents of young children to reduce early childhood dental decay. BMC public health. 2013;13(1): 245.##Schroth, R. J., Quinonez, R. B., Yaffe, A. B., Bertone, M. F., Hardwick, F. K., & Harrison, R. L. What are Canadian dental professional students taught about infant, toddler and prenatal oral health. J Can Dent Assoc. 2015;81:f15.##Hallas, D., Fernandez, J. B., Lim, L. J., Catapano, P., Dickson, S. K., Blouin, K. R., ... & Jiwani, N. M. OHEP: An oral health education program for mothers of newborns. J Pediat Health Care. 2015;29(2):181-190.##Nazari, Z., & Taherpour, M. Mothers' awareness, regarding orodental health of their children at age of 1-6 years old in Shirvan. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci. 2013;5:979-986.##Shirani, M., Masoodi, R., & Rabiei, L. Evaluation of the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Mothers Visiting Dental Clinics in Isfahan about Two-Five-Year-Old Children's Dental Care. Nursing of the Vulnerables. 2015;2(4).##Esmaeili, K. M., Gholamiparizad, E., Abedzadehzavareh, M., Sayehmiri, K., & Ghazanfari, Z. Prediction of Oral Health in Children 3-6 Years old in Ilam, 2015: Application of Health Belief Model.##Hessari, H., & Golshan, M. H. Evaluation of severity of dental caries in primary teeth among children 5-7 years-old in Tehran in 2016. J Dent Med. 2017; 29(3):204-214.##Petersen, P. E.. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century-the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Com Dent and oral epidemiol. 2003;31(1):3-24.##Petersen, P. E.. World Health Organization global policy for improvement of oral Health‐World Health Assembly 2007. Int dent j. 2008;58(3):115-121.##Drury, T. F., Horowitz, A. M., Ismail, A. I., Maertens, M. P., Rozier, R. G., & Selwitz, R. H.. Diagnosing and reporting early childhood caries for research purposes: a report of a workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, the Health Resources and Services Administration, and the Health Care Financing Administration. J public health dent.1999:59(3):192-197.##Delany, G. M., & Goldblatt, L. I.. Fused teeth: a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. JADA. 1981;103(5):732-734.##Ismail, A. I., Burt, B. A., & Eklund, S. A.. The cariogenicity of soft drinks in the United States. JADA. 1984;109(2),:241-245.##Smith, L., Katz, L., Emery, H., Sieppert, J., Polsky, Z., & Nagan, K.. It's about more than just baby teeth: An examination of early oral care in Canada. Universal J Public Health. 2014;2(4),:125-130.##Delany, G. M., & Goldblatt, L. I.. Fused teeth: a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. JADA. 1981;103(5):732-734.##Dooley, D., Moultrie, N. M., Heckman, B., Gansky, S. A., Potter, M. B., & Walsh, M. M.. Oral health prevention and toddler well-child care: routine integration in a safety net system. Pediatrics, 2016;137;(1), e20143532..##Pakpour AH, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E, Kumar S, Harrison AP. The status of dental caries and related factors in a sample of Iranian adolescents. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011; Sep 1;16(6):e822-7.##Declerck, D., Leroy, R., Martens, L., Lesaffre, E., Garcia‐Zattera, M. J., Broucke, S. V., ... & Hoppenbrouwers, K.. Factors associated with prevalence and severity of caries experience in preschool children. Com dent oral epidemiol. 2008; 36(2):168-178.##Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A.. Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. J chiropractic med. 2006;5(3): 101-117.##Malboosbaf, R., & Azizi, F.. What is systematic review and how we should write it?. Res Med. 2010;34(3):203-207.##Röhrig, B., du Prel, J. B., Wachtlin, D., & Blettner, M. Types of study in medical research: part 3 of a series on evaluation of scientific publications. Deutsches Arzteblatt International. 2009;106(15): 262.##Mattheus DJ. Efficacy of oral health promotion in primary care practice during early childhood: creating positive changes in parent's oral health beliefs and behaviors. Oral Health Dent Manag. 2014; Jun;13(2):316-9.##Qiu RM, Lo EC, Zhi QH, Zhou Y, Tao Y, Lin HC1.Factors related to children's caries: a structural equation modeling approach. BMC Public Health. 2014 Oct 15;14:1071. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1071.##Folayan, M. O., Kolawole, K. A., Oziegbe, E. O., Oyedele, T., Oshomoji, O. V., Chukwumah, N. M., & Onyejaka, N. Prevalence, and early childhood caries risk indicators in preschool children in suburban Nigeria. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15(1):72.##Agouropoulos, A., Twetman, S., Pandis, N., Kavvadia, K., & Papagiannoulis, L.. Caries-preventive effectiveness of fluoride varnish as adjunct to oral health promotion and supervised tooth brushing in preschool children: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J dent. 2014;42(10): 1277-1283.##Naidu, R., Nunn, J., & Forde, M.. Oral healthcare of preschool children in Trinidad: a qualitative study of parents and caregivers. BMC oral health. 2012; 12(1): 27.##Sacheti, A., Ng, M. W., & Ramos-Gomez, F. Infant oral health is the current standard of care. J Massachusetts Dent Society. 2012;61(3):22.##Corrêa, F. N. P., Vilela, T., Bönecker, M., Salete, M., & Corrêa, N. P. Effectiveness of tooth wipes in removing babies' dental biofilm. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2012;10:319-326.##Gehshan, S., & Wyatt, M. Improving oral health care for young children. National Academy for State Health Policy. 2007##Tegwyn H. Brickhouse .The Impact of a Home Visiting Program on Children's Utilization of Dent Serv Pediat. 2013;132(Suppl 2): S147-S152.##Ferreira, S. H., Beria, J. U., Kramer, P. F., Feldens, E. G., & Feldens, C. A.. Dental caries in 0‐to 5‐year‐old Brazilian children: prevalence, severity, and associated factors. Int j paediat dent. 2007;17(4): 289-296.##Gao, X., Lo, E. C. M., McGrath, C., & Ho, S. M. Y.. Innovative interventions to promote positive dental health behaviors and prevent dental caries in preschool children: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013;14(1):118.##Yost, J., & Li, Y. Promoting oral health from birth through childhood: prevention of early childhood caries. MCN: A J Maternal/Child Nurs. 2008;33(1): 17-23.##Santos AP, Oliveira BH, Nadanovsky P.Effects of low and standard fluoride toothpastes on caries and fluorosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Caries Res. 2013;47(5):382-90.##Rolnick, S. J., Jackson, J. M., DeFor, T. A., & Flottemesch, T. J. Fluoride Varnish Application in the Primary Care Setting. A Clinical Study. J Clin Pediat Dent. 2015;39(4):311-314.##Dooley, D., Moultrie, N. M., Heckman, B., Gansky, S. A., Potter, M. B., & Walsh, M. M. Oral health prevention and toddler well-child care: routine integration in a safety net system. Pediatrics. 2016;137(1): e20143532.##Arrow, P., Raheb, J., & Miller, M. Brief oral health promotion intervention among parents of young children to reduce early childhood dental decay. BMC public health. 2013;13(1): 245.##Schroth, R. J., Quinonez, R. B., Yaffe, A. B., Bertone, M. F., Hardwick, F. K., & Harrison, R. L. What are Canadian dental professional students taught about infant, toddler and prenatal oral health. J Can Dent Assoc. 2015;81:f15.##Hallas, D., Fernandez, J. B., Lim, L. J., Catapano, P., Dickson, S. K., Blouin, K. R., ... & Jiwani, N. M. OHEP: An oral health education program for mothers of newborns. J Pediat Health Care. 2015;29(2):181-190.##Nazari, Z., & Taherpour, M. Mothers' awareness, regarding orodental health of their children at age of 1-6 years old in Shirvan. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci. 2013;5:979-986.##Shirani, M., Masoodi, R., & Rabiei, L. Evaluation of the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Mothers Visiting Dental Clinics in Isfahan about Two-Five-Year-Old Children's Dental Care. Nursing of the Vulnerables. 2015;2(4).##Esmaeili, K. M., Gholamiparizad, E., Abedzadehzavareh, M., Sayehmiri, K., & Ghazanfari, Z. Prediction of Oral Health in Children 3-6 Years old in Ilam, 2015: Application of Health Belief Model.##Hessari, H., & Golshan, M. H. Evaluation of severity of dental caries in primary teeth among children 5-7 years-old in Tehran in 2016. J Dent Med. 2017; 29(3):204-214. ##

دنتین دیسپلازیا: گزارش مورد نادر Dentin Dysplasia: ARare Case Report 1 1 مقدمه:دنتین دیسپلازیا  از جمله بیماری های نادر وراثتی بوده، که مینای دندان نرمال بوده اما اختلال در عاج و شکل پالپ دندان را همراه دارد. با توجه به شیوع کم این بیماری، به ارائه یک مورد دنتین دیسپلازیای دارای ویزگی های کلاسیک و آتیپیکال دنتین دیسپلازیایType 1 میپردازیم.   گزارش مورد:یک دختر 11 ساله با لقی واضح دندان های قدامی مندیبل که دارای نقص شدید ریشه ای در رادیوگرافی پری اپیکال می باشد، معرفی می گردد.   نتیجه گیری:با توجه به نقص ریشه ای  تنها در دندان قدامی مندیبل به نظر می رسد با یک دنتین دیسپلازیای لوکالیزه رو به رو هستیم.     2 Introduction: Dentin Dysplasia is one of the rare hereditary diseases that the enamel is normal, but it also affects the dentin and  the shape of the tooth pulp. Due to the low prevalence of this disease, a case of dentin dysplasia with the classical and atypical dentin dysplasia type 1 is presented. Case presentation:A 11-year-old girl with the mobility of lower central teeth that has severe root defects in the periapical radiography, is introduced. Conclusion:Regarding the root defect only in the anterior mandibular teeth, it seems to be a regional  dentin dysplasia.   71 78 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/22 1398/4/31 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/22 1398/4/31 علیرضا حیدری A Heidari دانشیار دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران،ایران ایران نرگس توانا N Tavana دستیار تخصصی دندانپزشکی کودکان دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران Dental developmental disorders dentin dysplasia dental root defects اختلالات ژنتیکی عاج دنتین دیسپلازیا Kim, J.-W.; Simmer, J.P. (2007-05-01). "Hereditary Dentin Defects". Journal of Dental Research. 86 (5): 392-399. doi:10.1177/154405910708600502. ISSN 0022-0345.##Ballschmiede G. Dissertation, Berlin, 1922. Malformations of the jaws and teeth. New York: Oxford University Press; 1930. p. 286.##Rushton MA. A case of dentin dysplasia. Guys Hosp Rep. 1939;89:369-7##Witkop CJ Jr. Hereditary defects of dentin. Dent Clin North Am 1975;19:25-45.##Sauk JJ, Lyon HW, Trowbridge HO, et al. An electron optic analysis and explanation for the etiology of dentinal dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1972;33(5):763-71.##Shields ED, Bixler D, e1-Kafrawy AM. A proposed classification for heritable human dentine defects with a description of a new entity. Arch Oral Biol 1973;18:543-53##Kalk WWI, Batenburg RHK, Vissink A. Dentin dysplasia type I: Five cases within one family. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998; 86(2):175-8.##Burkes EJ Jr, Aquilino SA, Bost ME. Dentin dysplasia II. J Endod 1979;5:277-81.##OCroll MK. The diagnosis of dentinal dysplasia of type 1. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1994, feb;23(1):52-53.##Rocha CT1, Nelson-Filho P, Silva LA, Assed S, Queiroz AM. Variation of dentin dysplasia type I: report of atypical findings in the permanent dentition. Braz Dent J. 2011;22(1):74-8.##Eastman JR, Melnick M, Goldblatt LI. Focal odontoblastic dysplasia: Dentin dysplasia type III. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1977;44:909-14.##Naik VV, Kale AD. Dentin dysplasia: Single-tooth involvement? Quintessence Int 2009;40:183-186##Ansari G, Reid JS. Dentinal dysplasia type I: review of the literature and report of a family. ASDC J Dent Child 1997;64:429434.##Wesley RK, Wysoki GP, Mintz SM, Jackson J. Dentin dysplasia type I. Clinical, morphologic, and genetic studies of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1976;41:516-524.##Kim, J.-W.; Simmer, J.P. (2007-05-01). "Hereditary Dentin Defects". Journal of Dental Research. 86 (5): 392-399. doi:10.1177/154405910708600502. ISSN 0022-0345.##Ballschmiede G. Dissertation, Berlin, 1922. Malformations of the jaws and teeth. New York: Oxford University Press; 1930. p. 286.##Rushton MA. A case of dentin dysplasia. Guys Hosp Rep. 1939;89:369-7##Witkop CJ Jr. Hereditary defects of dentin. Dent Clin North Am 1975;19:25-45.##Sauk JJ, Lyon HW, Trowbridge HO, et al. An electron optic analysis and explanation for the etiology of dentinal dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1972;33(5):763-71.##Shields ED, Bixler D, e1-Kafrawy AM. A proposed classification for heritable human dentine defects with a description of a new entity. Arch Oral Biol 1973;18:543-53##Kalk WWI, Batenburg RHK, Vissink A. Dentin dysplasia type I: Five cases within one family. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998; 86(2):175-8.##Burkes EJ Jr, Aquilino SA, Bost ME. Dentin dysplasia II. J Endod 1979;5:277-81.##OCroll MK. The diagnosis of dentinal dysplasia of type 1. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1994, feb;23(1):52-53.##Rocha CT1, Nelson-Filho P, Silva LA, Assed S, Queiroz AM. Variation of dentin dysplasia type I: report of atypical findings in the permanent dentition. Braz Dent J. 2011;22(1):74-8.##Eastman JR, Melnick M, Goldblatt LI. Focal odontoblastic dysplasia: Dentin dysplasia type III. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1977;44:909-14.##Naik VV, Kale AD. Dentin dysplasia: Single-tooth involvement? Quintessence Int 2009;40:183-186##Ansari G, Reid JS. Dentinal dysplasia type I: review of the literature and report of a family. ASDC J Dent Child 1997;64:429434.##Wesley RK, Wysoki GP, Mintz SM, Jackson J. Dentin dysplasia type I. Clinical, morphologic, and genetic studies of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1976;41:516-524. ##

بررسی تاثیر برنامه ترویج سلامت بر سلامت دندان های دائمی در دانش آموزان ابتدایی The effect of health promotion program on permanent dental health in elementary students 1 1 زمینه و هدف: با توجه به ضرورت بهداشت دهان به عنوان بخشی از سلامت عمومی، و اهمیت ویژه‌ بهداشت دهان ودندان درکودکان و نوجوانان سنین مدرسه به عنوان یکی از عوامل مهم تأثیرگذار بر کیفیت زندگی، این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تاثیر برنامه ترویج سلامت بر سلامت دندانهای دائمی در دانش آموزان ابتدایی مدارس مروج سلامت و مدارس عادی استان البرز انجام شده است.   مواد و روش ها: در یک پژوهش کاربردی، توصیفی-تحلیلی، بر اساس حجم نمونه وضعیت سلامت دندان های دایمی در 346 نفر از دانش آموزان 12 ساله مدارس ابتدایی شهر کرج بر اساس شاخص DMFT مورد بررسی قرار گرفت، و هم چنین اطلاعات دموگرافیک دانش آموزان و والدین برای بررسی ارتباط بین شاخص ها و وضعیت سلامت ثبت شد. داده‌های به‌دست‌آمده از مطالعه با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS و آزمون  Chi squre و Independent T Student آنالیزشد.   یافته ها: میانگین شاخص پوسیدگی در میان دانش آموزان مدارس معمولی 2.89 و در دانش آموزان مدارس مروج سلامت 2.49 بود، که نوع مدرسه بر شاخص پوسیدگی دندان های دانش آموزان تاثیر معناداری نداشت، بررسی تاثیر متغیرها بر شاخص پوسیدگی نشان داد که جنسیت، تعداد دفعات استفاده از مسواک، ویزیت دندانپزشکی تاثیری معناداری بر شاخص پوسیدگی دارد، و شاخص های دبری و کلکولوس نیز به طور معناداری تاثیر مستقیمی بر میزان پوسیدگی داشت.   نتیجه گیری: یافته ها حکایت از پررنگ نبودن سلامت دهان در مدارس مروج سلامت در کرج در برنامه ارتقاء سلامت است، که باید برنامه سلامت دهان برای مدارس تعریف و امکان سنجی اجرای آن انجام شود. 2 Background: Considering the necessity of oral health as a part of public health, and the special importance of oral hygiene in school-age children and adolescents as one of the important factors affecting the quality of life, this study aimed to investigate the effect of health promotion program on permanent dental health in students. Primary schools of health promotion and traditional schools of Alborz province have been conducted.   Materials and methods: In a descriptive-analytical study, based on the sample size of permanent dental health status, 346, 12-year-old elementary school students in Karaj were evaluated based on DMFT index. Also, demographic data of students and parents were recorded to examine the relationship between indicators and health status. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using Chi square and Independent T Student.   Results: The mean caries index was 2.89 in normal school students and 2.49 in health school students, which had no significant effect on the dental caries index of students. The effect of variables on caries index showed that gender, number of toothbrushes, dental visit had a significant effect on caries index, and debris and calculus indices had a significant direct effect on caries rate.   Conclusion: Due to the ineffectiveness of the oral health program in the health promoting school in Karaj, the oral health program for schools should be defined and implemented. 79 88 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/12/10 1398/9/19 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/12/10 1398/9/19 احمد جعفری A Jafari مرکز تحقیقات پیشگیری پوسیدگی، گروه آموزشی سلامت دهان و دندانپزشکی اجتماعی، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران معین مکوند قلی پور M MakvandGholipour گروه آموزشی دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران سیده راحله سهیلی R soheili گروه آموزشی دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران سمیه خرمیان طوسی S KhoramiyanTousi گروه آموزشی دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران Oral health Oral health program Health Promoting School Caries Index سلامت دهان برنامه سلامت دهان مدارس مروج سلامت شاخص پوسیدگی 1. Saleki M, Jabarifar SE, Soheilipour S, Hajizadeh F. Assessing the sensitivity and responsiveness of Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale to routine dental treatments on life quality of preschool children in Isfahan in 2011. J Isfahan Dent Sch. 2012;7(5):688-97.##2. Mattila ML, Rautava P, Ojanlatva A, Paunio P, Hyssälä L, Helenius H, Sillanpää M. Will the role of family influence dental caries among seven-year-old children?. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2005 Jan 1;63(2):73-84.##3. Brice DM, Blum JR, Steinberg BJ. The etiology, treatment, and prevention of nursing caries. Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, NJ: 1995). 1996 Jan;17(1):92-4.##4. Yousofi M, Behrouzpour K, Kazemi SA, Afroughi S. Dental Caries and Related Factors among 7-12 Year-old School Children in Yasuj, Iran, in 2014. Armaghane danesh. 2015 Dec 15;20(9):836-47.####5. Robinson C. Enamel maturation: a brief background with implications for some enamel dysplasias. Frontiers in physiology. 2014 Oct 8;5:388.##6. Lynch RJ. The primary and mixed dentition, post‐eruptive enamel maturation and dental caries: a review. International dental journal. 2013 Dec; 63:3-13.##7. Dixit LP, Shakya A, Shrestha M, Shrestha A. Dental caries prevalence, oral health knowledge and practice among indigenous Chepang school children of Nepal. BMC Oral Health. 2013 May 14;13(1):20.##8. Kirchberg A, Makuch A, Hemprich A, Hirsch C. Dental caries in the primary dentition of german children with cleft lip, alveolus, and palate. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal. 2014 May;51(3):308-13.##9. KWAN, Stella YL, et al. Health-promoting schools: an opportunity for oral health promotion. Bulletin of the World Health organization, 2005, 83: 677-685.‌##10. World Health Organization (1986) Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. World Health Organization, Geneva.##11. Buglar ME, White KM, Robinson NG. The role of self-efficacy in dental patients’ brushing and flossing: Testing an extended health belief model. Patient Education Counseling 2010; 78(2): 269-72.##12. SANGEETHA, K. M., et al. SCHOOL DENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES-A REVIEW. Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Sciences Research, 2017, 5.1: 92.‌##13.BENNETT, Annemarie E.; CUNNINGHAM, Cara; MOLLOY, Charlotte Johnston. An evaluation of factors which can affect the implementation of a health promotion programmer under the Schools for Health in Europe framework. Evaluation and program planning, 2016, 57: 50-54.‌##14. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Oral health surveys: basic methods. World Health Organization, 2013.‌##15. Greene JG, Vermillion JR. The simplified oral hygiene index. J Am Dent Assoc. 1964;68:7–13.##16. World Health Organization. Oral health promotion: an essential element of a health-promoting school. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.##17. Tai BJ, Jiang H, Du MQ, Peng B. Assessing the effectiveness of a school‐based oral health promotion programmer in Yichang City, China. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2009 Oct;37(5):391-8.##18. Gambhir RS, Sohi RK, Nanda T, Sawhney GS, Setia S. Impact of school based oral health education programmes in India: a systematic review. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2013 Dec;7(12):3107.##19. Sharma A, Bansal P, Grover A, Sharma S, Sharma A. Oral health status and treatment needs among primary school going children in Nagrota Bagwan block of Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2014;18(6):762.##20. NOKHOSTIN, Mohammad Reza; SIAHKAMARI, Akram; AKBARZADEH BAGHEBAN, Alireza. Evaluation of oral and dental health of 6-12 year-old students in Kermanshah city. ISMJ, 2013, 16.3: 241-249.‌##21. SHABANI, L. F., et al. The correlation between DMFT and OHI-S index among 10-15 years old children in Kosova. International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Health, 2015, 5: 2002-2005.‌##22. BUGLAR, Maria E.; WHITE, Katherine M.; ROBINSON, Natalie G. The role of self-efficacy in dental patients’ brushing and flossing: testing an extended Health Belief Model. Patient education and counseling, 2010, 78.2: 269-272.‌##23. Farooqi FA, Khabeer A, Moheet IA, Khan SQ, Farooq I. Prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth and its relation with tooth brushing habits among schoolchildren in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Saudi medical journal. 2015;36(6):737##24. Paasche-Orlow MK, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, Nielsen-Bohlman LT, Rudd RR. The prevalence of limited health literacy. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(2):175-84. ##25. Caufield PW, Griffen AL. Dental caries: an infectious and transmissible disease. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2000;47(5):1001-19.##1. Saleki M, Jabarifar SE, Soheilipour S, Hajizadeh F. Assessing the sensitivity and responsiveness of Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale to routine dental treatments on life quality of preschool children in Isfahan in 2011. J Isfahan Dent Sch. 2012;7(5):688-97.##2. Mattila ML, Rautava P, Ojanlatva A, Paunio P, Hyssälä L, Helenius H, Sillanpää M. Will the role of family influence dental caries among seven-year-old children?. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2005 Jan 1;63(2):73-84.##3. Brice DM, Blum JR, Steinberg BJ. The etiology, treatment, and prevention of nursing caries. Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, NJ: 1995). 1996 Jan;17(1):92-4.##4. Yousofi M, Behrouzpour K, Kazemi SA, Afroughi S. Dental Caries and Related Factors among 7-12 Year-old School Children in Yasuj, Iran, in 2014. Armaghane danesh. 2015 Dec 15;20(9):836-47.####5. Robinson C. Enamel maturation: a brief background with implications for some enamel dysplasias. Frontiers in physiology. 2014 Oct 8;5:388.##6. Lynch RJ. The primary and mixed dentition, post‐eruptive enamel maturation and dental caries: a review. International dental journal. 2013 Dec; 63:3-13.##7. Dixit LP, Shakya A, Shrestha M, Shrestha A. Dental caries prevalence, oral health knowledge and practice among indigenous Chepang school children of Nepal. BMC Oral Health. 2013 May 14;13(1):20.##8. Kirchberg A, Makuch A, Hemprich A, Hirsch C. Dental caries in the primary dentition of german children with cleft lip, alveolus, and palate. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal. 2014 May;51(3):308-13.##9. KWAN, Stella YL, et al. Health-promoting schools: an opportunity for oral health promotion. Bulletin of the World Health organization, 2005, 83: 677-685.‌##10. World Health Organization (1986) Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. World Health Organization, Geneva.##11. Buglar ME, White KM, Robinson NG. The role of self-efficacy in dental patients’ brushing and flossing: Testing an extended health belief model. Patient Education Counseling 2010; 78(2): 269-72.##12. SANGEETHA, K. M., et al. SCHOOL DENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES-A REVIEW. Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Sciences Research, 2017, 5.1: 92.‌##13.BENNETT, Annemarie E.; CUNNINGHAM, Cara; MOLLOY, Charlotte Johnston. An evaluation of factors which can affect the implementation of a health promotion programmer under the Schools for Health in Europe framework. Evaluation and program planning, 2016, 57: 50-54.‌##14. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Oral health surveys: basic methods. World Health Organization, 2013.‌##15. Greene JG, Vermillion JR. The simplified oral hygiene index. J Am Dent Assoc. 1964;68:7–13.##16. World Health Organization. Oral health promotion: an essential element of a health-promoting school. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.##17. Tai BJ, Jiang H, Du MQ, Peng B. Assessing the effectiveness of a school‐based oral health promotion programmer in Yichang City, China. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2009 Oct;37(5):391-8.##18. Gambhir RS, Sohi RK, Nanda T, Sawhney GS, Setia S. Impact of school based oral health education programmes in India: a systematic review. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2013 Dec;7(12):3107.##19. Sharma A, Bansal P, Grover A, Sharma S, Sharma A. Oral health status and treatment needs among primary school going children in Nagrota Bagwan block of Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2014;18(6):762.##20. NOKHOSTIN, Mohammad Reza; SIAHKAMARI, Akram; AKBARZADEH BAGHEBAN, Alireza. Evaluation of oral and dental health of 6-12 year-old students in Kermanshah city. ISMJ, 2013, 16.3: 241-249.‌##21. SHABANI, L. F., et al. The correlation between DMFT and OHI-S index among 10-15 years old children in Kosova. International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Health, 2015, 5: 2002-2005.‌##22. BUGLAR, Maria E.; WHITE, Katherine M.; ROBINSON, Natalie G. The role of self-efficacy in dental patients’ brushing and flossing: testing an extended Health Belief Model. Patient education and counseling, 2010, 78.2: 269-272.‌##23. Farooqi FA, Khabeer A, Moheet IA, Khan SQ, Farooq I. Prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth and its relation with tooth brushing habits among schoolchildren in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Saudi medical journal. 2015;36(6):737##24. Paasche-Orlow MK, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, Nielsen-Bohlman LT, Rudd RR. The prevalence of limited health literacy. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(2):175-84. ##25. Caufield PW, Griffen AL. Dental caries: an infectious and transmissible disease. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2000;47(5):1001-19. ##

تعیین ارتباط نوع بیمه کودکان دبستانی 7 تا 12 ساله با وضعیت سلامت دندانی آن ها در شهر تهران Determining the relationship between the type of insurance of 7-12 year old children and their dental health status in Tehran 1 1 زمینه و هدف: پوسیدگی دندانی و سایر مشکلات دهان و دندان از طریق معاینات منظم و اقدامات درمانی محافظه کارانه قابل پیشگیری است. در بین موانعی که برای استفاده از خدمات سلامت  وجود دارد، کمبود منابع مالی از اهمیت بالایی برخورداراست. به همین علت پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین ارتباط نوع بیمه کودکان دبستانی 7 تا 12 ساله با وضعیت سلامت دندانی آن ها در شهر تهران انجام شد.   مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه بر روی 456 دانش آموز که از 10 مدرسه در 5 منطقه شهر تهران انتخاب شدند، صورت گرفت. بررسی بر روی 4 گروه بیمه خدمات درمانی، تأمین اجتماعی، ارتش و بیمه پایه + تکمیلی انجام شد. در مراجعه اول پرسشنامه ها به دانش آموزان                           داده شد و توسط والدین تکمیل گردید، در مراجعه بعدی کودکان معاینه شدند و شاخص های                          پوسیدگی دندان های شیری dft (decayed, filled, teeth) و دندانهای دایمی DMFT (Decayed, Missing, Filled teeth)  ثبت شد. در نهایت ارتباط بین نوع بیمه درمانی افراد با این شاخص ها با استفاده از آزمون One-way ANOVA  و Tukey مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت.   یافته ها: شاخص های d و f  در دندان های شیری با نوع بیمه در ارتباط بود (به ترتیب p<0.001 و 003/0=p) اما شاخص dft در بین هیچ کدام از گروه های بیمه معنادار به دست نیامد            (582/0=p). شاخص های F وDMFT  در دندان های دائمی با نوع بیمه در ارتباط بود (به ترتیب035/0=p و p<0.001) اما در شاخص D تفاوت معناداری بین گروه های بیمه دیده نشد(504/0=p). درتعداد فیشورسیلنت های 4 گروه بیمه، اختلاف معناداری دیده نشد              (094/0=p) ولی در تعداد  SSCها اختلاف معنادار بود (p<0.001) و در بیمه ارتش از سه بیمه دیگر بیشتر بود.   نتیجه گیری: نوع بیمه دانش آموزان ابتدایی شهر تهران در سلامت دندانی آن ها موثر است. 2 Background: Oral and dental problems are preventable with regular examinations. Among the barriers to utilizing health services, lack of financial resources is too important. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the type of insurance of 7-12 year old children and their dental health status in Tehran.   Materials and methods: In this study 456 students were selected from 10 schools in 5 districts of Tehran. The study was conducted on 4 groups of health insurance: Medical services insurance fund (MSIF), social security insurance organization (SSIO), military insurance and supplemental insurance. At the first visit the questionnaires were given to the students and completed by the parents. At the next visit, the children were examined and dft (decayed, filled primary teeth) and DMFT (Decayed, Missing, Filled permanent teeth) indices were recorded. Then the relationship between insurance type and these indices were investigated using One-way ANOVA and Tukey.   Results: The d and f indices in the primary teeth were correlated with the type of insurance respectively p<0.001, p=0.003; but there was not significant relation between dft index and any of the insurance groups (p=0.582). F and DMFT indices in permanent teeth were correlated with type of insurance (p = 0.035 and p <0.001, respectively) but no significant difference was found between D index and insurance groups (p = 0.504). No significant difference was observed in the number of fissure sealants in the four insurance groups (p = 0.094) but in the number of SSCs there was a significant difference (p <0.001) and in the military insurance was more than the other three insurances.   Conclusion: Type of the insurances of primary school students in Tehran has impact on their dental health. 89 98 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/12/102019/12/10 1398/9/19 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/12/102019/12/10 1398/9/19 بهمن سراج B Seraj دانشیار گروه دندانپزشکی، کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران ایران مونا سهرابی M Sohrabi متخصص دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران ایران هما اخوان ملایری H AkhavanMalayeri متخصص دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران ایران سارا قدیمی S Ghadimi دانشیار گروه دندانپزشکی، کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران ایران Insurance Oral and Dental Health Children بیمه سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان 1 .Heymann HO, Swift EJ, Ritter AV. Art and science of operative dentistry. 6 th ed. Elsevier. 2013:51##2. Gluck GM. Jong's Community Dental Health. 5th Ed. the University of Michigan. Mosby. 2008.456-457##3. Lewitt E, Kerrebrock N. Child indicators: dental health. Future Child 1998 ;8(1):133-149##4. Bayat F, Vehkalahti MM, Zafarmand HA, Tala H. Impact of insurance scheme on adults' dental check-ups in a developing oral health care system. Eur J Dent. 2008 Jan;2(1):3-10.##5. Brodeur JM, Benigieri M, Olivier M, Payette M. Use of dental services and the percentage of persons possessing private dental insurance in Quebec. J Can Dent Assoc. 1996; 62(1): 83-90.####6. Locker D, Leake JL. Inequities in health: Dental health insurance coverage and use of dental services among older Ontario adults. Can J Public Health. 1993; 84(2): 139-40.##7. Jadidfard MP, Yazdani S, Khoshnevisan MH. Social insurance for dental care in Iran: a developing scheme for a developing country. Oral Health Dent Manag. 2012;11(4):189-98.##8. Liu J, Probst JC, Martin AB, Wang JY, Salinas CF. Disparities in dental insurance coverage and dental care among US children: The National Survey of Children's Health. Pediatrics. 2007;119 Suppl 1:S12-21.##9. Millar W J, Locker D. Dental insurance and use of dental services. Health Rep. 1999;11(1):55-67##1 .Heymann HO, Swift EJ, Ritter AV. Art and science of operative dentistry. 6 th ed. Elsevier. 2013:51##2. Gluck GM. Jong's Community Dental Health. 5th Ed. the University of Michigan. Mosby. 2008.456-457##3. Lewitt E, Kerrebrock N. Child indicators: dental health. Future Child 1998 ;8(1):133-149##4. Bayat F, Vehkalahti MM, Zafarmand HA, Tala H. Impact of insurance scheme on adults' dental check-ups in a developing oral health care system. Eur J Dent. 2008 Jan;2(1):3-10.##5. Brodeur JM, Benigieri M, Olivier M, Payette M. Use of dental services and the percentage of persons possessing private dental insurance in Quebec. J Can Dent Assoc. 1996; 62(1): 83-90.####6. Locker D, Leake JL. Inequities in health: Dental health insurance coverage and use of dental services among older Ontario adults. Can J Public Health. 1993; 84(2): 139-40.##7. Jadidfard MP, Yazdani S, Khoshnevisan MH. Social insurance for dental care in Iran: a developing scheme for a developing country. Oral Health Dent Manag. 2012;11(4):189-98.##8. Liu J, Probst JC, Martin AB, Wang JY, Salinas CF. Disparities in dental insurance coverage and dental care among US children: The National Survey of Children's Health. Pediatrics. 2007;119 Suppl 1:S12-21.##9. Millar W J, Locker D. Dental insurance and use of dental services. Health Rep. 1999;11(1):55-67 ##

بررسی تأثیر آموزش رفتارهای بهداشتی بر بهبود بهداشت دهان و دندان در کودکان مضطرب شهر سنندج در سال Effect of Health Behaviors Education on Oral Health Improvement in Anxious Children in Sanandaj, 2018; a Pilot Study 1 1 زمینه و هدف: هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی تأثیر آموزش بر شکل گیری رفتارهای مراقبتی دهان و دندان در کودکانی بود که بر اساس مقیاس سنجش اضطراب اسپنس در دسته ی کودکان با اضطراب بالا طبقه بندی می شوند.   مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه ی تحلیلی-توصیفی در سال 1397 با نمونه گیری  به روش سرشماری در هشتاد کودک هشت تا پانزده ساله که در مراکز وابسته به سازمان بهزیستی شهرستان سنندج نگهداری می شدند، انجام شد. اضطراب کودکان با استفاده از مقیاس سنجش اضطراب اسپنس-نسخه کودکان،  ارزیابی شد. پنجاه و دو کودک با سطح اضطراب بالا شناسایی شدند و به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه کنترل و مداخله ی آموزشی قرار گرفتند. شاخص پلاک ایندکس در همه ی کودکان مضطرب یکبار در شروع مطالعه و بار دوم یک ماه بعد ازآموزش گروه مداخله، ارزیابی شد. داده­ها با استفاده از نرم افزار آماری SPSS نسخه 21 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت.   یافته ها: براساس نتایج به دست آمده، میانگین سطح اضطراب در گروه مداخله بیشتر از گروه کنترل بود(p<0.05). میانگین پلاک ایندکس قبل از مداخله در گروه کنترل تفاوت معنی داری با  گروه مداخله نداشت (p<0.05). میانگین پلاک ایندکس بعد از مداخله در گروه کنترل به میزان قابل ملاحظه­ای بیشتر از گروه مداخله بود (p<0.05). نتیجه گیری: آموزش رفتارهای بهداشتی در بهبود شاخص پلاک ایندکس در کوتاه مدت مؤثر است و اضطراب عمومی در کودکان به عنوان مانعی برای پذیرش رفتارهای بهداشتی دهان و دندان و شکل گیری و اصلاح این رفتارها شناخته نشد.   2 Background: This study investigated the effect of education on the shaping of oral health behaviors in children with high anxiety identified based on Spence Anxiety Scale.   Materials and methods: This was a descriptive-analytic study which was carried out on eighty children between 8 and 15 years old living in Welfare Organization affiliated centers in Sanandaj in 2018. Sampling was done by convenience method. Children's anxiety was assessed using Spence-Childhood Anxiety Scale. Fifty two children with high anxiety level were identified and they were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Plaque index was measured in all anxious children both at the beginning of the study and one month after the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 21.   Results: The results showed that anxiety mean level in the experimental group was higher than that in the control one (p <0.05). The mean score of index plaque in the control group did not differ significantly from the experimental group before the intervention (p <0.05), but it was significantly higher in the control group after the intervention (p <0.05).   Conclusion: Health behavior training was effective on improving plaque index in short term, and general anxiety in children was not a barrier to accepting, shaping and modifying oral health behaviors. 99 108 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/12/102019/12/102019/12/10 1398/9/19 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/12/102019/12/102019/12/10 1398/9/19 روژین سلیمان زاده R Soleimanzadeh استادیار دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، سنندج، ایران ایران محی الدین امجدیان M Amjadian استادیار دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، سنندج، ایران ایران شبنم ملکی Sh Maleki دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، سنندج، ایران ایران Anxiety Education Oral health Dental Plaque Index آموزش بهداشت دهان و دندان شاخص پلاک دندانی اضطراب 1. American Association of psychiatry. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Fifth Edition) DSMV. Translated by yahya Seyed Mhammadi, Ravan Nashr, Tehan, 2013.##2. Zarafshan H, Mohammadi MR, Salmanian M. Prevalence of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents in Iran: a systematic review. Iranian journal of psychiatry. 2015; 10(1): 1-7.##3. Heidari M, Bakhtiyarpour S, Makvandi B, Naderi F and Hafezi F. Studying Effectiveness of the FRIENDS Program Training on Promoting Social Skills of children in Shiraz City. International journal of humanities and cultural studies, March 2016; special issue, 1058-1070.##4. Hagh Shenas H, Bahrebardar MJ, Rahman Setayesh Z. Reducing the school exams anxiety in pre-university students. Iranian journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology, 2009; 15(1): 63-69.##5. Pinkham JR, Casamassimo PS, MC Tigue DG, Field HW, Nowak A. Pediatric dentistry Infancy through adolescence. 4th ed. USA: W.B. Saunders CO. 2005; 134-6.##6. Tavakoli AR, Faraji V and Falah A. The causes of anxiety and its impact on learning. The second international conference and modern research in education, psychology and social studies of Iran, Qom, Islamic Studies and Research Center of Soroush Hekmat Mortazavi, 2016. https://www.civilica.com/Paper-ESCONF02##7. Godarzi a, Tavafian S S, Haydar nia AR and Ziadini H. Health literacy and oral hygiene in elementary school students in 14th district of Tehran. Journal of military care science. 2015; 4(6): 229-237. ##8. Okoro CA, Strine TW, Eke PI, Dhingra SS, Balluz LS. The association between depression and anxiety and use of oral health services and tooth loss. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2012; 40(2): 134-44.##9. Mousavi R, Moradi AR, Farzad V, Mahdavi S. Psychometric properties of the Spence children's anxiety scale with an Iranian sample. International journal of psychology. 2007; 1(1): 17-26.####10. Palahang H, Rabiee M, Khoramdel K, Zereh poosh A and Sajadian p. Validity, reliability, and factor analysis of the 71-item edition of the screening of emotional disorders associated with child anxiety (SCARED-71). Journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology of Iran, 2012; 3: 202-10.##11. Spence SH, Barrett PM, Turner CM. Psychometric properties of the Spence Children’s anxiety scale with young adolescents. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2003; 17(6): 605-25.##12. Hendricson WD, Cohen PA. Oral health care in the 21st century: implications for dental and medical education. Academic medicine. 2001; 76(12): 1181-206.##13. Afshar H, Aezami R, Ghandhari motlagh H, GHandhari motlagh M. Efficacy of educational intervention on plaque index among pre-school children. Iranian Journal of pediatric dentistry. 2016; 11(2): 51-60.##14. Hendi AR, Vadiati Saberi B, Jahandideh Y, Dadgaran I, Nemati S. The Effect of Training by Standardized Student Method on Decreased Dental Plaque. Research in medical education. 2016; 7(4): 56-63.##15. D'Cruz AM, Aradhya S. Impact of oral health education on oral hygiene knowledge, practices, plaque control and gingival health of 13‐to 15‐year‐old school children in Bangalore city. International journal of dental hygiene. 2013; 11(2):126-33.##16. Babaee N, Kardan K, Agha Zade F and Noori Bayat SH. The effect of oral hygiene education on prevention of dental caries in junior high school students in Babol. Babol University of Medical Sciences, 2011; 14(1):83-89. ##17. Lafzi A, Abolfzli N, Sedaghat K and Momoni M. The role of oral health education on reducing dental plaque rate. Journal of dental School - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 2005; 23(3): 475-483.##18. Habbu SG, Krishnappa P. Effectiveness of oral health education in children- a systematic review of current evidence (2005-2011). International dental journal, 2015; 65(2): 57-64.##1. American Association of psychiatry. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Fifth Edition) DSMV. Translated by yahya Seyed Mhammadi, Ravan Nashr, Tehan, 2013.##2. Zarafshan H, Mohammadi MR, Salmanian M. Prevalence of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents in Iran: a systematic review. Iranian journal of psychiatry. 2015; 10(1): 1-7.##3. Heidari M, Bakhtiyarpour S, Makvandi B, Naderi F and Hafezi F. Studying Effectiveness of the FRIENDS Program Training on Promoting Social Skills of children in Shiraz City. International journal of humanities and cultural studies, March 2016; special issue, 1058-1070.##4. Hagh Shenas H, Bahrebardar MJ, Rahman Setayesh Z. Reducing the school exams anxiety in pre-university students. Iranian journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology, 2009; 15(1): 63-69.##5. Pinkham JR, Casamassimo PS, MC Tigue DG, Field HW, Nowak A. Pediatric dentistry Infancy through adolescence. 4th ed. USA: W.B. Saunders CO. 2005; 134-6.##6. Tavakoli AR, Faraji V and Falah A. The causes of anxiety and its impact on learning. The second international conference and modern research in education, psychology and social studies of Iran, Qom, Islamic Studies and Research Center of Soroush Hekmat Mortazavi, 2016. https://www.civilica.com/Paper-ESCONF02##7. Godarzi a, Tavafian S S, Haydar nia AR and Ziadini H. Health literacy and oral hygiene in elementary school students in 14th district of Tehran. Journal of military care science. 2015; 4(6): 229-237. ##8. Okoro CA, Strine TW, Eke PI, Dhingra SS, Balluz LS. The association between depression and anxiety and use of oral health services and tooth loss. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2012; 40(2): 134-44.##9. Mousavi R, Moradi AR, Farzad V, Mahdavi S. Psychometric properties of the Spence children's anxiety scale with an Iranian sample. International journal of psychology. 2007; 1(1): 17-26.####10. Palahang H, Rabiee M, Khoramdel K, Zereh poosh A and Sajadian p. Validity, reliability, and factor analysis of the 71-item edition of the screening of emotional disorders associated with child anxiety (SCARED-71). Journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology of Iran, 2012; 3: 202-10.##11. Spence SH, Barrett PM, Turner CM. Psychometric properties of the Spence Children’s anxiety scale with young adolescents. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2003; 17(6): 605-25.##12. Hendricson WD, Cohen PA. Oral health care in the 21st century: implications for dental and medical education. Academic medicine. 2001; 76(12): 1181-206.##13. Afshar H, Aezami R, Ghandhari motlagh H, GHandhari motlagh M. Efficacy of educational intervention on plaque index among pre-school children. Iranian Journal of pediatric dentistry. 2016; 11(2): 51-60.##14. Hendi AR, Vadiati Saberi B, Jahandideh Y, Dadgaran I, Nemati S. The Effect of Training by Standardized Student Method on Decreased Dental Plaque. Research in medical education. 2016; 7(4): 56-63.##15. D'Cruz AM, Aradhya S. Impact of oral health education on oral hygiene knowledge, practices, plaque control and gingival health of 13‐to 15‐year‐old school children in Bangalore city. International journal of dental hygiene. 2013; 11(2):126-33.##16. Babaee N, Kardan K, Agha Zade F and Noori Bayat SH. The effect of oral hygiene education on prevention of dental caries in junior high school students in Babol. Babol University of Medical Sciences, 2011; 14(1):83-89. ##17. Lafzi A, Abolfzli N, Sedaghat K and Momoni M. The role of oral health education on reducing dental plaque rate. Journal of dental School - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 2005; 23(3): 475-483.##18. Habbu SG, Krishnappa P. Effectiveness of oral health education in children- a systematic review of current evidence (2005-2011). International dental journal, 2015; 65(2): 57-64. ##

استفاده از روکش های زیرکونیای پیش ساخته در بازسازی انسیزورهای شیری به شدت تخریب شده ماگزیلا به همراه کنترل دوره ای دو ساله Use of preformed zirconia crowns for restoring maxillary grossly broken primary incisors with 24-months follow-ups 1 1 مقدمه: با افزایش تقاضاهای زیبایی درکودکان و والدین، درمان دندان های قدامی شیری پوسیده یکی از بزرگترین چالش های دندانپزشکان کودکان می باشد. روکش های زیرکونیای پیش ساخته، جدیدترین گزینه ی زیبایی معرفی شده در ترمیم دندان های قدامی و خلفی شیری محسوب می شوند.   گزارش مورد: در این مطالعه پسربچه ای 3 ساله با پوسیدگی شدید دندان های قدامی فک بالا، کاندید درمان دندانپزشکی تحت بیهوشی عمومی شد. در این مورد ما از روکش های پیش ساخته زیرکونیای قدامی (NuSmile, Houston, TX, USA) به منظور بازسازی انسیزورهای به شدت تخریب شده استفاده کردیم تا علاوه بر فانکشن، زیبایی ایده آل کودک نیز بازگردد. بیمار تحت فالوآپ 2 ساله قرار گرفت و در این دوره تطابق روکش ها، فانکشن دندانها و سلامت لثه ها در وضعیت مطلوبی قرار داشتند و کودک و والدین از ظاهر دندان ها کاملا راضی بودند.   نتیجه گیری: روکش زیرکونیای پیش ساخته، گزینه ی درمانی با دوام و زیبایی برای بازسازی دندان های قدامی شیری محسوب می شود. 2 Introduction: With increasing demand on esthetics in children and their parents, the treatment of decayed primary anterior teeth is one of the biggest challenges in pediatric dentistry. Esthetic preformed zirconia crowns are the newest choice in treatment of the anterior as well as the posterior teeth. Case presentation: This paper reports a 3 years old boy with grossly decayed maxillary incisors which was planned to treat under general anesthesia. In this case, we used preformed zirconia crowns (NuSmile, Houston, TX, USA) to restore function and ideal esthetics in anterior teeth. The patient was followed for two years for function, gingival health and crown adaptation which were in good condition. The patient and their parents were completely satisfied with the crown appearance. Conclusion: The preformed zirconia crown is durable and well-favored choice to restore primary anterior teeth. 109 118 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/12/102019/12/102019/12/102019/12/10 1398/9/19 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/12/102019/12/102019/12/102019/12/10 1398/9/19 حمید سرلک H Sarlak استادیارگروه دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اراک، اراک، ایران ایران مهسا نجفی M Najafi استادیارگروه دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی زنجان، زنجان، ایران ایران مجتبی بیانی M Bayani استادیارگروه دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی زنجان، زنجان، ایران ایران زهرا خسروی Zahra Khosravi استادیارگروه دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی همدان، همدان، ایران ایران زهره سلیمی Z Salimi دانشجوی دندانپزشکی ، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اراک، اراک، ایران ایران decay primary incisors restoration zirconia crowns پوسیدگی انسیزورشیری رستوریشن روکش زیرکونیا 1. Waggoner WF, Cohen MH. Fa! lure stre. ng_th of four veneered. Pediatric dentistry. 1995;17 (1).##2. Lee J-S, Lee K-H, Kim D-E. Caries patterns in primary dentition by caries experience of individual teeth. THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY. 1999;26(1):1-13.##3. Jones DB, Schlife CM, Phipps KR. An oral health survey of Head Start children in Alaska: oral health status, treatment needs, and cost of treatment. Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 1992;52(2):86-93.##4. Glauser R, Sailer I, Wohlwend A, Studer S, Schibli M, Schärer P. Experimental zirconia abutments for implant-supported single-tooth restorations in esthetically demanding regions: 4-year results of a prospective clinical study. International Journal of Prosthodontics. 2004;17 (3).##5. Seale NS, Randall R. The use of stainless steel crowns: a systematic literature review. Pediatric dentistry. 2015;37(2):145-60.##6. Piconi C, Maccauro G. Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial. Biomaterials. 1999;20(1):1-25.##7. An S-Y, Shim Y-S. Esthetic Restoration of Deciduous Teeth Using Prefabricated Zirconia Crown in Children with Early Childhood Caries: A Report of Three Cases. Journal of Dental Hygiene Science. 2018;18(3):194-200.##8. Motisuki C, Santos-Pinto L, Giro EM. Restoration of severely decayed primary incisors using indirect composite resin restoration technique. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2005;15(4):282-6.##9. Tremblay L, Lovsin T, Zecevic C, Larivière M. Perceptions of self in 3–5-year-old children: A preliminary investigation into the earlyemergence of body dissatisfaction. Body image. 2011;8(3):287-92.##10. Halawany HS, Salama F, Jacob V, Abraham NB, Moharib TNB, Alazmah AS, et al. A survey of pediatric dentists' caries-related treatment decisions and restorative modalities–A web-based survey. The Saudi dental journal. 2017;29(2):66-73.##11. Pani SC, Saffan AA, AlHobail S, Bin Salem F, AlFuraih A, AlTamimi M. Esthetic concerns and acceptability of treatment modalities in primary teeth: a comparison between children and their parents. International journal of dentistry. 2016;2016.##1. Waggoner WF, Cohen MH. Fa! lure stre. ng_th of four veneered. Pediatric dentistry. 1995;17 (1).##2. Lee J-S, Lee K-H, Kim D-E. Caries patterns in primary dentition by caries experience of individual teeth. THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY. 1999;26(1):1-13.##3. Jones DB, Schlife CM, Phipps KR. An oral health survey of Head Start children in Alaska: oral health status, treatment needs, and cost of treatment. Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 1992;52(2):86-93.##4. Glauser R, Sailer I, Wohlwend A, Studer S, Schibli M, Schärer P. Experimental zirconia abutments for implant-supported single-tooth restorations in esthetically demanding regions: 4-year results of a prospective clinical study. International Journal of Prosthodontics. 2004;17 (3).##5. Seale NS, Randall R. The use of stainless steel crowns: a systematic literature review. Pediatric dentistry. 2015;37(2):145-60.##6. Piconi C, Maccauro G. Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial. Biomaterials. 1999;20(1):1-25.##7. An S-Y, Shim Y-S. Esthetic Restoration of Deciduous Teeth Using Prefabricated Zirconia Crown in Children with Early Childhood Caries: A Report of Three Cases. Journal of Dental Hygiene Science. 2018;18(3):194-200.##8. Motisuki C, Santos-Pinto L, Giro EM. Restoration of severely decayed primary incisors using indirect composite resin restoration technique. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2005;15(4):282-6.##9. Tremblay L, Lovsin T, Zecevic C, Larivière M. Perceptions of self in 3–5-year-old children: A preliminary investigation into the earlyemergence of body dissatisfaction. Body image. 2011;8(3):287-92.##10. Halawany HS, Salama F, Jacob V, Abraham NB, Moharib TNB, Alazmah AS, et al. A survey of pediatric dentists' caries-related treatment decisions and restorative modalities–A web-based survey. The Saudi dental journal. 2017;29(2):66-73.##11. Pani SC, Saffan AA, AlHobail S, Bin Salem F, AlFuraih A, AlTamimi M. Esthetic concerns and acceptability of treatment modalities in primary teeth: a comparison between children and their parents. International journal of dentistry. 2016;2016. ##

مورد نادر از مزیودنس دوتایی همزمان با غیبت دوطرفه انسیزورهای طرفی ماگزیلا: گزارش مورد Double mesiodens concomitant with missing lateral incisors: a case report 1 1 مقدمه: یکی از وضعیت های تکاملی بسیار نادر وقوع همزمان دندان اضافه (hyperdontia) و غیبت دندانی (hypodontia) در یک فرد می باشد که hypo-hyperdontia یا concomitant hopodontia and hyperdontia (CHH) نامیده می شود. شیوع hypo-hyperdontia به طور تقریبی 3/1 – 0/002 % تخمین زده شده است. علت ایجاد این وضعیت هنوز نا شناخته می باشد.   گزارش مورد: ما در اینجا به گزارش موردی با وقوع همزمان مزیودنس دوتایی و غیبت دوطرفه انسیزورهای طرفی شیری و دائمی ماگزیلا پرداخته ایم.   نتیجه گیری: در این بیمار هر دو مزیودنس به منظور پیشگیری از اثرات منفی  بر دندان های دائمی خارج شدند.   2 Introduction: One of the extremely rare conditions is the simultaneous occurrence of both hypodontia and hyperdontia in the same individual, known as hypo-hyperdontia or the concomitant hypodontia and hyperdontia (CHH). The prevalence of hypo-hyperdontia is estimated between 0.002% and 3.1%. The etiology of this unusual condition still remains undetermined. Case presentation: In the present case we report a patient with double mesiodens, coincide with missing primary and permanent lateral incisors. Conclusion: Both mesiodens were extracted to prevent its adverse effects on the permanent dentition.   119 128 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/12/102019/12/102019/12/102019/12/102019/12/10 1398/9/19 2019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/07/222019/12/102019/12/102019/12/102019/12/102019/12/10 1398/9/19 ندا صلح جو N Solhjou رزیدنت اطفال، گروه دندانپزشکی کودکان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شیراز، شیراز، ایران ایران فرانک رزمجویی F Razmjouyi استادیار مرکز تحقیقات بیماری های دهان و دندان، دانشکده دندانپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شیراز، شیراز، ایران ایران Hypodontia hyperdontia hypo-hyperdontia mesiodens دندان اضافه غیبت دندانی مزیودنس هایپو-هایپردنشیا 1. Mallineni SK, Nuvvula S, Cheung AC, Kunduru R. A comprehensive review of the literature and data analysis on hypo-hyperdontia. J Oral Sci. 2014;56(4):295-302.##2. Polder BJ, Van’t Hof MA, Van der Linden FP, Kuijpers‐Jagtman AM. A meta‐analysis of the prevalence of dental agenesis of permanent teeth. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004;32(3):217-26.##3. Hundal KD, Kaur RD, Sharma SK, Banik S, Singh K. Occurrence of double mesiodens and an inverted mesioden: a report of 2 rare cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;2(3):187-9.##4. Russell KA, Folwarczna MA. Mesiodens-diagnosis and management of a common supernumerary tooth. J Can Dent Assoc. 2003;69(6):362-7.##5. Anthonappa RP, Lee C-K, Yiu CK, King NM. Hypohyperdontia: literature review and report of seven cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;106(5):e24-e30.##6. Brook A, Elcock C, Al-Sharood M, McKeown H, Khalaf K, Smith R. Further studies of a model for the etiology of anomalies of tooth number and size in humans. Connect Tissue Res. 2002;43(2-3):289-95.##7. Zadurska M, Sieminska-Piekarczyk B, Maciejak D, Wyszomirska-Zdybel B, Kurol J. Concomitant hypodontia and hyperodontia—an analysis of nine patients. Acta odontologica Scandinavica. 2012;70(2):154-9.##8. Sharma A. A rare case of concomitant hypo-hyperdontia in identical twins. Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2008;26(6):79.##9. Gupta S, Popat H. A clinical report of nonsyndromic concomitant hypo-hyperdontia. Case reports in dentistry. 2013;2013.##10. Camilleri G. Concomitant hypodontia and hyperodontia. Case report. Br Dent J. 1967;123(7):338.##11. Gibson A. Concomitant hypo-hyperodontia. Br J Orthod. 1979;6(2):101-5.##12. Segura JJ, Jiménez-Rubio A. Concomitant hypohyperdontia: simultaneous occurrence of a mesiodens and agenesis of a maxillary lateral incisor. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;86(4):473-5.##13. Varela M, Arrieta P, Ventureira C. Non-syndromic concomitant hypodontia and supernumerary teeth in an orthodontic population. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31(6):632-7.####14. Vastardis H. The genetics of human tooth agenesis: new discoveries for understanding dental anomalies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117(6):650-6##15. Rana SS, Ohri N. Double mesiodens in mixed dentition period: Report of 3 cases. SRM J Res Dent Sci. 2018;9(3):125.##16. Krishnamurthy DNH, Unnik DS. twin mesiodens: A case report”. Int J Curr Res.##17. Omer RS, Anthonappa RP, King NM. Determination of the optimum time for surgical removal of unerupted anterior supernumerary teeth. Pediatr Dent. 2010;32(1):14-20.##18. Amrita Sujlana M, Parampreet Pannu M, Japneet Bhangu B. Double mesiodens: a review and report of 2 cases. Gen Dent. 2017.##19. Omami M, Chokri A, Hentati H, Selmi J. Cone-beam computed tomography exploration and surgical management of palatal, inverted, and impacted mesiodens. Contemp Clin Dent. 2015;6(Suppl 1):S289.##20. Salgado H, Mesquita P. Impactation of a permanent central maxillary incisor by the presence of two mesiodens: Case report. Rev Port Estomatol Cir Maxilofac. 2017;58(1):58-63.##1. Mallineni SK, Nuvvula S, Cheung AC, Kunduru R. A comprehensive review of the literature and data analysis on hypo-hyperdontia. J Oral Sci. 2014;56(4):295-302.##2. Polder BJ, Van’t Hof MA, Van der Linden FP, Kuijpers‐Jagtman AM. A meta‐analysis of the prevalence of dental agenesis of permanent teeth. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004;32(3):217-26.##3. Hundal KD, Kaur RD, Sharma SK, Banik S, Singh K. Occurrence of double mesiodens and an inverted mesioden: a report of 2 rare cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;2(3):187-9.##4. Russell KA, Folwarczna MA. Mesiodens-diagnosis and management of a common supernumerary tooth. J Can Dent Assoc. 2003;69(6):362-7.##5. Anthonappa RP, Lee C-K, Yiu CK, King NM. Hypohyperdontia: literature review and report of seven cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008;106(5):e24-e30.##6. Brook A, Elcock C, Al-Sharood M, McKeown H, Khalaf K, Smith R. Further studies of a model for the etiology of anomalies of tooth number and size in humans. Connect Tissue Res. 2002;43(2-3):289-95.##7. Zadurska M, Sieminska-Piekarczyk B, Maciejak D, Wyszomirska-Zdybel B, Kurol J. Concomitant hypodontia and hyperodontia—an analysis of nine patients. Acta odontologica Scandinavica. 2012;70(2):154-9.##8. Sharma A. A rare case of concomitant hypo-hyperdontia in identical twins. Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2008;26(6):79.##9. Gupta S, Popat H. A clinical report of nonsyndromic concomitant hypo-hyperdontia. Case reports in dentistry. 2013;2013.##10. Camilleri G. Concomitant hypodontia and hyperodontia. Case report. Br Dent J. 1967;123(7):338.##11. Gibson A. Concomitant hypo-hyperodontia. Br J Orthod. 1979;6(2):101-5.##12. Segura JJ, Jiménez-Rubio A. Concomitant hypohyperdontia: simultaneous occurrence of a mesiodens and agenesis of a maxillary lateral incisor. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;86(4):473-5.##13. Varela M, Arrieta P, Ventureira C. Non-syndromic concomitant hypodontia and supernumerary teeth in an orthodontic population. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31(6):632-7.####14. Vastardis H. The genetics of human tooth agenesis: new discoveries for understanding dental anomalies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117(6):650-6##15. Rana SS, Ohri N. Double mesiodens in mixed dentition period: Report of 3 cases. SRM J Res Dent Sci. 2018;9(3):125.##16. Krishnamurthy DNH, Unnik DS. twin mesiodens: A case report”. Int J Curr Res.##17. Omer RS, Anthonappa RP, King NM. Determination of the optimum time for surgical removal of unerupted anterior supernumerary teeth. Pediatr Dent. 2010;32(1):14-20.##18. Amrita Sujlana M, Parampreet Pannu M, Japneet Bhangu B. Double mesiodens: a review and report of 2 cases. Gen Dent. 2017.##19. Omami M, Chokri A, Hentati H, Selmi J. Cone-beam computed tomography exploration and surgical management of palatal, inverted, and impacted mesiodens. Contemp Clin Dent. 2015;6(Suppl 1):S289.##20. Salgado H, Mesquita P. Impactation of a permanent central maxillary incisor by the presence of two mesiodens: Case report. Rev Port Estomatol Cir Maxilofac. 2017;58(1):58-63. ##