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مدیریت مجله انجمن دندانپزشکی کودکان 1 1       بنام خد     با سلام مدیریت مجله انجمن دندانپزشکی کودکان ایران مراتب قدر دانی و سپاس خود را از همکاران بزرگوار سرکار خانم دکتر شیوا رضوی و سرکار خانم دکتر صدیقه صباغ به سبب فعالیت دلسوزانه ، پیگیر و موثر در راستای ارتقای سطح علمی و تخصصی مجله انجمن در مقاطع مختلف خصوصا سال‌های اخیر ابراز نموده و برای هر دو آرزوی موفقیت روز افزون داریم. امیدواریم این همکاران عزیز همچنان مجله انجمن را از تجارب و همفکری خود بهرمند سازند.    با احترام  دکتر قاسم انصاری   سردبیرمجله دندانپزشکی کودکان ایران   0 0 2021/09/28 1400/7/6 2021/09/23 1400/7/1 ## ##

ارزیابی میزان ترس دندانپزشکی و عوامل مرتبط با آن در کودکان ۸ تا ۱۲ ساله Evaluation of dental fear and related factors in 8 to 12 years old children 1 1 مقدمه: یکی از مهم ترین اصول اولیه درمان دندانپزشکی در کودکان، کنترل ترس و اضطراب در طی اعمال دندانپزشکی است. هدف این مطالعه ارزیابی ترس دندانپزشکی و  برخی عوامل مرتبط با آن در کودکان 8 تا 12 ساله در سال 1398 بود. مواد وروش ها: این مطالعه به صورت مقطعی برروی 300 نفر از کودکان 8 تا 12 ساله شهرسنندج انجام گرفت. ابزار جمع آوری اطلاعات پرسشنامه استاندارد ترس کودکان- زیر شاخه دندانپزشکی (CFSS-DS) بود. از جداول توصیفی و آزمون های  t-test و ANOVA برای مقایسه میانگین نمرات ترس بین گروه ها استفاده شد. تحلیل ها داده ها با کمک نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 24 صورت گرفت. یافته ‌ها: میانگین کلی ترس دندانپزشکی کودکان برابر 3/37 بود. بین جنسیت و نمره ترس دندانپزشکی، ارتباط معنی داری وجود داشت و ترس دندانپزشکی دردختران به شکل معناداری بیشتر بود(045/0p value = ) بین نمره ترس دندانپزشکی با سن کودکان، تحصیلات والدین، شغل والدین، بعد خانوار، سابقه مراجعه به دندانپزشک، مدت زمان سپری شده از آخرین مراجعه به پزشک و دندانپزشک ارتباط معنی داری مشاهده نشد(05/0<p value) نتیجه گیری: ترس دندان پزشکی در کودکان 8 تا 12 ساله شهر سنندج کمتر از متوسط بود و در دختران ، بیش تر از پسران مشاهده شد. بیشترین میزان ترس به ترتیب  در" دیدن مته دندانپزشک (وسیله تراش دندان) "  و " آمپول زدن "گزارش شد. کمترین میزان ترس، مربوط به "افرادی که روپوش سفید پوشیده اند." بود. 2 Introduction: One of the most important principles of dental treatment in children is the control of anxiety and fear during dental procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate dental fear and some related factors in children aged 8 to 12 years old during 2019. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 300 children aged 8 to 12 years old in Sanandaj. Data collection tool was the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule- Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) questionnaire. Descriptive tables, t-test and ANOVA were used to compare the mean scores of fear among groups. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 24. Results: The overall mean of children's fear score was 37.3. There was a significant relationship between gender and dental fear score, which was significantly higher in girls (p value = 0.045). There was no significant relationship between dental fear score and children age, parents 'education, parents' occupation, family size, dental appointment history, and the time elapsed since last medical and dental visit (p value> 0.05). Conclusion: Dental fear in children aged 8 to 12 years in Sanandaj was lower than average, and was more common in girls than boys. The highest level of fear was observed in “the sight of the dentist drilling’ “and “injection” respectively.  The lowest level of fear was related to “people in white uniforms”.   1 16 2021/09/282021/09/28 1400/7/6 2021/09/232021/09/23 1400/7/1 امجد محمدی بلبان آباد A Mohamadi bolbanabad Iran ایران سیده پویا مروتی P Morovati Iran ایران مهدی نوری M Nouri Iran ایران شکوفه کریمی Sh Karimi Iran ایران Dental fear Dental anxiety Children CFSS-DS ترس دندانپزشکی اضطراب دندانپزشکی کودکان   CFSS-DS 1- Paryab M, Hosseinbor M. Dental anxiety and behavioral problems: a study of prevalence and related factors among a group of Iranian children aged 6-12. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2013;31(2):82-6.##2- Shapiro M, Melmed RN, Sgan-Cohen HD, Eli I, Parush S. Behavioural and physiological effect of dental environment sensory adaptation on children's dental anxiety. Eur J Oral Sci. 2007;115(6):479-83.##3- Muppa R, Bhupatiraju P, Duddu M, Penumatsa NV, Dandempally A, Panthula P. Comparison of anxiety levels associated with noise in the dental clinic among children of age group 6-15 years. Noise Health. 2013;15(64):190-3.##4- Salem K, Kousha M, Anissian A, Shahabi A. Dental Fear and Concomitant Factors in 3-6 Year-old Children. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2012;6(2):70-4.##5- Klingberg G, Broberg AG. Dental fear/anxiety and dental behaviour management problems in children and adolescents: a review of prevalence and concomitant psychological factors. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2007;17(6):391-406. ##6- Shim YS, Kim AH, Jeon EY, An SY. Dental fear & anxiety and dental pain in children and adolescents; a systemic review. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2015;15(2):53-61.##7- Gustafsson A. Dental behaviour management problems among children and adolescents--a matter of understanding? Studies on dental fear, personal characteristics and psychosocial concomitants. Swed Dent J Suppl. 2010;(202): 1-46. ##8- Arnrup K, Broberg AG, Berggren U, Bodin L. Lack of cooperation in pediatric dentistry--the role of child personality characteristics. Pediatr Dent. 2002;24(2):119-28.##9- Agarwal M, Das UM. Dental anxiety prediction using Venham Picture test: a preliminary cross-sectional study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2013;31(1):22-4.##10- Kilinç G, Akay A, Eden E, Sevinç N, Ellidokuz H. Evaluation of children's dental anxiety levels at a kindergarten and at a dental clinic. Braz Oral Res. 2016;30(1):S1806-83242016000100701.##11- Nilchiyan F, Mohammadi A. Assessment of the level of dental anxiety in 10-12 year old students in Shahr-e-kord city in 2012. J Isfahan Dent Sch 2013; 9(5): 451-8.##12- Scherer MW, Nakamura CY. A fear survey schedule for children (FSS-FC): a factor analytic comparison with manifest anxiety (CMAS). Behav Res Ther. 1968;6(2):173-82.##13- Cuthbert MI, Melamed BG. A screening device: children at risk for dental fears and management problems. ASDC J Dent Child. 1982 ;49(6):432-6. ##14- Aartman IH, van Everdingen T, Hoogstraten J, Schuurs AH. Self-report measurements of dental anxiety and fear in children: a critical assessment. ASDC J Dent Child. 1998;65(4):252-8, 229-30.##15- Safari S, Gholami M, Razeghi S. Development of a persian version of the children’s fear survey schedule-dental subscale (cfss-ds) among 8-12 year-old female students in Tehran. jdm. 2018; 31 (2) :98-108.##16- Rath S, Das D, Sahoo SK, Raj A, Guddala NR, Rathee G. Childhood dental fear in children aged 7-11 years old by using the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale. J Med Life. 2021;14(1):45-9. ##17- P BJ. Dental subscale of children's fear survey schedule and dental caries prevalence. Eur J Dent. 2013 ;7(2):181-5##18-Gao S, Lu J, Li P, Yu D, Zhao W.Prevalence and risk factors of children’s dental anxiety in China: a longitudinal study .BMJ Open 2021;11:e043647. ##19- Ghasem Pour M, Haji Ahmadi M, Pourya Vali M. Dental experiments induced anxiety in 6-12 year old children and relative factors. JBUMS. 2004; 6 (5) :12-6##20-Singh A, Palshikar A, Agarwal S, Singh S. Prevalence of dental fear in children of 3–14 years visiting the OPD in Dental College, Lucknow, India. MGM J Med Sci 2021;8:15-21.##21- Sarapultseva M, Yarushina M, Kritsky I, Ibragimov R, Sarapultsev A. Prevalence of Dental Fear and Anxiety among Russian Children of Different Ages: The Cross-Sectional Study. Eur J Dent. 2020;14(4):621-5##22- Kakkar M, Wahi A, Thakkar R, Vohra I, Shukla AK. Prevalence of dental anxiety in 10-14 years old children and its implications. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2016 ;16(3):199-202.##23-Akbay Oba A, Dülgergil CT, Sönmez IS. Prevalence of dental anxiety in 7- to 11-year-old children and its relationship to dental caries. Med Princ Pract. 2009;18(6):453-7.##24-Boka V, Arapostathis K, Karagiannis V, Kotsanos N, van Loveren C, Veerkamp J. Dental fear and caries in 6-12 year old children in Greece. Determination of dental fear cut-off points. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2017;18(1):45-50.##25-Raj S, Agarwal M, Aradhya K, Konde S, Nagakishore V. Evaluation of Dental Fear in Children during Dental Visit using Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2013;6(1):12-5. ##26- Rajwar AS, Goswami M. Prevalence of dental fear and its causes using three measurement scales among children in New Delhi. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2017;35(2):128-33.##27- Singh P, Pandey RK, Nagar A, Dutt K. Reliability and factor analysis of children's fear survey schedule-dental subscale in Indian subjects. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2010;28(3):151-5.##28- Saatchi M, Abtahi M, Mohammadi G, Mirdamadi M, Binandeh ES. The prevalence of dental anxiety and fear in patients referred to Isfahan Dental School, Iran. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2015;12(3):248-53.##29-Javadinejad Sh, Tahmourespour S, Ghasemi D, Yazdi F.The Relationship Between 6 to 8 year Old children's dental fear and their parents' fear. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2013;14(4):85-91.##30-Murad MH, Ingle NA, Assery MK. Evaluating factors associated with fear and anxiety to dental treatment-A systematic review. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 ;9(9):4530-35. ##31- Arapostathis KN, Coolidge T, Emmanouil D, Kotsanos N. Reliability and validity of the Greek version of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2008;18(5):374-9.##32-Alshoraim MA, El-Housseiny AA, Farsi NM, Felemban OM, Alamoudi NM, Alandejani AA. Effects of child characteristics and dental history on dental fear: cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(1):33. ##33-Ghandharimotlagh M, Fotouhi F, Ghandharimotlagh B, Jouya H. Evaluation of dentistry fear in 3-8 years old children referred to Shahid Sadoughi Dental School in Yazd. ijpd. 2019; 15 (1) :29-40##34- Rantavuori K, Tolvanen M, Hausen H, Lahti S, Seppä L. Factors associated with different measures of dental fear among children at different ages. J Dent Child (Chic). 2009 ;76(1):13-9.##35- Dahlander A, Soares F, Grindefjord M, Dahllöf G. Factors Associated with Dental Fear and Anxiety in Children Aged 7 to 9 Years. Dent J (Basel). 2019;7(3):68.##36-Merdad L, El-Housseiny AA. Do children's previous dental experience and fear affect their perceived oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL)? BMC Oral Health. 2017;17(1):47.##37- Silveira ERD, Goettems ML, Demarco FF, Azevedo MS. Clinical and Individual Variables in Children's Dental Fear: A School-Based Investigation. Braz Dent J. 2017;28(3):398-404.##38- Abanto J, Vidigal EA, Carvalho TS, Sá SN, Bönecker M. Factors for determining dental anxiety in preschool children with severe dental caries. Braz Oral Res. 2017 ;31:e13. ##39-Wu L, Gao X. Children's dental fear and anxiety: exploring family related factors. BMC Oral Health. 2018 ;18(1):100.##40-Aminabadi NA, Sohrabi A, Erfanparast L, Oskouei SG, Ajami BA. Can birth order affect temperament, anxiety and behavior in 5 to 7-year-old children in the dental setting. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2011;12(4):225-31.##41-Alsadat FA, El-Housseiny AA, Alamoudi NM, Elderwi DA, Ainosa AM, Dardeer FM. Dental fear in primary school children and its relation to dental caries. Niger J Clin Pract 2018;21:1454-60.##1- Paryab M, Hosseinbor M. Dental anxiety and behavioral problems: a study of prevalence and related factors among a group of Iranian children aged 6-12. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2013;31(2):82-6.##2- Shapiro M, Melmed RN, Sgan-Cohen HD, Eli I, Parush S. Behavioural and physiological effect of dental environment sensory adaptation on children's dental anxiety. Eur J Oral Sci. 2007;115(6):479-83.##3- Muppa R, Bhupatiraju P, Duddu M, Penumatsa NV, Dandempally A, Panthula P. Comparison of anxiety levels associated with noise in the dental clinic among children of age group 6-15 years. Noise Health. 2013;15(64):190-3.##4- Salem K, Kousha M, Anissian A, Shahabi A. Dental Fear and Concomitant Factors in 3-6 Year-old Children. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2012;6(2):70-4.##5- Klingberg G, Broberg AG. Dental fear/anxiety and dental behaviour management problems in children and adolescents: a review of prevalence and concomitant psychological factors. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2007;17(6):391-406. ##6- Shim YS, Kim AH, Jeon EY, An SY. Dental fear & anxiety and dental pain in children and adolescents; a systemic review. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2015;15(2):53-61.##7- Gustafsson A. Dental behaviour management problems among children and adolescents--a matter of understanding? Studies on dental fear, personal characteristics and psychosocial concomitants. Swed Dent J Suppl. 2010;(202): 1-46. ##8- Arnrup K, Broberg AG, Berggren U, Bodin L. Lack of cooperation in pediatric dentistry--the role of child personality characteristics. Pediatr Dent. 2002;24(2):119-28.##9- Agarwal M, Das UM. Dental anxiety prediction using Venham Picture test: a preliminary cross-sectional study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2013;31(1):22-4.##10- Kilinç G, Akay A, Eden E, Sevinç N, Ellidokuz H. Evaluation of children's dental anxiety levels at a kindergarten and at a dental clinic. Braz Oral Res. 2016;30(1):S1806-83242016000100701.##11- Nilchiyan F, Mohammadi A. Assessment of the level of dental anxiety in 10-12 year old students in Shahr-e-kord city in 2012. J Isfahan Dent Sch 2013; 9(5): 451-8.##12- Scherer MW, Nakamura CY. A fear survey schedule for children (FSS-FC): a factor analytic comparison with manifest anxiety (CMAS). Behav Res Ther. 1968;6(2):173-82.##13- Cuthbert MI, Melamed BG. A screening device: children at risk for dental fears and management problems. ASDC J Dent Child. 1982 ;49(6):432-6. ##14- Aartman IH, van Everdingen T, Hoogstraten J, Schuurs AH. Self-report measurements of dental anxiety and fear in children: a critical assessment. ASDC J Dent Child. 1998;65(4):252-8, 229-30.##15- Safari S, Gholami M, Razeghi S. Development of a persian version of the children’s fear survey schedule-dental subscale (cfss-ds) among 8-12 year-old female students in Tehran. jdm. 2018; 31 (2) :98-108.##16- Rath S, Das D, Sahoo SK, Raj A, Guddala NR, Rathee G. Childhood dental fear in children aged 7-11 years old by using the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale. J Med Life. 2021;14(1):45-9. ##17- P BJ. Dental subscale of children's fear survey schedule and dental caries prevalence. Eur J Dent. 2013 ;7(2):181-5##18-Gao S, Lu J, Li P, Yu D, Zhao W.Prevalence and risk factors of children’s dental anxiety in China: a longitudinal study .BMJ Open 2021;11:e043647. ##19- Ghasem Pour M, Haji Ahmadi M, Pourya Vali M. Dental experiments induced anxiety in 6-12 year old children and relative factors. JBUMS. 2004; 6 (5) :12-6##20-Singh A, Palshikar A, Agarwal S, Singh S. Prevalence of dental fear in children of 3–14 years visiting the OPD in Dental College, Lucknow, India. MGM J Med Sci 2021;8:15-21.##21- Sarapultseva M, Yarushina M, Kritsky I, Ibragimov R, Sarapultsev A. Prevalence of Dental Fear and Anxiety among Russian Children of Different Ages: The Cross-Sectional Study. Eur J Dent. 2020;14(4):621-5##22- Kakkar M, Wahi A, Thakkar R, Vohra I, Shukla AK. Prevalence of dental anxiety in 10-14 years old children and its implications. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2016 ;16(3):199-202.##23-Akbay Oba A, Dülgergil CT, Sönmez IS. Prevalence of dental anxiety in 7- to 11-year-old children and its relationship to dental caries. Med Princ Pract. 2009;18(6):453-7.##24-Boka V, Arapostathis K, Karagiannis V, Kotsanos N, van Loveren C, Veerkamp J. Dental fear and caries in 6-12 year old children in Greece. Determination of dental fear cut-off points. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2017;18(1):45-50.##25-Raj S, Agarwal M, Aradhya K, Konde S, Nagakishore V. Evaluation of Dental Fear in Children during Dental Visit using Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2013;6(1):12-5. ##26- Rajwar AS, Goswami M. Prevalence of dental fear and its causes using three measurement scales among children in New Delhi. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2017;35(2):128-33.##27- Singh P, Pandey RK, Nagar A, Dutt K. Reliability and factor analysis of children's fear survey schedule-dental subscale in Indian subjects. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2010;28(3):151-5.##28- Saatchi M, Abtahi M, Mohammadi G, Mirdamadi M, Binandeh ES. The prevalence of dental anxiety and fear in patients referred to Isfahan Dental School, Iran. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2015;12(3):248-53.##29-Javadinejad Sh, Tahmourespour S, Ghasemi D, Yazdi F.The Relationship Between 6 to 8 year Old children's dental fear and their parents' fear. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2013;14(4):85-91.##30-Murad MH, Ingle NA, Assery MK. Evaluating factors associated with fear and anxiety to dental treatment-A systematic review. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 ;9(9):4530-35. ##31- Arapostathis KN, Coolidge T, Emmanouil D, Kotsanos N. Reliability and validity of the Greek version of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2008;18(5):374-9.##32-Alshoraim MA, El-Housseiny AA, Farsi NM, Felemban OM, Alamoudi NM, Alandejani AA. Effects of child characteristics and dental history on dental fear: cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(1):33. ##33-Ghandharimotlagh M, Fotouhi F, Ghandharimotlagh B, Jouya H. Evaluation of dentistry fear in 3-8 years old children referred to Shahid Sadoughi Dental School in Yazd. ijpd. 2019; 15 (1) :29-40##34- Rantavuori K, Tolvanen M, Hausen H, Lahti S, Seppä L. Factors associated with different measures of dental fear among children at different ages. J Dent Child (Chic). 2009 ;76(1):13-9.##35- Dahlander A, Soares F, Grindefjord M, Dahllöf G. Factors Associated with Dental Fear and Anxiety in Children Aged 7 to 9 Years. Dent J (Basel). 2019;7(3):68.##36-Merdad L, El-Housseiny AA. Do children's previous dental experience and fear affect their perceived oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL)? BMC Oral Health. 2017;17(1):47.##37- Silveira ERD, Goettems ML, Demarco FF, Azevedo MS. Clinical and Individual Variables in Children's Dental Fear: A School-Based Investigation. Braz Dent J. 2017;28(3):398-404.##38- Abanto J, Vidigal EA, Carvalho TS, Sá SN, Bönecker M. Factors for determining dental anxiety in preschool children with severe dental caries. Braz Oral Res. 2017 ;31:e13. ##39-Wu L, Gao X. Children's dental fear and anxiety: exploring family related factors. BMC Oral Health. 2018 ;18(1):100.##40-Aminabadi NA, Sohrabi A, Erfanparast L, Oskouei SG, Ajami BA. Can birth order affect temperament, anxiety and behavior in 5 to 7-year-old children in the dental setting. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2011;12(4):225-31.##41-Alsadat FA, El-Housseiny AA, Alamoudi NM, Elderwi DA, Ainosa AM, Dardeer FM. Dental fear in primary school children and its relation to dental caries. Niger J Clin Pract 2018;21:1454-60. ##

اپلاینس دیستال شو اصلاح شده برای از دست دادن چند مولر شیری دوطرفه – یک گزارش مورد Modified distal shoe appliance for premature bilateral loss of primary second molars: A case report 1 1 هنگامی که مولر دوم  شیری به طور زودرس از دست برود ، جابه جایی وشیفت مزیالی مولر اول دائمی اغلب اتفاق می افتد. این یکی از دشوارترین مواردی است که دندانپزشک متخصص کودکان با ان روبرو میشود در این موارد استفاده از فضا نگهداری که مولر اول دائمی را به موقعیت طبیعی خود هدایت می کند اندیکاسیون دارد.  در مواردی با از دست دادن زودرس دو طرفه دندان های مولر شیری ، اپلاینس  دیستال شو نیاز به تغییراتی دارد.در این مقاله ، ما استفاده  از اپلاینس دیستال شو تغییر یافته را گزارش می دهیم  که به نظر می رسد استفاده ازاپلاینس  دیستال شو تغییر یافته  میتواند انتخاب خوبی  برای نگهداری فضا در بیماران با از دست دادن دو طرفه دندان های مولر شیری باشد. 2   When the second primary molar is lost prematurely, permanent first molar displacement and mesial shift often occur. This is one of the most difficult cases to manage in pediatric dentistry. In these cases, using space maintainer that guides the first permanent molar to its natural position is indicated. In this article, we report the use of modified bilateral distal shoe in cases with premature bilateral loss of deciduous second molars.   17 26 2021/09/282021/09/282021/09/28 1400/7/6 2021/09/232021/09/232021/09/23 1400/7/1 مرضیه صالحی شهرابی M Salehi Shahrabi Iran ایران علیرضا حیدری A Heidari Iran ایران حسین افشار H Afshar Iran ایران فاطمه الماسی F Almasi Iran ایران Space Maintenance distal shoe Pediatric Dentistry Tooth Extraction فضانگهدار- دیستال شو- دندانپزشکی کودکان -کشیدن دندان 1. . American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD). Guideline on Management of the Developing Dentition and Occlusion in Pediatric Dentistry. Reference Manual. 2014; 37: 253-265.##2. Dhull KS, et al. Modified distal shoe appliance for the loss of a primary second molar: A case report. Quintessence Int. 2011;42:829–33##3. Managing the Developing Occlusion. In: Bell RA, Dean JA, McDonald RE, Avery DR. Mc Donald and Avery Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 9th ed. Saint Louis: Mosby; 2011. 550-613.##4. Al Dlaigan YH. A survey of the use of space maintainers by private dentists in riyadh-Saudi Arabia. Pak Oral Dental J. 2007 Jan;27(1):39-44.##5. Hicks EP. Treatment planning for the distal shoe space maintainer. Dent Clin N Amer. 1973;17:135-50. ##6. Willet RC. Preventive orthodontics. J Am Dent Assoc. 1936;23:2257-70.##7. Gegenheimer R, Donly KJ. Distal shoe: A cost-effective maintainer for primary second molars. Paediatr Dent. 1992;14:268-69.##8. Brill WA. The distal shoe space maintainer: chairside fabrication and clinical performance. Pediatr Dent. 2002 Nov-Dec;24(6):561-5.##9. Gerber WE. Facile space maintainer. J Am Dent Assoc 1964;69:691-4.##10. Croll TP. An adjustable intra-alveolar wire for distal extension space maintenance: A case report. J Pedod 1980;4:347-53.##11. .Croll TP, Sexton TC. Distal extension space maintenance: A new technique. Quintessence Int 1981;12:1075-80.##12. Hicks EP. Treatment planning for the distalshoe space maintainer. Dent Clin North Am. 1973 Jan;17(1):135-50.##13. Kanellis MJ. Orthodontic treatment in the primary dentition. In: Bishara SE, ed. Textbook of Orthodontics. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 2001:248-56##14. Northway W M, Wainright R L. Demirjian A. 1984. Effects of premature loss of deciduous molars. Angle Orthodontist 1984; 54: 295-329.##15. 25. Cavalcante A, Alencar C, Medeirosbezerra P, Granvillegarcia A. Prevalence of early loss of primary children in Campina Grande, Brazil. Pak Oral Dent J 2008;28: 113–16##16. Heilborn J, Kuchler E, Fidalgo T, Antunes L, Costa M. Early primary tooth loss: prevalence, consequence and treatment. Int J Dent Recife 2011;10(3) :10–13.##17. Richardson ME. The relationship between the relative amount of space present in the deciduous dental arch and the rate and degree of space closure subsequent to the extraction of the deciduous molar. Dent Pract. 1965;16:111–8.##18. Rönnerman A. The effect of early loss of primary molars on tooth eruption and space conditions A longitudinal study. Acta Odontol Scand. 1977;35(5):229-39.##19. Rönnerman A. Early extraction of deciduous molars. Sven Tandlak Tidskr. 1974;67(6):327-37.##1. . American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD). Guideline on Management of the Developing Dentition and Occlusion in Pediatric Dentistry. Reference Manual. 2014; 37: 253-265.##2. Dhull KS, et al. Modified distal shoe appliance for the loss of a primary second molar: A case report. Quintessence Int. 2011;42:829–33##3. Managing the Developing Occlusion. In: Bell RA, Dean JA, McDonald RE, Avery DR. Mc Donald and Avery Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 9th ed. Saint Louis: Mosby; 2011. 550-613.##4. Al Dlaigan YH. A survey of the use of space maintainers by private dentists in riyadh-Saudi Arabia. Pak Oral Dental J. 2007 Jan;27(1):39-44.##5. Hicks EP. Treatment planning for the distal shoe space maintainer. Dent Clin N Amer. 1973;17:135-50. ##6. Willet RC. Preventive orthodontics. J Am Dent Assoc. 1936;23:2257-70.##7. Gegenheimer R, Donly KJ. Distal shoe: A cost-effective maintainer for primary second molars. Paediatr Dent. 1992;14:268-69.##8. Brill WA. The distal shoe space maintainer: chairside fabrication and clinical performance. Pediatr Dent. 2002 Nov-Dec;24(6):561-5.##9. Gerber WE. Facile space maintainer. J Am Dent Assoc 1964;69:691-4.##10. Croll TP. An adjustable intra-alveolar wire for distal extension space maintenance: A case report. J Pedod 1980;4:347-53.##11. .Croll TP, Sexton TC. Distal extension space maintenance: A new technique. Quintessence Int 1981;12:1075-80.##12. Hicks EP. Treatment planning for the distalshoe space maintainer. Dent Clin North Am. 1973 Jan;17(1):135-50.##13. Kanellis MJ. Orthodontic treatment in the primary dentition. In: Bishara SE, ed. Textbook of Orthodontics. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 2001:248-56##14. Northway W M, Wainright R L. Demirjian A. 1984. Effects of premature loss of deciduous molars. Angle Orthodontist 1984; 54: 295-329.##15. 25. Cavalcante A, Alencar C, Medeirosbezerra P, Granvillegarcia A. Prevalence of early loss of primary children in Campina Grande, Brazil. Pak Oral Dent J 2008;28: 113–16##16. Heilborn J, Kuchler E, Fidalgo T, Antunes L, Costa M. Early primary tooth loss: prevalence, consequence and treatment. Int J Dent Recife 2011;10(3) :10–13.##17. Richardson ME. The relationship between the relative amount of space present in the deciduous dental arch and the rate and degree of space closure subsequent to the extraction of the deciduous molar. Dent Pract. 1965;16:111–8.##18. Rönnerman A. The effect of early loss of primary molars on tooth eruption and space conditions A longitudinal study. Acta Odontol Scand. 1977;35(5):229-39.##19. Rönnerman A. Early extraction of deciduous molars. Sven Tandlak Tidskr. 1974;67(6):327-37. ##

بررسی دیدگاه دانشجویان و اساتید دانشکده دندانپزشکی البرز در مورد تدریس واحد درسی توسط اساتید متعدد در سال 1399 Investigating the Viewpoint of Students and Professors of Alborz University of Medical Sciences about Teaching a Course by Several Lecturers in 2020 1 1 مقدمه: یکی از شیوه های مرسوم آموزشی در دانشکده های دندانپزشکی، تدریس واحد درسی توسط چند استاد است که نقاط قوت و ضعفی دارد. هدف این پژوهش ارزیابی دیدگاه دانشجویان و اساتید دانشکده دندانپزشکی البرز در خصوص این شیوه تدریس در سال 1399 بود. مواد و روش ها: این پژوهش توصیفی تحلیلی به صورت مقطعی در میان دانشجویان و اساتید دانشکده دندانپزشکی البرز انجام شد. با استفاده از فرمول حجم نمونه برای برآورد یک نسبت در جمعیت و با در نظر گرفتن مقدار P=0.51 و q=0.49 و دقت 05/0 ، حجم نمونه 385 نفر محاسبه شد که  398 نفر از دانشجویان وارد مطالعه شدند. جمع آوری اطلاعات از طریق پرسشنامه انجام شد و از طریق شاخص های آمار توصیفی و استنباطی نظیر آزمون t مستقل در نرم افزار spss نسخه 25 تجزیه وتحلیل شد. یافته ها: نظر اساتید و دانشجویان این بود که تدریس توسط چند استاد، از یک یا چند رشته تخصصی، به طور معنی داری باعث جذابیت و تنوع مطالب درسی و ارتقاء کیفیت آموزش است (p<0.05) در مقابل آن ها این شیوه تدریس را عامل افزایش حجم بی مورد مطالب درسی می دانستند. (p<0.05) اساتید بر خلاف دانشجویان بر روی برخی از پیامدهای مثبت و منفی تدریس توسط چند استاد از یک رشته تخصصی نسبت به چند رشته تخصصی اختلاف نظر داشتند. نتیجه‌گیری: تدریس توسط چند استاد، هم از نظر دانشجویان و هم از دیدگاه اساتید، به طور معنی داری باعث افزایش تنوع و جذابیت مطالب درسی و در مقابل عامل افزایش حجم مطالب درسی می شود.   2 Introduction One of the common teaching methods in dental schools is teaching a course by several professors, which has strengths and weaknesses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the views of students and professors of Alborz Dental School regarding this teaching method in 2020. Materials and Methods: This Analytical descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among students and professors of Alborz Dental School. Using the sample size formula to estimate a ratio in the population and considering the value of P = 0.51, q = 0.49 and accuracy of 0.05, the sample size of 385 people was calculated and 398 students were included in the study. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical indicators such as independent t-test in SPSS software version 25. Results: The opinion of professors and students was that teaching by several professors from one or more specialized disciplines significantly makes the curriculum attractive and diversifies and improves the quality of education (p <0.05). In contrast, this teaching method causes an unnecessary increase in volume. They knew the curriculum (p <0.05). Unlike students, professors disagreed on some of the positive and negative consequences of teaching by several professors from one specialized field to several specialized fields. Conclusion: Teaching by several professors, both from the students 'point of view and from the professors' point of view, significantly increases the diversity and attractiveness of the curriculum and in contrast increases the volume of the curriculum sessions. 27 44 2021/09/282021/09/282021/09/282021/09/28 1400/7/6 2021/09/232021/09/232021/09/232021/09/23 1400/7/1 فاطمه شکارچی F Shekarchi Iran ایران فاطمه لاهوتی اشکوری F Lahouti Ashkevary Iran ایران سمیه خرمیان طوسی S Khoramian Tousi Iran ایران Dentistry Team teaching method Students Professor دندانپزشکی روش تدریس گروهی دانشجویان اساتید 1. Esmaeili M, Hozni S, Mosazadeh B, Zavareh A. Good teacher's characteristics and its influence on dental students academic motivation in guilan university of medical sciences. Res. in med. edu. 2017;9(3):18-0. [Persian]##2. Dabaghi-Tabriz F, Ghafari R, Hanaee J, Barzegar M, Bilan N, Dehqani A-H, et al. Comparison of General Dentistry Curriculum in Iran with Eight of the World’s Top Dental Faculties. Maedica. 2019;14(2):104.##3. Ghaffari T, Hamedirad F, Ghadamyari E. The differences between dentistry education system in Iran and other countries. FUTURE MED EDUC J. 2018;8(4):46-51.##4. Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Training of I.R.I. aeinnamehomomi96. [cited 2018 January 21] Available from: http://gpde.behdasht.gov.ir/uploads/aeinnamehomomi96.pdf##5. Buchel TL, Edwards FD. Characteristics of effective clinical teachers. Fam Med. 2005;37(1):5-30.##6. Shahriari-Namadi M, Ghasemi T, Soltani A. Evaluation of Team Teaching Method Efficiency in Postgraduate Students and Professors of Shiraz Health School, 2017. JJHR. 2018;9(5).##7. Parsian H, Mir H, Jahanian I, Shabestani-Monfared A, Shirkhani-Kelagari Z, Halalkhor S. Evaluation of Student's Satisfaction with Team Teaching in Babol University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2011-2012. Str. in Dev. Med. Edu. 2015;12(1). [Persian]##8. Baker EM. Including teachers in inclusion: The forgotten component: University of Delaware; 2006.##9. Haghighi J, Kh AK. On the Efficacy of team teaching and station teaching in the enhancement of students’ reading comprehension in an EAP situation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014;98(8):82-90. ##10. Tirgar A, Kazemi F, Babazadeh S, Aghalari Z. Assessing the Viewpoint of the Professors about Teaching a Course by Several Lecturers in Babol University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Medical Education Development. 2019;12(33):8-15. [Persian]##11. Tirgar A, Kazemi F, Babazadeh S, Aghalari Z, Gholinia-Ahangar H. Assessing the Students Viewpoint about teaching a course by several lecturer in Babol University of Medical Sciences. Research in Medical Education. 2018;10(1). [Persian]##12. Gillespie M. Student–teacher connection: a place of possibility. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2005;52(2):9-11##13. Hassanabadi M, Zare-Bidaki M, Rezaeian M. Medical Students’ Perceptions of the Educational Environment in Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2017;16(5):65-78. [Persian]##14. Dastoorpoor M, Moradi M, Estebsari F, Zolala F. Mentors' and Postgraduate Students' Perception about Characteristics of Effective Education, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Strides in Development of Medical Education. 2016;12(4):26-43. [Persian]##15. Shirani Bidabadi N, Nasr Isfahani A, Rouhollahi A, Khalili R. Effective Teaching Methods in Higher Education: Requirements and Barriers. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2016;4(4):170-178.##16. Mohammadi B. Study the opinions of occupational health students about the characteristics of effective teaching. Biannual Medical Education, Babol Univ Med Sci; 4(2); Spring & Summer 2016; pp: 7-12. [Persian]##17. Swathi A, Rajkumar HR. An interventional approach “Jigsaw method” in combination with a lecture to improve the understanding of Clinical Microbiology for second MBBS students. J Educational Res & Med Teach. 2017;5(2):25-30.##18. Apsari Y. Snowball throwing in teaching grammar. Lingual. 2018;10(1):52-9.##19. Qutieshat AS, Abusamak MO, Maragha TN. Impact of Blended Learning on Dental Students' Performance and Satisfaction in Clinical Education. Journal of dental education. 2020 Feb;84(2):135-42.##20. Arja SB, Ponnusamy K, Kottathveetil P, Ahmed TF, Fatteh R, Arja SB. Effectiveness of Small Group Discussions for Teaching Specific Pharmacology Concepts. Medical Science Educator. 2020 Mar 4:1-6.##21. Mankar S, Buktar L, Motewar S, Pophali N, Kulkarni S. Comparison between Jigsaw and Snowball Method of Active Learning among First Year Medical Undergraduates: An Interventional Study. International Journal of Physiology. 2020 Apr 29;8(2):151-6.##22. Karimi F, Nili MR, Mirshah Jafari E, Sharafi A. Investigating the most important requirement of cooperative teaching from the professors and students standpoint in postgraduate education of the University of Isfahan. Faculty Educ Psychol Isfahan Univ. 2014;9(1):89–106. [Persian]##23. Steinert Y, Mann K, Anderson B, Barnett BM, Centeno A, Naismith L, Prideaux D, Spencer J, Tullo E, Viggiano T, Ward H. A systematic review of faculty development initiatives designed to enhance teaching effectiveness: A 10-year update: BEME Guide No. 40. Medical teacher. 2016 Aug 2;38(8):769-86.##1. Esmaeili M, Hozni S, Mosazadeh B, Zavareh A. Good teacher's characteristics and its influence on dental students academic motivation in guilan university of medical sciences. Res. in med. edu. 2017;9(3):18-0. [Persian]##2. Dabaghi-Tabriz F, Ghafari R, Hanaee J, Barzegar M, Bilan N, Dehqani A-H, et al. Comparison of General Dentistry Curriculum in Iran with Eight of the World’s Top Dental Faculties. Maedica. 2019;14(2):104.##3. Ghaffari T, Hamedirad F, Ghadamyari E. The differences between dentistry education system in Iran and other countries. FUTURE MED EDUC J. 2018;8(4):46-51.##4. Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Training of I.R.I. aeinnamehomomi96. [cited 2018 January 21] Available from: http://gpde.behdasht.gov.ir/uploads/aeinnamehomomi96.pdf##5. Buchel TL, Edwards FD. Characteristics of effective clinical teachers. Fam Med. 2005;37(1):5-30.##6. Shahriari-Namadi M, Ghasemi T, Soltani A. Evaluation of Team Teaching Method Efficiency in Postgraduate Students and Professors of Shiraz Health School, 2017. JJHR. 2018;9(5).##7. Parsian H, Mir H, Jahanian I, Shabestani-Monfared A, Shirkhani-Kelagari Z, Halalkhor S. Evaluation of Student's Satisfaction with Team Teaching in Babol University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2011-2012. Str. in Dev. Med. Edu. 2015;12(1). [Persian]##8. Baker EM. Including teachers in inclusion: The forgotten component: University of Delaware; 2006.##9. Haghighi J, Kh AK. On the Efficacy of team teaching and station teaching in the enhancement of students’ reading comprehension in an EAP situation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014;98(8):82-90. ##10. Tirgar A, Kazemi F, Babazadeh S, Aghalari Z. Assessing the Viewpoint of the Professors about Teaching a Course by Several Lecturers in Babol University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Medical Education Development. 2019;12(33):8-15. [Persian]##11. Tirgar A, Kazemi F, Babazadeh S, Aghalari Z, Gholinia-Ahangar H. Assessing the Students Viewpoint about teaching a course by several lecturer in Babol University of Medical Sciences. Research in Medical Education. 2018;10(1). [Persian]##12. Gillespie M. Student–teacher connection: a place of possibility. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2005;52(2):9-11##13. Hassanabadi M, Zare-Bidaki M, Rezaeian M. Medical Students’ Perceptions of the Educational Environment in Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2017;16(5):65-78. [Persian]##14. Dastoorpoor M, Moradi M, Estebsari F, Zolala F. Mentors' and Postgraduate Students' Perception about Characteristics of Effective Education, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Strides in Development of Medical Education. 2016;12(4):26-43. [Persian]##15. Shirani Bidabadi N, Nasr Isfahani A, Rouhollahi A, Khalili R. Effective Teaching Methods in Higher Education: Requirements and Barriers. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2016;4(4):170-178.##16. Mohammadi B. Study the opinions of occupational health students about the characteristics of effective teaching. Biannual Medical Education, Babol Univ Med Sci; 4(2); Spring & Summer 2016; pp: 7-12. [Persian]##17. Swathi A, Rajkumar HR. An interventional approach “Jigsaw method” in combination with a lecture to improve the understanding of Clinical Microbiology for second MBBS students. J Educational Res & Med Teach. 2017;5(2):25-30.##18. Apsari Y. Snowball throwing in teaching grammar. Lingual. 2018;10(1):52-9.##19. Qutieshat AS, Abusamak MO, Maragha TN. Impact of Blended Learning on Dental Students' Performance and Satisfaction in Clinical Education. Journal of dental education. 2020 Feb;84(2):135-42.##20. Arja SB, Ponnusamy K, Kottathveetil P, Ahmed TF, Fatteh R, Arja SB. Effectiveness of Small Group Discussions for Teaching Specific Pharmacology Concepts. Medical Science Educator. 2020 Mar 4:1-6.##21. Mankar S, Buktar L, Motewar S, Pophali N, Kulkarni S. Comparison between Jigsaw and Snowball Method of Active Learning among First Year Medical Undergraduates: An Interventional Study. International Journal of Physiology. 2020 Apr 29;8(2):151-6.##22. Karimi F, Nili MR, Mirshah Jafari E, Sharafi A. Investigating the most important requirement of cooperative teaching from the professors and students standpoint in postgraduate education of the University of Isfahan. Faculty Educ Psychol Isfahan Univ. 2014;9(1):89–106. [Persian]##23. Steinert Y, Mann K, Anderson B, Barnett BM, Centeno A, Naismith L, Prideaux D, Spencer J, Tullo E, Viggiano T, Ward H. A systematic review of faculty development initiatives designed to enhance teaching effectiveness: A 10-year update: BEME Guide No. 40. Medical teacher. 2016 Aug 2;38(8):769-86. ##

بررسی اثر درمان های دندانپزشکی تحت بیهوشی عمومی بر روی کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان مبتلا به پوسیدگی های زودرس دندانی و والدین آنها The effect of dental treatment under general anesthesia on oral health‐related quality of life of young children with early childhood caries and their parents 1 1 مقدمه: این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تغییرات کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت دهان کودکان دارای پوسیدگی های شدید دندانی که تحت بیهوشی درمان دندانپزشکی دریافت کرده اند، طراحی و اجرا شد. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه توصیفی-مقطعی، 60 کودک 2تا 6 سال تحت درمان دندانپزشکی با بیهوشی عمومی در مراکز مجهز به اتاق عمل جهت ارائه خدمات دندانپزشکی در شهر یزد برای مطالعه انتخاب شدند. از پرسشنامه(ECOHIS(Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale  جهت ارزیابی کیفیت زندگی وابسته به سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان و جهت بررسی تأثیر وضعیت دهان و دندان کودک بر خانواده وی از پرسشنامه FIS استفاده شد.  شاخص dmft با استفاده از آینه و سوند ثبت شد. پرسشنامه ها قبل و  4 هفته بعد از درمان توسط والدین تکمیل گردیدند. داده ها با استفاده از SPSS  ویرایش 17و آزمون آماری t-test تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: در این مطالعه 50 درصد کودکان دختر و 50 درصد پسر بودند. متوسط سنی کودکان 01/1±02/4 سال بود. میانگین نمره کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت دهان بدست آمده از هر دو پرسشنامه ECOHIS ((008/0=P-value و FIS (000/0=P-value) بعد از درمان بطور معنی داری کاهش یافته بود. میانگین نمره در حیطه های عملکرد کودک (001/0=P-value) و خودشناسی کودک و روابط اجتماعی او  (023/0=P-value) در پرسشنامه ECOHISو میانگین نمره در کلیه حیطه های پرسشنامه FIS بعد از درمان بطور معنی داری کاهش یافته بود(005/0>P-value). نتیجه گیری: بر اساس نتایح مطالعه، درمان های دندانپزشکی تحت بیهوشی عمومی می توانند سبب بهبود قابل توجهی در کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان وخانواده انها شوند. 2 Introduction: The aim of This study was to evaluate the effect of dental treatments under general anesthesia on the quality of life related to oral health of children with early dental caries and their parents. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive–cross sectional study, 60 children with the age range of 2-6 years who were going to experience dental treatment under general anesthesia were included. ECOHIS(Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale) questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life related to children's oral health and FIS questionnaire was used to assess the impact of oral health on their families. These questionnaires were completed by parents before and 4 weeks after treatment. Data were analyzed by SPSS ver.17 and T-test. Results: In this study 50% of the children were female and 50% were male. The mean age of the children was 4.02±1.01 years. The mean score of quality of life related to oral health was significantly decreased in both ECOHIS (P-value = 0.008) and FIS (P = 0.000) questionnaires after treatment. The mean score of child performance (P-value = 0.001) and child self-knowledge and social relations domains (P-value = 0.023) in ECOHIS questionnaire and the mean score in all domains of FIS questionnaire, after treatment was significantly reduced (P-value <0.005). Conclusion: According to the results of the study, dental treatments under general anesthesia can significantly improve the quality of life related to oral health of children and their families. 45 57 2021/09/282021/09/282021/09/282021/09/282021/09/28 1400/7/6 2021/09/232021/09/232021/09/232021/09/232021/09/23 1400/7/1 نیلوفر حلوانی N Halvani Iran ایران فاِئزه فتوحی F Ftoohi Iran ایران سحر رجائی ُS Rajaei Iran ایران General Anesthesia Early Childhood Caries Dental Treatment Quality of Life Related to Oral Health Children Parents بیهوشی عمومی پوسیدگی های زودرس دندانی درمان دندانپزشکی کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان والدین 1.Khodadadi E, Motallebnejad M, Alizadeh M. Oral health related quality of life among adults reffered to dental clinic of Babol Faculty of Dentistry in 2009-2011. Caspian J Dent Res. 2013;2(1):53-60.##2.Jafarzadeh M, Ghafourifard R, Tahririyan D, Ghafourifard A. Evaluation of the knowledge and awareness of pediatricians about the early childhood caries. Iran J Pediat Dent. 2017;13(1):33-44.##3.Gherunpong S, Tsakos G, Sheiham A. Developing and evaluating an oral health-related quality of life index for children; the CHILD-OIDP. Community dental health. 2004;21(2):161-9.##4.Jokovic A, Locker D, Stephens M, Kenny D, Tompson B, Guyatt G. Validity and reliability of a questionnaire for measuring child oral-health-related quality of life. Journal of dental research. 2002;81(7):459-63.##5.Pahel BT, Rozier RG, Slade GD. Parental perceptions of children's oral health: the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). Health and quality of life outcomes. 2007;5:6.##6.Jabarifar SE, Ahmadi-Rozbahani N, Javadinejad S, Hosseini L. A Comparative Evaluation of Fear and Anxiety in (3-6) Year Old Children Following Treatment under General Anesthesia and Outpatient Dental Treatment. J Mash Dent Sch. 2014;38(1):9-16.##7.Eshghi AR, Rezaeifar M, Jafarzadeh-Samani M, Malekafzali B, Eftekhari M. Evaluation of Parental View toward Dental Treatment under General Anesthesia in Isfahan. J Zanjan Univ Med Sci. 2010;18(73):67-76.##8.Halvani N, Bahrololoomi Z, Moradi OM, Zarebidaki Z. Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Parents Referred to Dental Clinics toward Importance of the Primary Teeth and Space Maintaining of them in City of Yazd in 2018. The Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2021;29(1):3375-88.##9.Arrow P, Klobas E. Evaluation of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale in an Australian preschool child population. Australian dental journal. 2015;60(3):375-81.##10.Wong HM, McGrath CP, King NM, Lo EC. Oral health-related quality of life in Hong Kong preschool children. Caries research. 2011;45(4):370-6.##11.Scarpelli AC, Oliveira BH, Tesch FC, Leao AT, Pordeus IA, Paiva SM. Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (B-ECOHIS). BMC oral health. 2011;11:19.##12.Peker K, Uysal O, Bermek G. Cross - cultural adaptation and preliminary validation of the Turkish version of the early childhood oral health impact scale among 5-6-year-old children. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2011;9:118.##13.Jabarifar SE, Golkari A, Ijadi MH, Jafarzadeh M, Khadem P. Validation of a Farsi version of the early childhood oral health impact scale (F-ECOHIS). BMC oral health. 2010;10:4.##14.Kaviani N, Jabarifar SE, Babadi-Borojeni M. Effect of dental procedures under general anesthesia on life quality and dental fears in 2-5 year-old children J Isfahan Dent Sch. 2012;7(Special Issue 5):567-76.##15.Nilchian F, Jabbarifar SE, Larijani M, Navaei H. Evaluation of the impact of children’s oral health on their family quality of life in Amol, Iran. J Isfahan Dent Sch 2013;8(7):662-8 ##16.Vollu AL, da Costa M, Maia LC, Fonseca-Goncalves A. Evaluation of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life to Assess Dental Treatment in Preschool Children with Early Childhood Caries: A Preliminary Study. The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry. 2018;42(1):37-44.##17. Slack GL, Jackson D, James PMC. Lawton FE. A clinical investigation into variability of dental caries diagnosis. Br Dent J 1958; 104: 399-404.##18.Jokovic A, Locker D, Stephens M, Kenny D, Tompson B, Guyatt G. Measuring parental perceptions of child oral health-related quality of life. Journal of public health dentistry. 2003;63(2):67-72.##19.Li S, Malkinson S, Veronneau J, Allison PJ. Testing responsiveness to change for the early childhood oral health impact scale (ECOHIS). Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2008;36(6):542-8.##20.Tesch FC, de Oliveira BH, Leao A. Semantic equivalence of the Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale. Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24(8):1897-909.##21.Locker D, Jokovic A, Stephens M, Kenny D, Tompson B, Guyatt G. Family impact of child oral and oro‐facial conditions. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2002;30(6):438-48.##22.Malden P, Thomson W, Jokovic A, Locker D. Changes in parent‐assessed oral health‐related quality of life among young children following dental treatment under general anaesthetic. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2008;36(2):108-17.##23.Gaynor WN, Thomson WM. Changes in young children’s OHRQoL after dental treatment under general anaesthesia. International journal of paediatric dentistry. 2012;22(4):258-64.##244.Klaassen M, Veerkamp J, Hoogstraten J. Dental treatment under general anaesthesia: the short-term change in young children’s oral-health-related quality of life. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 2008;9(3):130-7.##25.Ridell K, Borgström M, Lager E, Magnusson G, Brogårdh-Roth S, Matsson L. Oral health-related quality-of-life in Swedish children before and after dental treatment under general anesthesia. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2015;73(1):1-7.##26.de Souza MC, Harrison M, Marshman Z. Oral health‐related quality of life following dental treatment under general anaesthesia for early childhood caries–a UK‐based study. International journal of paediatric dentistry. 2017;27(1):30-6.##27.Filstrup SL, Briskie D, da Fonseca M, Lawrence L, Wandera A, Inglehart MR. Early childhood caries and quality of life: child and parent perspectives. Pediatr Dent. 2003;25(5):431-40.##28.Collado V, Pichot H, Delfosse C, Eschevins C, Nicolas E, Hennequin M. Impact of early childhood caries and its treatment under general anesthesia on orofacial function and quality of life : A prospective comparative study. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. 2017;22(3):e333-e41.##29.Jankauskiene B, Narbutaite J. Changes in oral health-related quality of life among children following dental treatment under general anaesthesia. A systematic review. Stomatologija. 2010;12(2):60-4.##30.Gandomi M, Sharifzadeh G, Akbari N, Gandomi N, Delpasand M, Nowruzi E. The application of Integrated Behavioral Model in determining preventive behaviors dental caries in mothers with 4-6 year-old children in Birjand. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2019;26(2):165-75.##31.Foster T, Perinpanayagam H, Pfaffenbach A, Certo M. Recurrence of early childhood caries after comprehensive treatment with general anesthesia and follow-up. Journal of dentistry for children (Chicago, Ill). 2006;73(1):25-30.##32.Peretz B, Ram D, Azo E, Efrat Y. Preschool caries as an indicator of future caries: a longitudinal study. Pediatr Dent. 2003;25(2):114-8.##33.Amin MS, Harrison RL, Weinstein P. A qualitative look at parents' experience of their child's dental general anaesthesia. International journal of paediatric dentistry. 2006;16(5):309-19.##34.Amin MS, Harrison RL. Change in parental oral health practices following a child's dental treatment under general anaesthesia. European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry. 2006;7(2):116-20.##35.Hazavehei SMM, Shirahmadi S, Taheri M, Noghan N, Rezaei N. Promoting Oral Health in 6-12 Year-Old Students: A Systematic Review. J Educ Community Health. 2015;1(4):66-84.## ##1.Khodadadi E, Motallebnejad M, Alizadeh M. Oral health related quality of life among adults reffered to dental clinic of Babol Faculty of Dentistry in 2009-2011. Caspian J Dent Res. 2013;2(1):53-60.##2.Jafarzadeh M, Ghafourifard R, Tahririyan D, Ghafourifard A. Evaluation of the knowledge and awareness of pediatricians about the early childhood caries. Iran J Pediat Dent. 2017;13(1):33-44.##3.Gherunpong S, Tsakos G, Sheiham A. Developing and evaluating an oral health-related quality of life index for children; the CHILD-OIDP. Community dental health. 2004;21(2):161-9.##4.Jokovic A, Locker D, Stephens M, Kenny D, Tompson B, Guyatt G. Validity and reliability of a questionnaire for measuring child oral-health-related quality of life. Journal of dental research. 2002;81(7):459-63.##5.Pahel BT, Rozier RG, Slade GD. Parental perceptions of children's oral health: the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). Health and quality of life outcomes. 2007;5:6.##6.Jabarifar SE, Ahmadi-Rozbahani N, Javadinejad S, Hosseini L. A Comparative Evaluation of Fear and Anxiety in (3-6) Year Old Children Following Treatment under General Anesthesia and Outpatient Dental Treatment. J Mash Dent Sch. 2014;38(1):9-16.##7.Eshghi AR, Rezaeifar M, Jafarzadeh-Samani M, Malekafzali B, Eftekhari M. Evaluation of Parental View toward Dental Treatment under General Anesthesia in Isfahan. J Zanjan Univ Med Sci. 2010;18(73):67-76.##8.Halvani N, Bahrololoomi Z, Moradi OM, Zarebidaki Z. Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Parents Referred to Dental Clinics toward Importance of the Primary Teeth and Space Maintaining of them in City of Yazd in 2018. The Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2021;29(1):3375-88.##9.Arrow P, Klobas E. Evaluation of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale in an Australian preschool child population. Australian dental journal. 2015;60(3):375-81.##10.Wong HM, McGrath CP, King NM, Lo EC. Oral health-related quality of life in Hong Kong preschool children. Caries research. 2011;45(4):370-6.##11.Scarpelli AC, Oliveira BH, Tesch FC, Leao AT, Pordeus IA, Paiva SM. Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (B-ECOHIS). BMC oral health. 2011;11:19.##12.Peker K, Uysal O, Bermek G. Cross - cultural adaptation and preliminary validation of the Turkish version of the early childhood oral health impact scale among 5-6-year-old children. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2011;9:118.##13.Jabarifar SE, Golkari A, Ijadi MH, Jafarzadeh M, Khadem P. Validation of a Farsi version of the early childhood oral health impact scale (F-ECOHIS). BMC oral health. 2010;10:4.##14.Kaviani N, Jabarifar SE, Babadi-Borojeni M. Effect of dental procedures under general anesthesia on life quality and dental fears in 2-5 year-old children J Isfahan Dent Sch. 2012;7(Special Issue 5):567-76.##15.Nilchian F, Jabbarifar SE, Larijani M, Navaei H. Evaluation of the impact of children’s oral health on their family quality of life in Amol, Iran. J Isfahan Dent Sch 2013;8(7):662-8 ##16.Vollu AL, da Costa M, Maia LC, Fonseca-Goncalves A. Evaluation of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life to Assess Dental Treatment in Preschool Children with Early Childhood Caries: A Preliminary Study. The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry. 2018;42(1):37-44.##17. Slack GL, Jackson D, James PMC. Lawton FE. A clinical investigation into variability of dental caries diagnosis. Br Dent J 1958; 104: 399-404.##18.Jokovic A, Locker D, Stephens M, Kenny D, Tompson B, Guyatt G. Measuring parental perceptions of child oral health-related quality of life. Journal of public health dentistry. 2003;63(2):67-72.##19.Li S, Malkinson S, Veronneau J, Allison PJ. Testing responsiveness to change for the early childhood oral health impact scale (ECOHIS). Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2008;36(6):542-8.##20.Tesch FC, de Oliveira BH, Leao A. Semantic equivalence of the Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale. Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24(8):1897-909.##21.Locker D, Jokovic A, Stephens M, Kenny D, Tompson B, Guyatt G. Family impact of child oral and oro‐facial conditions. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2002;30(6):438-48.##22.Malden P, Thomson W, Jokovic A, Locker D. Changes in parent‐assessed oral health‐related quality of life among young children following dental treatment under general anaesthetic. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2008;36(2):108-17.##23.Gaynor WN, Thomson WM. Changes in young children’s OHRQoL after dental treatment under general anaesthesia. International journal of paediatric dentistry. 2012;22(4):258-64.##244.Klaassen M, Veerkamp J, Hoogstraten J. Dental treatment under general anaesthesia: the short-term change in young children’s oral-health-related quality of life. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 2008;9(3):130-7.##25.Ridell K, Borgström M, Lager E, Magnusson G, Brogårdh-Roth S, Matsson L. Oral health-related quality-of-life in Swedish children before and after dental treatment under general anesthesia. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2015;73(1):1-7.##26.de Souza MC, Harrison M, Marshman Z. Oral health‐related quality of life following dental treatment under general anaesthesia for early childhood caries–a UK‐based study. International journal of paediatric dentistry. 2017;27(1):30-6.##27.Filstrup SL, Briskie D, da Fonseca M, Lawrence L, Wandera A, Inglehart MR. Early childhood caries and quality of life: child and parent perspectives. Pediatr Dent. 2003;25(5):431-40.##28.Collado V, Pichot H, Delfosse C, Eschevins C, Nicolas E, Hennequin M. Impact of early childhood caries and its treatment under general anesthesia on orofacial function and quality of life : A prospective comparative study. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. 2017;22(3):e333-e41.##29.Jankauskiene B, Narbutaite J. Changes in oral health-related quality of life among children following dental treatment under general anaesthesia. A systematic review. Stomatologija. 2010;12(2):60-4.##30.Gandomi M, Sharifzadeh G, Akbari N, Gandomi N, Delpasand M, Nowruzi E. The application of Integrated Behavioral Model in determining preventive behaviors dental caries in mothers with 4-6 year-old children in Birjand. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2019;26(2):165-75.##31.Foster T, Perinpanayagam H, Pfaffenbach A, Certo M. Recurrence of early childhood caries after comprehensive treatment with general anesthesia and follow-up. Journal of dentistry for children (Chicago, Ill). 2006;73(1):25-30.##32.Peretz B, Ram D, Azo E, Efrat Y. Preschool caries as an indicator of future caries: a longitudinal study. Pediatr Dent. 2003;25(2):114-8.##33.Amin MS, Harrison RL, Weinstein P. A qualitative look at parents' experience of their child's dental general anaesthesia. International journal of paediatric dentistry. 2006;16(5):309-19.##34.Amin MS, Harrison RL. Change in parental oral health practices following a child's dental treatment under general anaesthesia. European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry. 2006;7(2):116-20.##35.Hazavehei SMM, Shirahmadi S, Taheri M, Noghan N, Rezaei N. Promoting Oral Health in 6-12 Year-Old Students: A Systematic Review. J Educ Community Health. 2015;1(4):66-84.##  ##

بررسی شیوع انواع مال اکلوژن دندانی در دانش اموزان 12-14 ساله در شرق مازندران Prevalence of Dental Malocclusions among 12-14-year-old students in East Mazandaran 1 1 مقدمه : مال اکلوژن یکی از مهمترین ناهنجاری های دندانی فکی است که می تواند روی ظاهر و فانکشن و اعتماد به نفس فرد تاثیرگذار باشد.از طرفی آگاهی از میزان شیوع می تواند در پیشگیری و درمان مناسب کمک موثری باشد. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی شیوع انواع مال اکلوژن در کودکان 12-14 ساله شرق مازندران می باشد. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه توصیفی مقطعی 1369 دانش آموز 12 تا 14ساله از 18 مدرسه در 5 منطقه مختلف شرق  استان مازندران در سال تحصیلی 96-97  به طور تصادفی انتخاب شدند. از طبقه بندی انگل جهت تعیین شیوع انواع مال اکلوژن های دندانی در جامعه تحت مطالعه استفاده گردید. پس از جمع آوری اطلاعات، داده ها وارد نرم افزار SPSS22 شدند و از آنالیز های آماری Chi-square استفاده شد. یافته ها: از بین 1369 دانش آموز وارد شده به مطالعه ، مال اکلوژن کلاس I با 2/69 درصد (948 نفر) بیشترین میزان شیوع را در بین دانش آموزان (پسران 8/73 درصد و دختران 6/67 درصد) داشت. هم¬چنین میزان شیوع مال اکلوژن کلاس II و III در بین دانش آموزان به ترتیب برابر 163 نفر (9/11 درصد) و 61 نفر (5/4 درصد) بود. تنها 4/14 درصد (197 نفر) از دانش آموزان اکلوژن نرمال داشتند. نتیجه گیری: بر اساس یافته های مطالعه ما، مال اکلوژن کلاس I شایعترین و مال اکلوژن کلاس III  از کمترین شیوع در بین دانش آموزان 14-12 ساله شرق مازندران  برخوردار بود.  2 Introduction: Malocclusion is one of the most important dental malformations that can affect a person's appearance and function and self-confidence. On the other hand, knowing the prevalence can be an effective aid in proper prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of malocclusion in children aged 14-12 years in East Mazandaran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 1369 students aged 12 to 14 years old from 18 schools in 5 different regions of East Mazandaran province in the academic year of 1996-97 were randomly selected. Angles classification was used to determine the prevalence of dental malocclusions in the study population. After collecting data, data were entered into SPSS 22 software and Chi-square statistical analysis was used. Results: Among the 1369 students included in the study, class I malocclusion with 69.2% (948 people) had the highest prevalence among students (73.8% boys and 67.6% girls). Also, the prevalence of class II and III malocclusion among students was 163 (11.9%) and 61 (4.5%), respectively. Only 14.4% (197 people) of students had normal occlusion. Conclusion: Based on the findings of our study, class I malocclusion was the most common and class III malocclusion was the least common among girls aged 12-14 years in East Mazandaran.   58 69 2021/09/282021/09/282021/09/282021/09/282021/09/282021/09/28 1400/7/6 2021/09/232021/09/232021/09/232021/09/232021/09/232021/09/23 1400/7/1 پرستو نامدار P Namdar Iran ایران آتنا شیوا A Shiva Iran ایران فرزانه لعل علیزاده F Lal Alizadeh ایران طهورا اعتضادی T Etezadi Iran ایران Crowding Malocclusion Prevalence Orthodontics کراودینگ؛ مال اکلوژن ؛ شیوع؛ ارتودنسی 1. Proffit W. Malocclusion and dentofacial deformity in contemporary society. Contemporary orthodontics. 2007:3-23.##2. Fontaine-Sylvestre C, Roy A, Rizkallah J, Dabbagh B, dos Santos BF. Prevalence of malocclusion in Canadian children with autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2017;152(1):38-41.##3. Souza LA, Elmadjian TR, Brito e Dias R, Coto NP. Prevalence of malocclusions in the 13-20-year-old categories of football athletes. Brazilian oral research. 2011;25(1):19-22.##4. Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F. Malocclusion and occlusal traits in an urban Iranian population. An epidemiological study of 11- to 14-year-old children. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31(5):477-84.##5. Etezadi T, Mahdavi B, Sobouti F, Yazdani Charati J, Namdar P. Orthodontic Treatment Need in 12-14 Year-Old School Students in Sari, Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2019 Jun 10;29(173):91-9##6. Varela J, Sanchez B. Orthosurgical management of an asymmetric case with class III malocclusion and transversal problem in the maxilla. APOS Trends in Orthodontics. 2016;6(3):160-.##7. Thilander B, Pena L, Infante C, Parada SS, de Mayorga C. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in children and adolescents in Bogota, Colombia. An epidemiological study related to different stages of dental development. European journal of orthodontics. 2001;23(2):153-68.##8. Ramezanzadeh B, Hosseiny S. Evaluation of prevalence of dental malocclusion in students of junior high school students in the city of Neishabour in year 2002-2003. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2005;29(Issue):57-66.##9. Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F. Malocclusion and occlusal traits in an urban Iranian population. An epidemiological study of 11-to 14-year-old children. The European Journal of Orthodontics. 2009;31(5):477-84.##10. Hedayati Z, Taheri Zadeh H, Mohammadi Darabi S. Evaluation of malocclusion prevalence between 13-15 years old students in Shiraz. J Mashhad Univ Med Sci. 2005;22:85-97.##11. Reddy PD, Thirumoorthy A, Vijayalakshmi P, Hamza MA. Effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy for an adolescent girl with moderate depression. Indian journal of psychological medicine. 2015;37(1):87.##12. Sobouti F, Namadar P, Behzadi Y, Motevalli S, Armin M. Prevalence of Dental Malocclusion among 13-15 year Old Girls. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2016;25(132):300-3.##13. Ravanmehr H. A Study on prevalence of detofacial anomalies in 12 to 14 years old students inTehran. Journal of Dental Medicine. 1998;11(3):38-45.##14. Azarbayejani S, Mirsafaei R, Maghsoudi S, et al.. Relationship between different types of malocclusion and sex and age in students in Isfahan. J Isfahan Dent Sch. 2015;11(2):143–52. ##15. Helm S. Malocclusion in Danish children with adolescent dentition: an epidemiologic study. American journal of orthodontics. 1968;54(5):352-66.##16. de Souza RA, de Araújo Magnani MBB, Nouer DF, Romano FL, Passos MR. Prevalence of malocclusion in a Brazilian schoolchildren population and its relationship with early tooth loss. Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences. 2016:1566-70.##17. Steigman S, Kawar M, Zilberman Y. Prevalence and severity of malocclusion in Israeli Arab urban children 13 to 15 years of age. American journal of orthodontics. 1983;84(4):337-43.##18. Isiekwe MC. Malocclusion in Lagos, Nigeria. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1983;11(1):59-62.##19. Lew K, Foong W, Loh E. Malocclusion prevalence in an ethnic Chinese population. Australian Dental Journal. 1993;38(6):442-9.##20. Saleh F. Prevalence of malocclusion in a sample of Lebanese schoolchildren: an epidemiological study. 1999.##21. Guichard P, Mafart B, Orthlieb JD. Comparison of occlusion in medieval and present-day populations in southeast France. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2001;120(6):585-7.##22. Willems G, De Bruyne I, Verdonck A, Fieuws S, Carels C. Prevalence of dentofacial characteristics in a Belgian orthodontic population. Clinical oral investigations. 2001;5(4):220-6.##23. Mtaya M, Brudvik P, Åstrøm AN. Prevalence of malocclusion and its associated factors among pre-schoolchildren in Kinondoni and Temeke Districts, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research. 2017;19(2).##24. Danaie SM, Asadi Z. Distribution of malocclusion types, hereditary crowding and the need of 7 9 year old children to serial extraction in Shiraz, 2000-2001. Journal of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 2003;4(2):44-51.##25. Proffit WR, Fields HW, Sarver DM. Contemporary orthodontics: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.##1. Proffit W. Malocclusion and dentofacial deformity in contemporary society. Contemporary orthodontics. 2007:3-23.##2. Fontaine-Sylvestre C, Roy A, Rizkallah J, Dabbagh B, dos Santos BF. Prevalence of malocclusion in Canadian children with autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2017;152(1):38-41.##3. Souza LA, Elmadjian TR, Brito e Dias R, Coto NP. Prevalence of malocclusions in the 13-20-year-old categories of football athletes. Brazilian oral research. 2011;25(1):19-22.##4. Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F. Malocclusion and occlusal traits in an urban Iranian population. An epidemiological study of 11- to 14-year-old children. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31(5):477-84.##5. Etezadi T, Mahdavi B, Sobouti F, Yazdani Charati J, Namdar P. Orthodontic Treatment Need in 12-14 Year-Old School Students in Sari, Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2019 Jun 10;29(173):91-9##6. Varela J, Sanchez B. Orthosurgical management of an asymmetric case with class III malocclusion and transversal problem in the maxilla. APOS Trends in Orthodontics. 2016;6(3):160-.##7. Thilander B, Pena L, Infante C, Parada SS, de Mayorga C. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in children and adolescents in Bogota, Colombia. An epidemiological study related to different stages of dental development. European journal of orthodontics. 2001;23(2):153-68.##8. Ramezanzadeh B, Hosseiny S. Evaluation of prevalence of dental malocclusion in students of junior high school students in the city of Neishabour in year 2002-2003. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2005;29(Issue):57-66.##9. Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F. Malocclusion and occlusal traits in an urban Iranian population. An epidemiological study of 11-to 14-year-old children. The European Journal of Orthodontics. 2009;31(5):477-84.##10. Hedayati Z, Taheri Zadeh H, Mohammadi Darabi S. Evaluation of malocclusion prevalence between 13-15 years old students in Shiraz. J Mashhad Univ Med Sci. 2005;22:85-97.##11. Reddy PD, Thirumoorthy A, Vijayalakshmi P, Hamza MA. Effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy for an adolescent girl with moderate depression. Indian journal of psychological medicine. 2015;37(1):87.##12. Sobouti F, Namadar P, Behzadi Y, Motevalli S, Armin M. Prevalence of Dental Malocclusion among 13-15 year Old Girls. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2016;25(132):300-3.##13. Ravanmehr H. A Study on prevalence of detofacial anomalies in 12 to 14 years old students inTehran. Journal of Dental Medicine. 1998;11(3):38-45.##14. Azarbayejani S, Mirsafaei R, Maghsoudi S, et al.. Relationship between different types of malocclusion and sex and age in students in Isfahan. J Isfahan Dent Sch. 2015;11(2):143–52. ##15. Helm S. Malocclusion in Danish children with adolescent dentition: an epidemiologic study. American journal of orthodontics. 1968;54(5):352-66.##16. de Souza RA, de Araújo Magnani MBB, Nouer DF, Romano FL, Passos MR. Prevalence of malocclusion in a Brazilian schoolchildren population and its relationship with early tooth loss. Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences. 2016:1566-70.##17. Steigman S, Kawar M, Zilberman Y. Prevalence and severity of malocclusion in Israeli Arab urban children 13 to 15 years of age. American journal of orthodontics. 1983;84(4):337-43.##18. Isiekwe MC. Malocclusion in Lagos, Nigeria. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1983;11(1):59-62.##19. Lew K, Foong W, Loh E. Malocclusion prevalence in an ethnic Chinese population. Australian Dental Journal. 1993;38(6):442-9.##20. Saleh F. Prevalence of malocclusion in a sample of Lebanese schoolchildren: an epidemiological study. 1999.##21. Guichard P, Mafart B, Orthlieb JD. Comparison of occlusion in medieval and present-day populations in southeast France. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2001;120(6):585-7.##22. Willems G, De Bruyne I, Verdonck A, Fieuws S, Carels C. Prevalence of dentofacial characteristics in a Belgian orthodontic population. Clinical oral investigations. 2001;5(4):220-6.##23. Mtaya M, Brudvik P, Åstrøm AN. Prevalence of malocclusion and its associated factors among pre-schoolchildren in Kinondoni and Temeke Districts, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research. 2017;19(2).##24. Danaie SM, Asadi Z. Distribution of malocclusion types, hereditary crowding and the need of 7 9 year old children to serial extraction in Shiraz, 2000-2001. Journal of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 2003;4(2):44-51.##25. Proffit WR, Fields HW, Sarver DM. Contemporary orthodontics: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014. ##

بررسی تاثیر ناهنجاری های رفتار غذایی بر پوسیدگی دندانی زودرس در کودکان 3 تا 6 سال Evaluation of the effect of problematic eating behavior on early childhood caries in children aged 3 to 6 years 1 1   مقدمه: رفتار غذایی در دوران کودکی میتواند در ایجاد پوسیدگی دندانی تاثیرگذار باشد، هدف از انجام این مطالعه بررسی تاثیر ناهنجاری های رفتار غذایی بر پوسیدگی دندانی زودرس در کودکان 3 تا 6 سال بود. مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه بر روی 53 کودک دارای پوسیدگی دندانی زودرس(گروه مورد) و53 کودک بدون پوسیدگی دندانی زودرس (گروه شاهد) انجام گرفت. معاینه کلینیکی کودکان جهت تعیین شاخص  های پوسیدگی در مدرسه انجام شد. از پرسشنامه رفتار غذایی کودکان که در اختیار والدین قرار گرفت، به منظور بررسی ناهنجاری های رفتار های تغذیه ای استفاده شد. نرم افزار مورد استفاده جهت آنالیز آماری spss ورژن 24 بود و سطح معناداری در تمام آزمون ها 05/0 در نظر گرفته شد. یافته ها: میانگین سنی افراد مورد بررسی در مطالعه 05/1 ± 82/4 سال بود. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین میزان پاسخ به غذا ، میزان لذت از غذا ، میزان پرخوری هیجانی، پاسخ های سیری، آهستگی در خوردن غذا، کم خوری هیجانی و بهانه¬گیری در مورد غذا در دو گروه دارای پوسیدگی دندانی زودرس و بدون پوسیدگی دندانی زودرس تفاوت معناداری ندارد. همچنین میانگین میزان تمایل به نوشیدنی های شیرین در دو گروه مورد بررسی تفاوت معناداری دارد (002/0=P). بین شاخص dmft و تمایل به نوشیدنی¬های شیرین نیز ارتباط معناداری وجود داشت (33/0=r، 001/0>p). همچنین بین شاخص dmfs و تمایل به نوشیدنی¬های شیرین ارتباط معناداری وجود داشت (35/0=r، 001/0>p). نتیجه گیری: تمایل به نوشیدنی های شیرین در گروه دارای پوسیدگی دندانی زودرس بالاتر بود. همچنین با افزایش تمایل به نوشیدنی¬های شیرین میزان dmft و dmfs نیز افزایش می یابد.   2 Introduction: Eating behavior in childhood has been implicated in the development of dental caries. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of problematic eating behavior and its association with early childhood caries (ECC) among 3-6 years-old children Materials and methods: This study was performed on 53 children with ECC (case group) and 53 children without ECC (control group). Clinical examination of children was performed to determine the caries indices. Subsequently, the parents of children in both groups were requested to complete the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 24. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the subjects in this study was 4.82±1.05 years. The results showed that the food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, emotional overeating, satiety responsiveness, slowness in Eating, emotional undereating and food fussiness were not significantly different between the two groups with ECC and without ECC. Also, based on the results, it was found that the desire for sugary drinks in the two groups was significantly different (P=0.002) as the tendency for sugary drinks was higher in the ECC group. There was a significant relationship between the dmft (r=0.33, p<0.001) and dmfs (r=0.35, p<0.001) indices and the desire for sugary drinks. Conclusion: The present study showed that the desire for drink could been implicated in the development of early childhood caries. So that with increasing tendency to use sugary drinks, the dmft and dmfs level also increases.   70 80 2021/09/282021/09/282021/09/282021/09/282021/09/282021/09/282021/09/28 1400/7/6 2021/09/232021/09/232021/09/232021/09/232021/09/232021/09/232021/09/23 1400/7/1 آتوسا جانشین A Janeshin Iran ایران ارمغان حجتی ثابت A Hojjati Sabet Iran ایران سیروس میردامادی S Mirdamadi Iran ایران Dental caries eating behavior child diet پوسیدگی دندانی رفتار غذایی کودک تغذیه 1. Pitts, N, Baez, R, Diaz- Guallory, C, et al. Early Childhood Caries: IAPD Bangkok Declaration. Int J Paediatr Dent 2019;29:384‐ 386.##2. Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, Estupinan-Day S, Ndiaye C. The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:661-9.##3. Vadiakas G. Case definition, aetiology and risk assessment of early childhood caries (ECC): a revisited review. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2008;9(3):114-25.##4. Roberts M. Dental health of children: where we are today and remaining challenges. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2008;32(3):231-4.##5. Kazerouni K, Mohammadi N, Ansari G, Kamali Z. The effects of socio-economic status on dental caries incidence in a group of primary school children, Tehran-2000. J Dent Sch Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci 2005;22(4):51-9.##6. Ghandehari-Motlagh M, Jahed-Khaniki GR, Adiban H. Investigation of dental caries prevalence among 6-12 year old elementary school children in andimeshk. Iran. J Med Sci 2007;7(1):116-20.##7. Manikam R, Perman JA. Pediatric feeding disorders. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000;30(1):34-46.##8. Lewinsohn PM, Holm‐Denoma JM, Gau JM, Joiner Jr TE, Striegel‐Moore R, Bear P, Lamoureux B. Problematic eating and feeding behaviors of 36‐month‐old children. Int J Eat Disord 2005;38(3):208-19.##9. Wardle J, Guthrie CA, Sanderson S, Rapoport L. Development of the children's eating behaviour questionnaire. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2001;42(7):963-70.##10. Anandakrishna L, Bhargav N, Hegde A, Chandra P, Gaviappa D, Shetty AK. Problematic eating and its association with early childhood caries among 46-71-month-old children using Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ): A cross sectional study. Indian J Dent Res 2014;25(5):602##11. Dasht Bozorgi Z, Askary P. Validity and reliability of the children’s eating behavior questionnaire in Ahvaz city (CEBQ). New Ideas Psychol 2017; 1(2): 34 [in Persian].##12. Nembhwani H, Winnier J. Assessment of problematic eating behaviour and dental caries in children. Balkan J Dent Med 2019;23(2):88-92.##13. Nembhwani H V., Winnier J. Impact of problematic eating behaviour and parental feeding styles on early childhood caries. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2020;30(5):619–25.##14. Santos JL, Ho-Urriola JA, González A, Smalley SV, Domínguez-Vásquez P, Cataldo R, Obregón AM, Amador P, Weisstaub G, Hodgson MI. Association between eating behavior scores and obesity in Chilean children. Nutr J 2011.;10(1):108.##15. Webber L, Hill C, Saxton J, Van Jaarsveld CH, Wardle J. Eating behaviour and weight in children. Int J Obes 2009;33(1):21-8.##16. Farsi DJ, Elkhodary HM, Merdad LA, Farsi NM, Alaki SM, Alamoudi NM, Bakhaidar HA, Alolayyan MA. Prevalence of obesity in elementary school children and its association with dental caries. Saudi Med J 2016;37(12):1387. ##17. Abu El Qomsan MA, Alasqah MN, Alqahtani FA, Alobaydaa MA, Alharbi MM, Kola Z. Intricate Evaluation of Association between Dental Caries and Obesity among the Children in Al-Kharj City (Saudi Arabia). J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(1):29-33. ##18. Alshihri AA, Rogers HJ, Alqahtani MA, Aldossary MS. Association between dental caries and obesity in children and young people: a narrative review. Int J Dent 2019 ;2019.##19. Jamel HA, Sheiham A. The relationship between sweet preference and dental caries in Iraqi school children. Odontostomatol Trop. 1986;9(1): 27–35.##20. Rugg - Gunn AJ, Edgar WM, Jenkins GN. The effect of altering the position of a sugary food in a meal upon the plaque PH in human subjects. J Dent Res 1981;60(5): 867–872.##21. Desor JA, lawrence SG. Preference for sweet in humans: Infants, children and adults. In: Weiffen back JM, editors.Taste and development, The genesis of sweet preference. Maryland, US Department of health and education and welfare public health service national institude of health 1977 .Page:161-73.##22. Karimi_ Shahanjarini A, Makvandi Z, Hazavehee M, Bashirian S, Faradmal J. Assessing related factors of dental health behavior among women who have 2-5 years old children in Hamadan in 2012. Avicenna J Nurs Midwifery Care 2014;21(4):41-51. [in Persian]##1. Pitts, N, Baez, R, Diaz- Guallory, C, et al. Early Childhood Caries: IAPD Bangkok Declaration. Int J Paediatr Dent 2019;29:384‐ 386.##2. Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, Estupinan-Day S, Ndiaye C. The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:661-9.##3. Vadiakas G. Case definition, aetiology and risk assessment of early childhood caries (ECC): a revisited review. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2008;9(3):114-25.##4. Roberts M. Dental health of children: where we are today and remaining challenges. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2008;32(3):231-4.##5. Kazerouni K, Mohammadi N, Ansari G, Kamali Z. The effects of socio-economic status on dental caries incidence in a group of primary school children, Tehran-2000. J Dent Sch Shahid Beheshti Univ Med Sci 2005;22(4):51-9.##6. Ghandehari-Motlagh M, Jahed-Khaniki GR, Adiban H. Investigation of dental caries prevalence among 6-12 year old elementary school children in andimeshk. Iran. J Med Sci 2007;7(1):116-20.##7. Manikam R, Perman JA. Pediatric feeding disorders. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000;30(1):34-46.##8. Lewinsohn PM, Holm‐Denoma JM, Gau JM, Joiner Jr TE, Striegel‐Moore R, Bear P, Lamoureux B. Problematic eating and feeding behaviors of 36‐month‐old children. Int J Eat Disord 2005;38(3):208-19.##9. Wardle J, Guthrie CA, Sanderson S, Rapoport L. Development of the children's eating behaviour questionnaire. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2001;42(7):963-70.##10. Anandakrishna L, Bhargav N, Hegde A, Chandra P, Gaviappa D, Shetty AK. Problematic eating and its association with early childhood caries among 46-71-month-old children using Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ): A cross sectional study. Indian J Dent Res 2014;25(5):602##11. Dasht Bozorgi Z, Askary P. Validity and reliability of the children’s eating behavior questionnaire in Ahvaz city (CEBQ). New Ideas Psychol 2017; 1(2): 34 [in Persian].##12. Nembhwani H, Winnier J. Assessment of problematic eating behaviour and dental caries in children. Balkan J Dent Med 2019;23(2):88-92.##13. Nembhwani H V., Winnier J. Impact of problematic eating behaviour and parental feeding styles on early childhood caries. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2020;30(5):619–25.##14. Santos JL, Ho-Urriola JA, González A, Smalley SV, Domínguez-Vásquez P, Cataldo R, Obregón AM, Amador P, Weisstaub G, Hodgson MI. Association between eating behavior scores and obesity in Chilean children. Nutr J 2011.;10(1):108.##15. Webber L, Hill C, Saxton J, Van Jaarsveld CH, Wardle J. Eating behaviour and weight in children. Int J Obes 2009;33(1):21-8.##16. Farsi DJ, Elkhodary HM, Merdad LA, Farsi NM, Alaki SM, Alamoudi NM, Bakhaidar HA, Alolayyan MA. Prevalence of obesity in elementary school children and its association with dental caries. Saudi Med J 2016;37(12):1387. ##17. Abu El Qomsan MA, Alasqah MN, Alqahtani FA, Alobaydaa MA, Alharbi MM, Kola Z. Intricate Evaluation of Association between Dental Caries and Obesity among the Children in Al-Kharj City (Saudi Arabia). J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(1):29-33. ##18. Alshihri AA, Rogers HJ, Alqahtani MA, Aldossary MS. Association between dental caries and obesity in children and young people: a narrative review. Int J Dent 2019 ;2019.##19. Jamel HA, Sheiham A. The relationship between sweet preference and dental caries in Iraqi school children. Odontostomatol Trop. 1986;9(1): 27–35.##20. Rugg - Gunn AJ, Edgar WM, Jenkins GN. The effect of altering the position of a sugary food in a meal upon the plaque PH in human subjects. J Dent Res 1981;60(5): 867–872.##21. Desor JA, lawrence SG. Preference for sweet in humans: Infants, children and adults. In: Weiffen back JM, editors.Taste and development, The genesis of sweet preference. Maryland, US Department of health and education and welfare public health service national institude of health 1977 .Page:161-73.##22. Karimi_ Shahanjarini A, Makvandi Z, Hazavehee M, Bashirian S, Faradmal J. Assessing related factors of dental health behavior among women who have 2-5 years old children in Hamadan in 2012. Avicenna J Nurs Midwifery Care 2014;21(4):41-51. [in Persian] ##

بررسی ارتباط بین کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت دهان و دندان با شاخص های PUFA/pufa ,DMFT/dmft در کودکان 8-10 سال شهر کرمانشاه در سال 1397 Correlation between PUFA/pufa, DMFT/dmft indexes and socioeconomic status indicators of Kermanshah's schoolchildren aged 8-10 in 2018 1 1 مقدمه: پوسیدگیهای دندانی به عنوان یکی از گسترده ترین بیماریهای مزمن و یکی از شایعترین بیماریهای دوران کودکی به خصوص در میان جمعیتهای با شرایط اجتماعی، اقتصادی و فرهنگی نامطلوب است. هدف از انجام این مطالعه تعیین ارتباط بین کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت دهان و دندان (CPQ)با شاخص)  PUFAپاپول، زخم، فیستول (در کودکان 10-8 سال  شهر کرمانشاه در سال 1397 بود. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه تحلیلی مقطعی 559 دانش آموز از نواحی 2،1 و 3 آموزش پرورش شهر کرمانشاه در سال 1397 با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری چند مرحله ای انتخاب شدند. جمع آوری اطلاعات از طریق فرم اطلاعات دموگرافیک، پرسشنامه CPQو معاینه ی بالینی انجام گرفت. تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار  SPSSنسخه 25 وآماره های توصیفی (میانگین، انحراف معیار، فراوانی و درصد و آزمون همبستگی پیرسون، تی مستقل و تحلیل واریانس یکطرفه) انجام شد. یافته ها: بین مقیاس CPQبا شاخص PUFAو dmft ارتباط مستقیم و معناداری وجود داشت ( p<0.05). بین شاخص PUFAو  dmft نیز ارتباط مستقیم و معناداری مشاهده شد  ( p<0.05) .براساس یافته ها بین شاخص PUFAو DMFTارتباط معناداری یافت نشد. بین میانگین CPQ برحسب جنسیت نیز اختلاف معناداری وجود داشت. کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت دهان و دندان در دانش آموزان دختر بالاتر بود. نتیجه گیری: بررسی همبستگی بین کیفیت زندگی کودکان و میزان dmftو PUFAنشان می دهد که هرچه نمره CPQ و مشکلات سلامت دهان و دندان بیشتر می شود میزان dmft و PUFA  افزایش می یابد. 2 Introduction: Dental caries are recognized as one of the most common chronic diseases and one of the most common childhood diseases, especially among populations with unfavorable social, economic and cultural conditions. The aim of this study was to  determine the relationship between oral and dental health (CPQ) quality of life with PUFA (Pulpal involvement, ulceration, fistula and abscess) in children aged 8-10 years in Kermanshah in 2018 year.                                       Materials and Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, 559 students from 1,2,3 educational districts in Kermanshah city in 2012 were selected by multistage sampling. Data were gathered through a demographic information form, a CPQ questionnaire, and a clinical examination. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25 and descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency and percent), Pearson correlation, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA. Results:  There was a direct and significant correlation between CP Q and PUFA and dmft index (P <0.05). There was a direct and significant correlation between PUFA and dmft (P <0.05). No significant relationship was found between PUFA and DMFT(P >0.05). There was a significant difference between the average CPQ in terms of sex. The quality of life associated with oral health was higher in male students.Conclusion: The correlation between the quality of life of children and the level of dmft and PUFA showed that the higher CPQ score, and oral health problems, such as pain, eating and talking, increase the levels of dmft and PUFA.   81 97 2021/09/282021/09/282021/09/282021/09/282021/09/282021/09/282021/09/282021/09/28 1400/7/6 2021/09/232021/09/232021/09/232021/09/232021/09/232021/09/232021/09/232021/09/23 1400/7/1 شکوفه نوبهار Sh Nobahar Iran ایران لیلا سیمائی L Simaei Iran ایران صبا حشمتی S Heshmati Iran ایران سودابه اسکندری S Eskandari Iran ایران Children Quality of Life Oral Health dmft PUFA KermanshahIn کودکان کیفیت زندگی سلامت دهان و دندان dmft PUFAکرمانشاه 1) Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century–the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. 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J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2013;4(1):29-38##7) Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, Ekstrand K, Weintraub JA, Ramos-Gomez F, et al. Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;25(3):17030.##8) Pourat N, Nicholson G. Unaffordable dental care is linked to frequent school absences.UCLA cent Health Policy Res 2009; (PB2009-10):1-6.##9) Sheller B, Churchill SS, Williams BJ, Davidson B. Body mass index of children with severe early childhood caries. Ped dent. 2009;31(3):216-21.##10) Figuero E, Nobrega DF, García‐Gargallo M, Tenuta LM, Herrera D, Carvalho JC. Mechanical and chemical plaque control in the simultaneous management of gingivitis and caries: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44:S116-S134.##11) Frencken J, de Amorim RG, Faber J, Leal SC. The Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST) index: rational and development. Int Dent J. 2011;61(3):117-23.##12) Monse B, Heinrich‐Weltzien R, Benzian H, Holmgren C, van Palenstein Helderman W. PUFA–an index of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2010;38(1):77-82.##13) Mota-Veloso I, Soares MEC, Alencar BM, Marques LS, Ramos-Jorge ML, Ramos-Jorge J. Impact of untreated dental caries and its clinical consequences on the oral health-related quality of life of schoolchildren aged 8–10 years. Qual Life Res. 2016;25(1):193-9.##14) Locker D, Allen F. What do measures of ‘oral health‐related quality of life’measure? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007;35(6):401-11.##15) Jabarifar SE, khadem P, Ahmadi S, Haji Ahmadi M, Nilchian F. Assessment of psychometric projection of the Persian version of the child perception questionnaire(CPQ8-10) in 8-10 year old students in Isfahan. J Isfahan Dent Sch. [Internet]. 2021;6(5).##16) Brown A, Al‐Khayal Z. Validity and reliability of the Arabic translation of the child oral‐health‐related quality of life questionnaire (CPQ11− 14) in Saudi Arabia. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2006;16(6):405-11.##17) Marques LS, Ramos-Jorge ML, Paiva SM, Pordeus IA. Malocclusion: esthetic impact and quality of life among Brazilian schoolchildren. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129(3):424-7.##18) Malele-Kolisa Y, Yengopal V, Igumbor J, Nqcobo CB, Ralephenya TR. Systematic review of factors influencing oral health-related quality of life in children in Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2019;11(1):1-12.##19) Thomson WM, Broder HL. Oral–Health–Related Quality of Life in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2018;65(5):1073-84. ##20) Liu Z, McGrath C, Hägg U. The impact of malocclusion/orthodontic treatment need on the quality of life: a systematic review. Angle Orthod . 2009;79(3):585-91.##21) Abanto J, Carvalho TS, Mendes FM, Wanderley MT, Bönecker M, Raggio DP. Impact of oral diseases and disorders on oral health‐related quality of life of preschool children. 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Assessment of psychometric projection of the Persian version of the child perception questionnaire(CPQ8-10) in 8-10 year old students in Isfahan. J Isfahan Dent Sch. [Internet]. 2021;6(5).##16) Brown A, Al‐Khayal Z. Validity and reliability of the Arabic translation of the child oral‐health‐related quality of life questionnaire (CPQ11− 14) in Saudi Arabia. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2006;16(6):405-11.##17) Marques LS, Ramos-Jorge ML, Paiva SM, Pordeus IA. Malocclusion: esthetic impact and quality of life among Brazilian schoolchildren. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129(3):424-7.##18) Malele-Kolisa Y, Yengopal V, Igumbor J, Nqcobo CB, Ralephenya TR. Systematic review of factors influencing oral health-related quality of life in children in Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2019;11(1):1-12.##19) Thomson WM, Broder HL. Oral–Health–Related Quality of Life in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2018;65(5):1073-84. ##20) Liu Z, McGrath C, Hägg U. The impact of malocclusion/orthodontic treatment need on the quality of life: a systematic review. Angle Orthod . 2009;79(3):585-91.##21) Abanto J, Carvalho TS, Mendes FM, Wanderley MT, Bönecker M, Raggio DP. Impact of oral diseases and disorders on oral health‐related quality of life of preschool children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2011;39(2):105-14.##22) Torres CS, Paiva SM, Vale MP, Pordeus IA, Ramos-Jorge ML, Oliveira AC, et al. Psychometric properties of the brazilian version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ 11–14)–Short Forms. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2009;17(7):43.##23) Praveen BH, Prathibha B, Reddy PP, Monica M, Samba A, Rajesh R. Co relation between PUFA index and oral health related quality of life of a rural population in India: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(1):ZC39-42.##24) Sahba S, Ghadimi S, Talaeipour A, Hadad P, Zou AE. The efficacy of iranian made saliva substitute vs. va-oralube in improvement of oral health-related quality of life in radiotherapy-induced xerostomia. Journal of Dental School Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science[online] 2009; 27(3(81)):136-145.##25) Pashaii V, Relation between dmft and pufa indices with child's quality of life in a group of 3-6 year old residing in Tabriz, Iran. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Thesis for Graduate Dental Degree, No:602634, 2018##26) Gradella CM, Bernabé E, Bönecker M, Oliveira LB. Caries prevalence and severity, and quality of life in Brazilian 2‐to 4‐year‐old children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2011;39(6):498-504.##27) Alsumait A, ElSalhy M, Raine K, Cor K, Gokiert R, Al-Mutawa S, et al. Impact of dental health on children’s oral health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;7(13):98.##28) Nilchian F, Jabbarifar SE, Larijani M, Navaei H. Evaluation of the impact of children’s oral health on their family quality of life in Amol, Iran. J Isfahan Dent Sch. 2013;662-668 ##29) Fakhruddin KS, Lawrence HP, Kenny DJ, Locker D. Impact of treated and untreated dental injuries on the quality of life of Ontario school children. Dent Traumatol. 2008;24(3):309-13.##30) Ilma de Souza Cortes M, Marcenes W, Sheiham A. Impact of traumatic injuries to the permanent teeth on the oral health‐related quality of life in 12–14‐year‐old children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002;30(3):193-8. ##