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ارزیابی آگاهی و نحوه عملکرد والدین درمواجهه با آسیب های دندانی کودکان 12 -7 ساله مراجعه کننده به بخش کودکان دانشکده دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گلستان Evaluation of Parent's knowledge and Attitude Toward Dental Trauma in 7-12 Years old Children Referred to Pediatric Department of Dental School, Golestan University of Medical Sciences 1 1 مقدمه: صدمات دندانی از شایع ترین مشکلات دندانی درکودکان است که اثرقابل ملاحظه ای برسلامت روانی و جسمی کودک دارند.از آنجایی که والدین جزو اولین کسانی هستندکه درمحل حادثه حضور می یابند، آگاهی آنها ازاقدامات اورژانسی،تأثیر به سزایی درپیش آگهی این دندانها دارد.هدف این مطالعه ارزیابی آگاهی ونحوه عملکردوالدین درمواجهه با آسیبهای دندانی کودکان12-7 ساله مراجعه کننده به دانشکده دندانپزشکی گرگان بود.                                       مواد وروش ها: دراین مطالعه توصیفی- مقطعی،225 پرسشنامه استاندارد بین والدین کودکان مراجعه کننده به دانشکده دندانپزشکی  توزیع شد.پرسشنامه شامل4 بخش: اطلاعات دموگرافیک،اجتماعی،اورژانسی صدمات دهان ودندان و پیشگیری وکنترل تروما بود. برای بررسی ارتباط میانگین آگاهی باجنسیت،از T-testاستفاده شدو باآزمون ANOVA ،ارتباط بین میانگین نمره آگاهی والدین باهریک ازمتغیرهای سن، تحصیلات وتعداد فرزندان مورد بررسی قرارگرفت.(pvalue <0.05 ) یافته ها: میانگین نمره آگاهی والدین، 9/1±3/3 از13نمره محاسبه شدکه بین مادران وپدران تفاوت معنی داری وجود نداشت.همچنین اختلاف معنی داری بین سن والدین وتعداد فرزندانشان با آگاهی آنها یافت نگردید.ارتباط  مستقیم معناداری بین وضعیت تحصیلی والدین و نمره آگاهی نسبت به آسیب های دندانی مشاهده شد(pvalue=0.05). 48% ازوالدین،تاکنون هیچگونه اطلاعاتی درزمینه آسیب های دندانی کسب نکرده بودند،88% از والدین،تمایل به یادگیری کمکهای اولیه دررابطه با ضربات دهان و دندان داشتند. نتیجه گیری: والدین نقش مهمی درمواجهه با آسیب های دندانی کودکان و کنترل آن دارند. باتوجه به میانگین نمره آگاهی بدست آمده،اطلاعات والدین از آسیب های دندانی ناکافی است.فراهم کردن شرایط برای آموزش والدین در زمینه آسیب های تروماتیک، می تواند موجب اقدام به موقع و صحیح در محل حادثه ، بهبود پیش آگهی درمان و درنتیجه کاهش عوارض وهزینه های احتمالی شود.   2 Introduction: Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) are one of the most common dental problems in children and adolescents. Since parents are among the first to attend the scene of the accident, their knowledge of dental traumatic injuries management has a significant impact on the prognosis of these teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate parental knowledge and attitude toward dental trauma in 7-12 years old children referred to pediatric department of dental school, Golestan university of medical sciences. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study questionnaire forms were distributed among 225 parents. Questionnaire contained 4 parts: demographic characteristics, social information, knowledge regarding traumatic dental injuries and their emergency management, and prevention approach towards dental trauma. The data was collected and analyzed using t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). A significance level was considered.   Results: The mean parental knowledge was 3.3  of 13. A significant difference was observed between parental knowledge and educational level (P-value=0/04). However, no significant difference was found between parental knowledge and age, gender and number of children. According to the results, 48% of parents had not received any information regarding dental trauma. Most of the parents (88%) were willing to attend an educational program about management of dental trauma. Conclusion: Parents play an important role in control and management of children's dental injuries. According to the average knowledge score obtained in this study, parents' knowledge about dental injuries is insufficient, which emphasizes the need to increase the awareness regarding dental traumatic injuries.   1 11 2022/09/1 1401/6/10 2022/09/1 1401/6/10 پردیس بیضایی P Beyzaei Iran ایران نسیم سیفی N Seyfi Iran ایران آگاهی صدمات دندانی والدین 1)Kahabuka FK, Plasschaert A, Van't Hof M. Prevalence of teeth with untreated dental trauma among nursery and primary school pupils in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Dent Traumatol. 2001;17(3):109-13.##2) Petersson EE, Andersson L, Sörensen S. Traumatic oral vs non-oral injuries. Swed Dent J. 1997;21(1-2):55-68.##3) Murali K, Krishnan R, Kumar VS, Shanmugam S, Rajasundharam P. Knowledge, attitude, and perception of mothers towards emergency management of dental trauma in Salem district, Tamil Nadu: a questionnaire study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2014;32(3):202-6.##4) Andreasen JO. Etiology and pathogenesis of traumatic dental injuries A clinical study of 1,298 cases. Eur J Oral Sci. 1970;78(1‐4):329-42.##5) Jokovic A, Locker D, Stephens M, Kenny D, Tompson B, Guyatt G. Validity and reliability of a questionnaire for measuring child oral-health-related quality of life. J Dent Res. 2002;81(7):459-63.####6) Siqueira MB, Firmino RT, Clementino MA, Martins CC, Granville-Garcia AF, Paiva SM. Impact of traumatic dental injury on the quality of life of Brazilian preschool children. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10(12):6422-41.##7) Prathyusha P, Harshini T, Haripriya B, Pramod IJ, Swathi K, Samyuktha CL. Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Avulsion and Its Immediate Treatment in School Teachers in Bangalore City (South). J Int Oral Health. 2015;7(8):93-7.##8) Ozer S, Yilmaz EI, Bayrak S, Tunc ES. Parental knowledge and attitudes regarding the emergency treatment of avulsed permanent teeth. Eur J Dent. 2012;6(4):370-5.##9) Jabarifar E, Khadem P, Heidari M, Javadinejad S, Nobahar S, Haji Ahmadi M. Evaluation of awareness of mothers about individual and environmental risk factors of dental trauma and prevention in 8–12-year-old children and their relationship with children’s daily life. J Isfahan Dent Sch. 2011;6(5):574-87.##10) Mirhadi H, Moazami F, Yousefipour B, Golkari A. Designing a standard Persian questionnaire to evaluate knowledge of school hygiene instructors about dental trauma. J Isfahan Dent Sch.2014;10(2):135-44.##11)Avery DR, McDonald RE. Dentistry for the child and adolescent. 8th ed: Mosby; 2004. chapter21.##12) Shahnaseri S, Mousavi SA, Jafari N. Evaluation of Knowledge of Parents of Children Aged 8-12 Years about Traumatic Avulsed Teeth in Isfahan in 2016. J Mash Dent Sch. 2017;41(1):41-50.##13) Quaranta A, De Giglio O, Trerotoli P, Vaccaro S, Napoli C, Montagna MT, Caggiano G. Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior concerning dental trauma among parents of children attending primary school. Ann Ig. 2016;28(6):450-459.##14) Quaranta A, De Giglio O, Coretti C, Vaccaro S, Barbuti G, Strohmenger L. What do parents know about dental trauma among school-age children? A pilot study. Ann Ig. 2014;26(5):443-6. ##15) Al-Obaida M. Knowledge and management of traumatic dental injuries in a group of Saudi primary schools’ teachers. Dent Traumatol. 2010;26(4):338-41.##16) Kaul R, Jain P, Angrish P, Saha S, Patra TK, Saha N, Mitra M. Knowledge, Awareness and Attitude towards Emergency Management of Dental Trauma among the Parents of Kolkata-An Institutional Study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(7): ZC95-ZC101.##17) Abdellatif AM, Hegazy SA. Knowledge of emergency management of avulsed teeth among a sample of Egyptian parents. J Adv Res. 2011;2(2):157-62.##18) Kamali A, Kashani AT, Hydarpoor M. Primary school health teachers’ knowledge regarding the emergency treatment of avulsed permanent teeth in Hamadan. J Dent Med. 2016;29(2):129-35.##19) Sanu OO, Utomi IL. Parental awareness of emergency management of avulsion of permanent teeth of children in Lagos, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2005;12(2):115-20.##1)Kahabuka FK, Plasschaert A, Van't Hof M. Prevalence of teeth with untreated dental trauma among nursery and primary school pupils in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Dent Traumatol. 2001;17(3):109-13.##2) Petersson EE, Andersson L, Sörensen S. Traumatic oral vs non-oral injuries. Swed Dent J. 1997;21(1-2):55-68.##3) Murali K, Krishnan R, Kumar VS, Shanmugam S, Rajasundharam P. Knowledge, attitude, and perception of mothers towards emergency management of dental trauma in Salem district, Tamil Nadu: a questionnaire study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2014;32(3):202-6.##4) Andreasen JO. Etiology and pathogenesis of traumatic dental injuries A clinical study of 1,298 cases. Eur J Oral Sci. 1970;78(1‐4):329-42.##5) Jokovic A, Locker D, Stephens M, Kenny D, Tompson B, Guyatt G. Validity and reliability of a questionnaire for measuring child oral-health-related quality of life. J Dent Res. 2002;81(7):459-63.####6) Siqueira MB, Firmino RT, Clementino MA, Martins CC, Granville-Garcia AF, Paiva SM. Impact of traumatic dental injury on the quality of life of Brazilian preschool children. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10(12):6422-41.##7) Prathyusha P, Harshini T, Haripriya B, Pramod IJ, Swathi K, Samyuktha CL. Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Avulsion and Its Immediate Treatment in School Teachers in Bangalore City (South). J Int Oral Health. 2015;7(8):93-7.##8) Ozer S, Yilmaz EI, Bayrak S, Tunc ES. Parental knowledge and attitudes regarding the emergency treatment of avulsed permanent teeth. Eur J Dent. 2012;6(4):370-5.##9) Jabarifar E, Khadem P, Heidari M, Javadinejad S, Nobahar S, Haji Ahmadi M. Evaluation of awareness of mothers about individual and environmental risk factors of dental trauma and prevention in 8–12-year-old children and their relationship with children’s daily life. J Isfahan Dent Sch. 2011;6(5):574-87.##10) Mirhadi H, Moazami F, Yousefipour B, Golkari A. Designing a standard Persian questionnaire to evaluate knowledge of school hygiene instructors about dental trauma. J Isfahan Dent Sch.2014;10(2):135-44.##11)Avery DR, McDonald RE. Dentistry for the child and adolescent. 8th ed: Mosby; 2004. chapter21.##12) Shahnaseri S, Mousavi SA, Jafari N. Evaluation of Knowledge of Parents of Children Aged 8-12 Years about Traumatic Avulsed Teeth in Isfahan in 2016. J Mash Dent Sch. 2017;41(1):41-50.##13) Quaranta A, De Giglio O, Trerotoli P, Vaccaro S, Napoli C, Montagna MT, Caggiano G. Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior concerning dental trauma among parents of children attending primary school. Ann Ig. 2016;28(6):450-459.##14) Quaranta A, De Giglio O, Coretti C, Vaccaro S, Barbuti G, Strohmenger L. What do parents know about dental trauma among school-age children? A pilot study. Ann Ig. 2014;26(5):443-6. ##15) Al-Obaida M. Knowledge and management of traumatic dental injuries in a group of Saudi primary schools’ teachers. Dent Traumatol. 2010;26(4):338-41.##16) Kaul R, Jain P, Angrish P, Saha S, Patra TK, Saha N, Mitra M. Knowledge, Awareness and Attitude towards Emergency Management of Dental Trauma among the Parents of Kolkata-An Institutional Study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(7): ZC95-ZC101.##17) Abdellatif AM, Hegazy SA. Knowledge of emergency management of avulsed teeth among a sample of Egyptian parents. J Adv Res. 2011;2(2):157-62.##18) Kamali A, Kashani AT, Hydarpoor M. Primary school health teachers’ knowledge regarding the emergency treatment of avulsed permanent teeth in Hamadan. J Dent Med. 2016;29(2):129-35.##19) Sanu OO, Utomi IL. Parental awareness of emergency management of avulsion of permanent teeth of children in Lagos, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2005;12(2):115-20. ##

درمان دندانپزشکی کودک مبتلا به طیف اختلال اوتیسم تحت بیهوشی عمومی: گزارش مورد Single Visit Dental Management of a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder Under General Anesthesia: a case report 1 1 کودکان نیازمند مراقبت‌های سلامتی خاص، درمان های دندانپزشکی کمتری نسبت به جمعیت عمومی دریافت می کنند و در طول زندگی در معرض خطر افزایش یافته‌ی بیماری‌های دهان و دندان قرار دارند. طیف اختلال اوتیسم (Autism Spectrum Disorder) به گروهی از اختلالات تکاملی عصبی شامل اختلال اجتماعی و نقص در ارتباط در کنار کلیشه های رفتاری تکراری و محدود اشاره دارد. کنترل کودک مبتلا به اوتیسم در خلال درمان دندانپزشکی نیازمند درک جامع از اختلال و تکنیک های هدایت رفتاری مختلف می باشد. در این مطالعه درمان کامل دندانی بیمار ۱۰ ساله ی مبتلا به اوتیسم، فیستول شریانی وریدی ریوی و تشنج که به دلیل عدم همکاری کودک و مشکلات رفتاری و پزشکی متعدد تحت بیهوشی عمومی صورت گرفته، ارائه شده است. درمان دندانپزشکی یک جلسه ای تحت بیهوشی عمومی گزینه ی مناسبی جهت درمان بیماران مبتلا به اوتیسم می باشد.   2 Children with special health care needs receive less oral care than the normal population and they are at an increased risk for oral diseases throughout their lifetime. Autism Spectrum Disorder [ASD] refers to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders which include social and communicational impairments along with restricted or repetitive behavioral stereotypes. Dental management of an autistic child requires a comprehensive understanding of the disorder and various behavior guidance techniques. This study presents a single visit full mouth rehabilitation of a 10-year-old autistic child with history of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula and seizure under general anesthesia regarding uncooperative behavior and multiple medical and behavioral problems, which made the dental treatment extremely difficult. It appears that single visit dental treatment under general anesthesia is a good alternative for autistic pediatric patients.   12 18 2022/09/12022/09/1 1401/6/10 2022/09/12022/09/1 1401/6/10 مسعود فلاحی نژاد قاجاری M Fallahinejad Ghajari Iran ایران احمد اقبالی A Eghbali Iran ایران لیلا افتخار L Eftekhar Iran ایران Autism Spectrum Disorder Dental management General Anesthesia Oral Rehabilitation طیف اختلال اوتیسم درمان دندانپزشکی بیهوشی عمومی بازسازی دندانی .Loo CY, Graham RM, Hughes CV. Behaviour guidance in dental treatment of patients with autism spectrum disorder. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2009;1(6):390-8.##2.McDonald R. E. ADR, Dean J. A. McDonald and Avery's dentistry for the child and adolescent. ed t, editor: Mosby/Elsevier; 2016.##3.Schieve LA RC, Boyle C, Visser SN, Blumberg SJ. Mental health in the United States: parental report of diagnosed autism in children aged 4–17 years United States, 2003–2004. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006; 55: 481–486.##4.Chandrashekhar S, Bommangoudar J. Management of Autistic Patients in Dental Office: A Clinical Update. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2018;1(3):219-27.##5.Jayachandra S. Is secretin effective in treatment for autism spectrum disorders [ASD]? Int J Psychiatry Med. 2005;35(1):99-101.##6.Williams G, King J, Cunningham M, Stephan M, Kerr B, Hersh JH. Fetal valproate syndrome and autism: additional evidence of an association. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001;43(3):202-6.##7.Dhillon S, Hellings JA, Butler MG. Genetics and mitochondrial abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: a review. Curr Genomics. 2011;12(5):322-32.##8.Sandin S, Hultman CM, Kolevzon A, Gross R, MacCabe JH, Reichenberg A. Advancing maternal age is associated with increasing risk for autism: a review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;51(5):477-86.e1.##9.Mochamant I-G, Fotopoulos I, Zouloumis L. Dental Management of Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Balk J Dent Med. 2015;19: 124-127.##10.Jaber MA. Dental caries experience, oral health status and treatment needs of dental patients with autism. J Appl Oral Sci. 2011;19(3):212-7.##11.Kopel HM. The autistic child in dental practice. ASDC J Dent Child. 1977;44[4]:302-9.##12.Udhya J VM, Parthiban J, Srinivasan I. Autism Disorder [AD]: An Updated Review for Paediatric Dentists. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(2):275-9.##13.Muthu MS, Prathibha KM. Management of a child with autism and severe bruxism: a case report. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2008;26(2):82-4.##14.Altun C, Guven G, Yorbik O, Acikel C. Dental injuries in autistic patients. Pediatr Dent 2010;32(4):343-6.##15.Kamen S, Skier J. Dental management of the autistic child. Special care in dentistry : official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry. 1985;5(1):20-3.##16.Lovaas OI. Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. J Consult Clin Psychol. 987;55(1):3-9.##17.Delli K, Reichart PA, Bornstein MM, Livas C. Management of children with autism spectrum disorder in the dental setting: concerns, behavioural approaches and recommendations. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal . 2013;18(6):e862-8.##18.Hernandez P, Ikkanda Z. Applied behavior analysis: behavior management of children with autism spectrum disorders in dental environments. J Am Dent Assoc [1939]. 2011;142(3):281-7.##19.Nelson LP, Getzin A, Graham D, Zhou J, Wagle EM, McQuiston J, et al. Unmet dental needs and barriers to care for children with significant special health care needs. Pediatr Dent. 2011;33(1):29-36.##20. Choi J, Doh RM. Dental treatment under general anesthesia for patients with severe disabilities. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2021;21(2):87-98. ##21. Tran J, Chen JW, Trapp L, McCormack L. An Investigation of the Long and Short Term Behavioral Effects of General Anesthesia on Pediatric Dental Patients With Autism. Front Oral Health. 2021 17;2:679946.##.Loo CY, Graham RM, Hughes CV. Behaviour guidance in dental treatment of patients with autism spectrum disorder. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2009;1(6):390-8.##2.McDonald R. E. ADR, Dean J. A. McDonald and Avery's dentistry for the child and adolescent. ed t, editor: Mosby/Elsevier; 2016.##3.Schieve LA RC, Boyle C, Visser SN, Blumberg SJ. Mental health in the United States: parental report of diagnosed autism in children aged 4–17 years United States, 2003–2004. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006; 55: 481–486.##4.Chandrashekhar S, Bommangoudar J. Management of Autistic Patients in Dental Office: A Clinical Update. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2018;1(3):219-27.##5.Jayachandra S. Is secretin effective in treatment for autism spectrum disorders [ASD]? Int J Psychiatry Med. 2005;35(1):99-101.##6.Williams G, King J, Cunningham M, Stephan M, Kerr B, Hersh JH. Fetal valproate syndrome and autism: additional evidence of an association. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001;43(3):202-6.##7.Dhillon S, Hellings JA, Butler MG. Genetics and mitochondrial abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: a review. Curr Genomics. 2011;12(5):322-32.##8.Sandin S, Hultman CM, Kolevzon A, Gross R, MacCabe JH, Reichenberg A. Advancing maternal age is associated with increasing risk for autism: a review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;51(5):477-86.e1.##9.Mochamant I-G, Fotopoulos I, Zouloumis L. Dental Management of Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Balk J Dent Med. 2015;19: 124-127.##10.Jaber MA. Dental caries experience, oral health status and treatment needs of dental patients with autism. J Appl Oral Sci. 2011;19(3):212-7.##11.Kopel HM. The autistic child in dental practice. ASDC J Dent Child. 1977;44[4]:302-9.##12.Udhya J VM, Parthiban J, Srinivasan I. Autism Disorder [AD]: An Updated Review for Paediatric Dentists. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(2):275-9.##13.Muthu MS, Prathibha KM. Management of a child with autism and severe bruxism: a case report. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2008;26(2):82-4.##14.Altun C, Guven G, Yorbik O, Acikel C. Dental injuries in autistic patients. Pediatr Dent 2010;32(4):343-6.##15.Kamen S, Skier J. Dental management of the autistic child. Special care in dentistry : official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry. 1985;5(1):20-3.##16.Lovaas OI. Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. J Consult Clin Psychol. 987;55(1):3-9.##17.Delli K, Reichart PA, Bornstein MM, Livas C. Management of children with autism spectrum disorder in the dental setting: concerns, behavioural approaches and recommendations. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal . 2013;18(6):e862-8.##18.Hernandez P, Ikkanda Z. Applied behavior analysis: behavior management of children with autism spectrum disorders in dental environments. J Am Dent Assoc [1939]. 2011;142(3):281-7.##19.Nelson LP, Getzin A, Graham D, Zhou J, Wagle EM, McQuiston J, et al. Unmet dental needs and barriers to care for children with significant special health care needs. Pediatr Dent. 2011;33(1):29-36.##20. Choi J, Doh RM. Dental treatment under general anesthesia for patients with severe disabilities. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2021;21(2):87-98. ##21. Tran J, Chen JW, Trapp L, McCormack L. An Investigation of the Long and Short Term Behavioral Effects of General Anesthesia on Pediatric Dental Patients With Autism. Front Oral Health. 2021 17;2:679946. ##

بررسی زمان و ترتیب رویش دندانهای سانترال و اولین مولر دائمی فک پایین در کودکان 8- 5 ساله شهر تهران Investigating the time and order of eruption of permanent mandibular central and first molar in 5-8 years old children in Tehran 1 1 مقدمه: دانش کافی درمورد زمان و ترتیب صحیح رویش دندانهای دائمی کودکان می تواند در تشخیص به موقع ناهنجاریها و طرح درمان مناسب درکودکان تاثیر بسزایی داشته باشد . براساس دانش ما اطلاعات محدودی در زمینه رویش این دندان ها در شهر تهران وجود دارد. مواد و روش ها : این تحقیق از نوع توصیفی و به روش مقطعی است، به صورت تصادفی دو منطقه (5 و 16) از بین مناطق 19 گانه آموزش و پرورش شهر تهران انتخاب شدند .پرسشنامه طراحی شده با معاینه 1116 نفر دانش آموز 5 تا 8سال و 11 ماه تکمیل شد. آزمون آماری (کای دو) جهت بررسی عوامل مرتبط از قبیل سن و جنس و آزمون آماری (Confidence .Interval) برای بررسی زمان رویش دندانهای مطالعه شده، مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. یافته ها :  میانگین سن رویش مولر اول دائمی فک پایین در دختران 9/0 ± 7/6ودر پسران  7/0 ±  9/6   و میانگین سن رویش دندان سانترال دائمی فک پایین در دختران  8/0± 8/6  و در پسران 9/0± 2/7  بود. کمترین سن رویش مربوط به دندان مولر اول دائمی فک پایین در دختران و بیشترین سن رویش مربوط به سانترال دائمی فک پایین در پسران، بوده است. نتیجه گیری:  در دختران و پسران دندانهای مولر اول دائمی فک پایین زودتر از سانترال دائمی فک پایین رویش یافت و زمان رویش این دندانها در دختران زودتر از پسران بود. دندان مولر اول دائمی فک پایین در دختران کمترین میانگین سن رویش و  سانترال دائمی فک پایین در پسران ، بیشترین میانگین سن رویش را داشت.   2 Introduction: knowledge about the correct timing of eruption in children can have a significant impact on the diagnosis of abnormalities in children. There is limited information about eruption of teeth in Tehran. In this study, the time and order of eruption  of permanent mandibular central and first molar in students aged 5-8 years in Tehran were determined. Materials and Methods: To conduct this descriptive and cross sectional research, two regions (5 and 16) were randomly selected from 19 educational districts of Tehran .A designed questionnaire was completed by examining 1116 students aged 5 to 8 years and 11 months. The statistical test (chi 2) was used to investigate the related factors such as age and sex and (Confidence .Interval) was used to evaluate the time of eruption. Results: The mean time of permanent mandibular first molar eruption in girls was 6.7 ± 0.9 and in boys 6.9 ± 0.7 and the average time of permanent mandibular central eruption in girls was 6.8 ± 0.8 and in boys was7.2 ± 0.9. The lowest age was related to the permanent mandibular first molar in girls and the highest age was related to the permanent mandibular centrals in boys. Conclusion: In girls and boys, permanent mandibular first molar erupted earlier than permanent mandibular central And the time of eruption of these teeth in girls was earlier than boys. Permanent mandibular first molar had the lowest mean age of eruption in girls and permanent mandibular central had the highest mean age of eruption in boys.   19 25 2022/09/12022/09/12022/09/1 1401/6/10 2022/09/12022/09/12022/09/1 1401/6/10 محیا رحمانی اندبیلی M Rahmani Andabili Iran ایران سپیده مجذوبی S Majzoubi Iran ایران علی رشیدیان A Rashidian ایران eruption time central molar mandible. زمان رویش سانترال مولر فک پایین 1.Garn SM‌, Lewis AB ,Kerew sky RS . Genetic ,nutritional and maturational correlates of dental development . J Dent Res .1965;44:228-42.##2.Harila Kaera V, Heikkinen T‌, Alvesalo L. The eruption of permanent incisors and first molars in prematurely born children. Eur J Orthod .2003;25(3):293-9.##3. Dean JA, Avery DR, McDonald RE. Dentistry for child and adolecent .11th ed .philadelphia: Elsivier saunders ; 2022 . p .405. ##4. Feraru V‌, Raducanu AM . Statistical determination of the sequence and chronology of the eruption of the first permanent molars and incisors in Romanian children. JAQM. 2011;6:88-93.##5. Bayrak S ,Sen Tunc E, Tuloglu N, Acikgoz A. Timing of permanent teeth eruption in Turkish children.. J clin Pediatr Dent. 2012;37(2):207-211.##6. Ghasempour M, Moslemi M , Haji Ahmadi M, Pouladi M .Survey of the time and order of eruption of Permanent Teeth of 4-14 years in Torkman children in Gonbad Kavous city 2003. Journal of Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 2005 ; 22(4):663-674. ##7. Schour L ,Massler m. The development of the human dentition . J Am Dent Assoc. 1941;28:11-53.##8.Cochran W G. Sampling techniques . 3 th ed. . New York : Wiley ; 1991 . p.448 ##9.Nawazchohan A , Bashir Khan N , Al Nahedh U, Bin Hassan M, AL sufyani N . Eruption time of permanent first molars and incisors among female primary school children of RIYADH. JDUHS. . 2007;1(2):53-58.##10. Upadhyay S ,Shrestha R, Shrestha D, Poudyal S. Permanent teeth Emergence time and sequence in children of Kavre District, Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J . 2016;55(3):269-273.##11. Gupta R, Sivapathasundharam B‌, Einstein A. Eruption age of permanent mandibular first molars and central incisors in the south indian population. Indian. J Dent Res.2007;18(4):186-189.####12. Abdulhammed MK, Ibrahim Sood L, AL_Taee ZH .Eruption Time Estimation of permanent 1st Molar,Central and Lateral Incisors in 5.5-10 Years Age children at AI Ramadi City /Iraq. Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences.2016;4:124-128.##13. Moyers RE. Handbook of orthodontics.4th ed. Chicago: Mosby ; 1988.##14. Logan WHG, Kronfeld R. Development of the human jaws and surrounding structures from birth to age fifteen . J Am Dent Assoc. 1933; 20:379-384.##15. Jain M, Jain L, Mathur A, Paiwal K , Prabu D, Kulkarni S, Tanagade PS. Effect of Cariogenic Food Exposure on Prevalence of Dental caries among fee and non-fee paying school children Udaipur,India. Pesq Bras Odontoped clin Integr. 2010;10(3):331-336.##16. de Carvalho Carrara CF, de Oliveira Lima JE, Carrara CE, Gonzalez Vono B. Chronology and sequence of eruption of the permanent teeth in patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2004;41(6):642-5.##17. López-Gómez SA, Villalobos-Rodelo JJ, Ávila-Burgos L, Casanova-Rosado JF, Vallejos-Sánchez AA, Lucas-Rincón SE, Patiño-Marín N, Medina-Solís CE. Relationship between premature loss of primary teeth with oral hygiene, consumption of soft drinks, dental care, and previous caries experience. Sci Rep. 2016; 26;6:21147.##18. Hedge AM, Sharma A. Genetic sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) as a screening tool for obesity and dental caries in children. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2008 Winter;33(2):107-11 19. Must A, Philips SM, Tybor DJ, Lividin K, Hayes C. The Association Between childhood Obesity and Tooth eruption. Obesity .2012;20(10):2070-2074.##20. Dahiya B.R ,Singh V, Parveen S, Singh H‌, Singh D. Age Estimation from eruption of permanent teeth as a tool for Growth Monitoring . J Indian Acad forensic med .2013;35(2): 971-973. ##21. Hassanali J , Odhiambo JW . Age of eruption of the permanent teeth in Kenyan African and Asian children . Ann Hum Biol .1981;11:425-34.##22. Mugonzibwa EA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Laine-Alava MT, Vant Hof MA. Emergence of permanent teeth in Tanzanian children . Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002;30:455-62.##23. Carlos JP, Gittelsohn AM . Logitudinal studies of the natural history of caries and Eruption patterns of the permanent teeth. J Dent Res .1965; 44:509-516.##24. Hoffding J , Maeda M , Yamaguchi K. Emergence of permanent teeth and onset of dental stage in Japanese community . Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1984 ; 12:55-8. ##25. Jaswal S . Age and sequence of permanent tooth emergence among Khasis . Am J Phys Nthropol. 1983; 62:177-86.##26. Diamanti J, Townsend GC. New standards for permanent tooth emergence in Australian children. Australian Dental Journal. 2003;48 (1):39-42.##27. Lakshmappa A , Guledgud MV, Patil K . Eruption times and patterns of permanent teeth in school children of India . Indian J Dent Res . 2011; 22(6):755-63.##1.Garn SM‌, Lewis AB ,Kerew sky RS . Genetic ,nutritional and maturational correlates of dental development . J Dent Res .1965;44:228-42.##2.Harila Kaera V, Heikkinen T‌, Alvesalo L. The eruption of permanent incisors and first molars in prematurely born children. Eur J Orthod .2003;25(3):293-9.##3. Dean JA, Avery DR, McDonald RE. Dentistry for child and adolecent .11th ed .philadelphia: Elsivier saunders ; 2022 . p .405. ##4. Feraru V‌, Raducanu AM . Statistical determination of the sequence and chronology of the eruption of the first permanent molars and incisors in Romanian children. JAQM. 2011;6:88-93.##5. Bayrak S ,Sen Tunc E, Tuloglu N, Acikgoz A. Timing of permanent teeth eruption in Turkish children.. J clin Pediatr Dent. 2012;37(2):207-211.##6. Ghasempour M, Moslemi M , Haji Ahmadi M, Pouladi M .Survey of the time and order of eruption of Permanent Teeth of 4-14 years in Torkman children in Gonbad Kavous city 2003. Journal of Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 2005 ; 22(4):663-674. ##7. Schour L ,Massler m. The development of the human dentition . J Am Dent Assoc. 1941;28:11-53.##8.Cochran W G. Sampling techniques . 3 th ed. . New York : Wiley ; 1991 . p.448 ##9.Nawazchohan A , Bashir Khan N , Al Nahedh U, Bin Hassan M, AL sufyani N . Eruption time of permanent first molars and incisors among female primary school children of RIYADH. JDUHS. . 2007;1(2):53-58.##10. Upadhyay S ,Shrestha R, Shrestha D, Poudyal S. Permanent teeth Emergence time and sequence in children of Kavre District, Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J . 2016;55(3):269-273.##11. Gupta R, Sivapathasundharam B‌, Einstein A. Eruption age of permanent mandibular first molars and central incisors in the south indian population. Indian. J Dent Res.2007;18(4):186-189.####12. Abdulhammed MK, Ibrahim Sood L, AL_Taee ZH .Eruption Time Estimation of permanent 1st Molar,Central and Lateral Incisors in 5.5-10 Years Age children at AI Ramadi City /Iraq. Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences.2016;4:124-128.##13. Moyers RE. Handbook of orthodontics.4th ed. Chicago: Mosby ; 1988.##14. Logan WHG, Kronfeld R. Development of the human jaws and surrounding structures from birth to age fifteen . J Am Dent Assoc. 1933; 20:379-384.##15. Jain M, Jain L, Mathur A, Paiwal K , Prabu D, Kulkarni S, Tanagade PS. Effect of Cariogenic Food Exposure on Prevalence of Dental caries among fee and non-fee paying school children Udaipur,India. Pesq Bras Odontoped clin Integr. 2010;10(3):331-336.##16. de Carvalho Carrara CF, de Oliveira Lima JE, Carrara CE, Gonzalez Vono B. Chronology and sequence of eruption of the permanent teeth in patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2004;41(6):642-5.##17. López-Gómez SA, Villalobos-Rodelo JJ, Ávila-Burgos L, Casanova-Rosado JF, Vallejos-Sánchez AA, Lucas-Rincón SE, Patiño-Marín N, Medina-Solís CE. Relationship between premature loss of primary teeth with oral hygiene, consumption of soft drinks, dental care, and previous caries experience. Sci Rep. 2016; 26;6:21147.##18. Hedge AM, Sharma A. Genetic sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) as a screening tool for obesity and dental caries in children. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2008 Winter;33(2):107-11 19. Must A, Philips SM, Tybor DJ, Lividin K, Hayes C. The Association Between childhood Obesity and Tooth eruption. Obesity .2012;20(10):2070-2074.##20. Dahiya B.R ,Singh V, Parveen S, Singh H‌, Singh D. Age Estimation from eruption of permanent teeth as a tool for Growth Monitoring . J Indian Acad forensic med .2013;35(2): 971-973. ##21. Hassanali J , Odhiambo JW . Age of eruption of the permanent teeth in Kenyan African and Asian children . Ann Hum Biol .1981;11:425-34.##22. Mugonzibwa EA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Laine-Alava MT, Vant Hof MA. Emergence of permanent teeth in Tanzanian children . Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002;30:455-62.##23. Carlos JP, Gittelsohn AM . Logitudinal studies of the natural history of caries and Eruption patterns of the permanent teeth. J Dent Res .1965; 44:509-516.##24. Hoffding J , Maeda M , Yamaguchi K. Emergence of permanent teeth and onset of dental stage in Japanese community . Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1984 ; 12:55-8. ##25. Jaswal S . Age and sequence of permanent tooth emergence among Khasis . Am J Phys Nthropol. 1983; 62:177-86.##26. Diamanti J, Townsend GC. New standards for permanent tooth emergence in Australian children. Australian Dental Journal. 2003;48 (1):39-42.##27. Lakshmappa A , Guledgud MV, Patil K . Eruption times and patterns of permanent teeth in school children of India . Indian J Dent Res . 2011; 22(6):755-63. ##

بررسی میزان آگاهی ، نگرش و عملکرد دانشجویان دندانپزشکی و دندانپزشکان عمومی در خصوص روشهای تجویز فلوراید برای کودکان 6-3 ساله شهر ایلام Evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practice of dental students and general dentists about the importance of fluoride therapy in 3-6 year old children in Ilam 1 1 مقدمه : استفاده از فلوراید در پیشگیری از پوسیدگی دندانی و کنترل آن به‌عنوان روشی ایمن و با کارآیی بالا به اثبات رسیده است. با توجه به نقش و اهمیت  فلوراید تراپی در کودکان توسط دندانپزشکان  , هدف از این مطالعه بررسی میزان آگاهی دانشجویان دندانپزشکی و دندانپزشکان عمومی از اهمیت فلورایدتراپی، روش های اعمال و کاربرد آن در کودکان 6-3 ساله شهر ایلام  می باشد.  مواد و روش ها : این مطالعه توصیفی مقطعی بر روی 136 دانشجوی دندان پزشکی و دندانپزشک عمومی  سطح شهر ایلام انجام شد و با استفاده از آزمونهای آماری Chi-square و T-test و ANOVA در سطح معنی داریP<0.05 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها :  آگاهی دندانپزشکان عمومی  و دانشجویان در خصوص تجویز فلوراید در سنین مختلف تقریباً یکسان بود و آگاهی دندانپزشکان عمومی  تفاوت ناچیزی با دانشجویان داشت (22/0P=). اکثریت دانشجویان و دندانپزشکان عمومی  برای کودکان 12-6 سال فلوراید تراپی را تجویز می کردند. تفاوت معنی داری بین تجویز فلورایدتراپی در گروههای سنی مختلف بین دانشجویان و دندانپزشکان عمومی وجود نداشت (75/0P=).  نتیجه گیری : طبق نتایج  این مطالعه سطح آگاهی و نگرش دانشجویان و دندانپزشکان عمومی در خصوص فلوراید تراپی در حد قابل قبولی است و اکثریت دندانپزشکان عمومی و دانشجویان دندانپزشکی خمیردندان و دهانشویه حاوی فلوراید را برای فلوراید تراپی بیماران در منزل توصیه می کردند.   2 Introduction: Fluoride therapy has been proven as a safe and highly effective method in prevention and controls of dental caries.Considering this, it is important for dentists to be aware of fluoride effect and its proper use. The aim of this study was to investigate the awareness of dental students and general dentists about the importance of fluoride therapy, methods of application and application in children aged 3-6 years in Ilam. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 136 dental students and general dentists in Ilam . Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using Chi-square, T-test and ANOVA at a significant level of P <0.05. Results: The knowledge of general dentists and students about fluoride prescribing for different ages was almost the same  and the knowledge of general dentists was slightly different from the knowledge of students which was not significant(P=0.22). The majority of general dentists prescribed fluoride For 6-12 years old children. There was no significant difference between fluoride therapy in different age groups between students and general dentists (P = 0.75). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that knowledge and attitude of students and general dentists about fluoride therapy is acceptable. And the majority of general dentists and dental students recommended fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash for fluoride therapy at home.   26 35 2022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/1 1401/6/10 2022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/1 1401/6/10 مریم شفیع زاده M Shafizadeh Iran ایران مهدی فرج اللهی M Farajollahi Iran ایران علی اشرف عیوضی A Ashraf Aivazi Iran ایران خدیجه ابدال Kh Abdal Iran ایران Fluoride Therapy Knowledge Dental Students General Dentists فلورایدتراپی آگاهی دانشجویان دندانپزشکی دندانپزشکان عمومی 1- Duguma FK, Jeylan M. Assessment on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Dental Fluorosis and its Impact Among Goro Secondary School Students in Adama Town, Ethiopia, June 2016. Adv Dent & Oral Health. 2019;11(2):29-40.##2. Akbar AA, Al-Sumait N, Al-Yahya H, Sabti MY, Qudeimat MA. Knowledge, attitude, and barriers to fluoride application as a preventive measure among oral health care providers. Int J Dent. 2018;4(6):34-41.##3. M. Jiang, M.C.M. Wong, C.H. Chu, L. Dai, E.C.M. Lo . Effects of restoring SDF-treated and untreated dentine caries lesions on parental satisfaction and oral health related quality of life of preschool children . J Dent.2019;88: 103171. ##4. Akpata ES, Behbehani J, Akbar J, Thalib L, Mojiminiyi O. Fluoride intake from fluids and urinary fluoride excretion by young children in K uwait: a non‐fluoridated community. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2014;42(3):224-33.##5. H. Sabbagh, M. Othman, L. Khogeer, H. Al-Harbi, A.A.Y. Abdulgader Parental acceptance of silver Diamine fluoride application on primary dentition: a systematic review and meta-analysis . BMC Oral Health . 2020;20: 1-12.##6. A. Kumar, D. Cernigliaro, M.E. Northridge, Y. Wu, A.B. Troxel, J. Cunha-Cruz, et al. A survey of caregiver acculturation and acceptance of silver diamine fluoride treatment for childhood caries . BMC Oral Health .2019;19:1-12.##7. Bansal R, Bolin KA, Abdellatif HM, Shulman JD. Knowledge, attitude and use of fluorides among dentists in Texas. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2012;13(3):371-5.##8. Al-Mutawa S, Shyama M, Al-Duwairi Y, Soparkar P. Dental caries experience of Kuwaiti kindergarten schoolchildren. Community dental health. 2010;27(4):213-217.##9. Wajahat M, Abbas B, Tariq KH, et al. Parental perception of silver diamine fluoride for the management of dental caries. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences.2022;17(3):408-414.##10. Naidu RS, Davis L. Parents' views on factors influencing the dental health of Trinidadian pre-school children. Community dent health. 2008;25(1):44-9.##11. Miller E k, Vann JW Jr. The use of fluoride varnish in children: a critical review with treatment recommendations. J Clin Pediatr Dent.2008;32(4):259-64.##12. Hawkins R, Noble J, Locker D, Wiebe D, Murray H, Wiebe P, et al. A comparison of the costs and patient acceptability of professionally applied topical fluoride foam and varnish. J Public Health Dent. 2004;64(2):106-10.##13. Sköld UM, Petersson LG, Lith A, Birkhed D. Effect of school-based fluoride varnish programmes on approximal caries in adolescents from different caries risk areas. Caries Res. 2005;39(4):273-9.##14. Rong WS, Bian JY, Wang WJ, Wang JD. Effectiveness of an oral health education and caries prevention program in kindergartens in China. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003;31(6):412-6.##15- Bravo M, Montero J, Bravo JJ, Baca P, Llodra JC. Sealant and fluoride varnish in caries: a randomized trial. J Dent Res. 2005;84(12):1138-43.##16. Levy GF, Austin GR. The status of fluoride in oral health education in Head Start programs. ASDC J Dent Child. 1984;51(1):66-70.##17 . Main PA, Lewis DW, Hawkins RJ. A survey of general dentists in Ontario, Part II: Knowledge and use of topical fluoride and dental prophylaxis practices. J Can Dent Assoc. 1997;63(8):607-17.##1- Duguma FK, Jeylan M. Assessment on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Dental Fluorosis and its Impact Among Goro Secondary School Students in Adama Town, Ethiopia, June 2016. Adv Dent & Oral Health. 2019;11(2):29-40.##2. Akbar AA, Al-Sumait N, Al-Yahya H, Sabti MY, Qudeimat MA. Knowledge, attitude, and barriers to fluoride application as a preventive measure among oral health care providers. Int J Dent. 2018;4(6):34-41.##3. M. Jiang, M.C.M. Wong, C.H. Chu, L. Dai, E.C.M. Lo . Effects of restoring SDF-treated and untreated dentine caries lesions on parental satisfaction and oral health related quality of life of preschool children . J Dent.2019;88: 103171. ##4. Akpata ES, Behbehani J, Akbar J, Thalib L, Mojiminiyi O. Fluoride intake from fluids and urinary fluoride excretion by young children in K uwait: a non‐fluoridated community. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2014;42(3):224-33.##5. H. Sabbagh, M. Othman, L. Khogeer, H. Al-Harbi, A.A.Y. Abdulgader Parental acceptance of silver Diamine fluoride application on primary dentition: a systematic review and meta-analysis . BMC Oral Health . 2020;20: 1-12.##6. A. Kumar, D. Cernigliaro, M.E. Northridge, Y. Wu, A.B. Troxel, J. Cunha-Cruz, et al. A survey of caregiver acculturation and acceptance of silver diamine fluoride treatment for childhood caries . BMC Oral Health .2019;19:1-12.##7. Bansal R, Bolin KA, Abdellatif HM, Shulman JD. Knowledge, attitude and use of fluorides among dentists in Texas. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2012;13(3):371-5.##8. Al-Mutawa S, Shyama M, Al-Duwairi Y, Soparkar P. Dental caries experience of Kuwaiti kindergarten schoolchildren. Community dental health. 2010;27(4):213-217.##9. Wajahat M, Abbas B, Tariq KH, et al. Parental perception of silver diamine fluoride for the management of dental caries. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences.2022;17(3):408-414.##10. Naidu RS, Davis L. Parents' views on factors influencing the dental health of Trinidadian pre-school children. Community dent health. 2008;25(1):44-9.##11. Miller E k, Vann JW Jr. The use of fluoride varnish in children: a critical review with treatment recommendations. J Clin Pediatr Dent.2008;32(4):259-64.##12. Hawkins R, Noble J, Locker D, Wiebe D, Murray H, Wiebe P, et al. A comparison of the costs and patient acceptability of professionally applied topical fluoride foam and varnish. J Public Health Dent. 2004;64(2):106-10.##13. Sköld UM, Petersson LG, Lith A, Birkhed D. Effect of school-based fluoride varnish programmes on approximal caries in adolescents from different caries risk areas. Caries Res. 2005;39(4):273-9.##14. Rong WS, Bian JY, Wang WJ, Wang JD. Effectiveness of an oral health education and caries prevention program in kindergartens in China. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003;31(6):412-6.##15- Bravo M, Montero J, Bravo JJ, Baca P, Llodra JC. Sealant and fluoride varnish in caries: a randomized trial. J Dent Res. 2005;84(12):1138-43.##16. Levy GF, Austin GR. The status of fluoride in oral health education in Head Start programs. ASDC J Dent Child. 1984;51(1):66-70.##17 . Main PA, Lewis DW, Hawkins RJ. A survey of general dentists in Ontario, Part II: Knowledge and use of topical fluoride and dental prophylaxis practices. J Can Dent Assoc. 1997;63(8):607-17. ##

بررسی تاثیر چهار خمیردندان ایرانی حاوی فلوراید بر رمینرالیزاسیون ضایعات پوسیدگی اولیه در دندان های شیری Remineralization potential of four Iranian toothpastes on initial carious lesions in primary teeth 1 1 مقدمه: یکی از روش های رایج پیشگیری از پوسیدگی دندان، استفاده روزانه خمیردندان است. هدف این مطالعه بررسی تاثیر چهار خمیردندان ایرانی حاوی فلوراید بر رمینرالیزاسیون ضایعات پوسیدگی اولیه در دندان های شیری است.             مواد و روشها: در این مطالعه آزمایشگاهی، 60 دندان قدامی شیری سالم کشیده شده به صورت تصادفی در 6 گروه 10 تایی شامل خمیردندان های : 1) پونه 2) نسیم 3) کرند 4) آیروکس 5)  Oral B  و6) گروه کنترل منفی تقسیم بندی شدند. میکروهاردنس مینا در سه مرحله قبل و بعد از دمینرالیزاسیون و همچنین بعد از 28 روز با ترکیبات ذکر شده اندازه گیری شد. سپس نتایج به وسیله آزمون one-way ANOVA مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. سطح معنی داری کمتر از 05/0 در نظر گرفته شد.                                   یافته ها: پس از دمینرالیزاسیون، میکروهاردنس سطحی مینای همه گروه¬ها به طور معنی داری کاهش یافت. میانگین میکروهاردنس پس از دمینرالیزاسیون در 5 گروه مداخله تفاوت معنی داری با یکدیگر نداشت (45/0p=). رمینرالیزاسیون به طور معنی داری باعث افزایش میکروهاردنس در تمام گروه¬ها شد (04/0> p). میانگین میکروهاردنس در گروه Oral B به طور معناداری از گروه خمیر دندان های کرند، نسیم، آیروکس بیشتر بود (p به ترتیب 012/0، 018/0 و 009/0) ولی با میانگین میکروهاردنس در گروه خمیر دندان پونه تفاوتی وجود نداشت (216/0 = p). میانگین میکروهاردنس در سه گروه کرند، نسیم، آیروکس تفاوت معنی داری نداشت. نتیجه گیری: تمامی خمیردندان های ایرانی حاوی فلوراید سبب افزایش میکروهاردنس سطح مینای دمینرالیزه گردیدند. افزایش میکروهاردنس در گروه خمیردندان Oral B و پونه بیشتر از کرند، نسیم و آیروکس بود.                                                                                  2 Introduction: Daily use of toothpastes are one the most common routes of dental caries prevention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of four Iranian fluoridated toothpastes on remineralization of incipient caries lesions in primary teeth. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, a total of 60 sound primary anterior teeth were randomly divided into 6 groups of 10 teeth each: 1) Pooneh toothpaste, 2) Nasim toothpaste, 3) Crend toothpaste, 4) Irox toothpaste, 5) Oral B toothpaste, and 6) Negative control. Enamel microhardness (EMH) was measured in all samples at the baseline, after demineralization, and after 28-day remineralization. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test. All tests were performed at a 5% level of significance. Results: EMH values decreased significantly in all groups after demineralization. The mean microhardness values after demineralization were not significantly different in intervention groups (p= 0.45). The remineralization process significantly increased microhardness in all groups (p <0.04). The mean microhardness values in Oral B toothpaste group were significantly higher than Crend, Nasim and Irox toothpaste groups (p = 0.012, 0.018, and 0.009, respectively), but there was no significant difference between Oral B and Pooneh toothpaste group (p = 0.216). Crend, Nasim, Irox toothpastes did not show significantly different EMH values. Conclusion: In this study, all fluoridated Iranian toothpastes increased microhardness of demineralized enamel surface. However, the efficacy of Oral B and Pooneh toothpastes for remineralizing of demineralized primary tooth enamel was greater than Crend, Nasim and Irox toothpastes.   36 46 2022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/1 1401/6/10 2022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/1 1401/6/10 فرانک رزمجویی F Razmjouei Iran ایران محمدرضا شاهوران فرد M Shahvaranfard Iran ایران آزاده رفیعی A Rafiee Iran ایران toothpaste fluoride primary teeth microhardnes خمیردندان فلوراید دندان شیری میکروهاردنس کتابنامه##1. Nyvad B, Takahashi N. Integrated hypothesis of dental caries and periodontal diseases. J Oral Microbiol. 2020;12(1):1710953.##2. Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. Lancet. 2007;369(9555):51-9.##3. García-Godoy F, Hicks MJ. Maintaining the integrity of the enamel surface: the role of dental biofilm, saliva and preventive agents in enamel demineralization and remineralization. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139 :25-34.##4. Al-Obaidi R, Salehi H, Desoutter A, Bonnet L, Etienne P, Terrer E, et al. Chemical & nano-mechanical study of artificial human enamel subsurface lesions. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1-8.##5. Arifa MK, Ephraim R, Rajamani T. Recent Advances in Dental Hard Tissue Remineralization: A Review of Literature. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2019;12(2):139-44.##6. Manchery N, John J, Nagappan N, Subbiah GK, Premnath P. Remineralization potential of dentifrice containing nanohydroxyapatite on artificial carious lesions of enamel: A comparative in vitro study. Dent Res J(Isfahan). 2019;16(5):310-7.##7. Sharda S, Gupta A, Goyal A, Gauba K. Remineralization potential and caries preventive efficacy of CPP-ACP/Xylitol/Ozone/Bioactive glass and topical fluoride combined therapy versus fluoride mono-therapy - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Odontol Scand. 2021;79(6):402-17.##8. Fernandes JS, Gentile P, Pires RA, Reis RL, Hatton PV. Multifunctional bioactive glass and glass-ceramic biomaterials with antibacterial properties for repair and regeneration of bone tissue. Acta Biomater. 2017;59:2-11.##9. Alhamed M, Almalki F, Alselami A, Alotaibi T, Elkwatehy W. Effect of different remineralizing agents on the initial carious lesions - A comparative study. Saudi Dent J. 2020;32(8):390-5.##10. Ziarati P, Umachandran K, Adom D, El-Esawi MA, Sawicka BJJoMD. Fluoridex Daily Defense Toothpaste for Oral and Dental Health: A Review. J Med Discov. 2018;3(3):1-10.##11. Clark-Perry D, Levin L. Comparison of new formulas of stannous fluoride toothpastes with other commercially available fluoridated toothpastes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int Dent J. 2020;70(6):418-26.##12. Jabarifar SE, Salavati Sh, Khosravi K, Tavakoli N. Microhardness changes in primary tooth surface enamel following application of crest and pooneh pediatric fluoride toothpaste (in vitro survey). J Mashhad Dent Sch. 2009;33(4):277-84.##13. Yaghini J, Abed AM, Mortazavi S, Chelongar M, Kabiri S. Determination of total fluoride and soluble fluoride in four toothpastes available on the Iranian market.Journal of Isfahan Dental School . 2013;9(5):402-10.##14. Rashidian A, Tajeddin M, Pourjamshid T. Comparison of salivary fluoride levels following use of Bath and Colgate dentifrices in children. Iran J Pediatr Dent. 2014;11(1):77.##15. Haghgoo R, Rezvani MB, Haghgoo HR, Ameli N,Salehi Zeinabadi M. Evaluation of Iranian toothpaste containing different concentration of nano-hydroxy apatite on the remineralization of incipient carious lesion: invitro. jdm. 2015;27(4):254-8.##16. Movahhed T, Bagheri H, Dehghani M, Pourtaghi M. Shirkhanikelagari Z. Evaluation of the total and soluble fluoride concentration of toothpastes available in the Iranian market. Journal of Research in Dental Sciences.9019; 16(2 (60) ):117-26.##17. Patil N, Choudhari SH, Kulkarni S, Joshi SR. Comparative evaluation of remineralizing potential of three agents on artificially demineralized human enamel: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2013;16(2):116-20.##18. Advani SH, Sogi S, Hugar SH, Indushekar K R, Kiran K, Hallikerimath S. Remineralization effects of two pediatric dentifrices and one regular dentifrice on artificial carious lesion in primary teeth: An in vitro study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2014;4(2):9-102..##19. Hellwig E, Altenburger M, Attin T, Lussi A, Buchalla W. Remineralization of initial carious lesions in deciduous enamel after application of dentifrices of different fluoride concentrations. Clin Oral Investig. 2010;14(3):265-9.##20. Featherstone J D B. The continuum of dental caries—evidence for a dynamic disease process. J Dent Res. 2004;83(1_suppl):39-42.##21. Pai D, Bhat SH, Taranath A, Sargod SH, Pai V M. Use of laser fluorescence and scanning electron microscope to evaluate remineralization of incipient enamel lesions remineralized by topical application of casein phospho peptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-aCP) containing cream. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2008;32(3):201-6.##22. Rao A, Malhotra N. The role of remineralizing agents in dentistry: a review. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2011;32(6):26-33.##23. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Fluoride therapy. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, Ill.:American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2021:302-5.##24. Nourbakhsh N, Amidi I, Mombini H, Mohajerin M. Basic criteria of Iranian commercial toothpastes and an ADA approved brand (CREST). JRMS. 2003;8(1):20-4.##25. Mofid R, Fathieh AR, Zamiri M, Eshghi B. Effect of two iranian toothpastes (nasim & pooneh) with and FDA-approved toothpaste (crest regular) to reduce gingivitis and plaque. Journal of Dental School Shahid Beheshti University Of Medical Science. 2005;23(2):304-12.##26. Malekafzali B, Shahabi S, Rezaei F, Kharrazi-Fard MJ. Assessing the abrasive ability of three different domestic pediatric toothpastes. Journal of Islamic Dental Association of Iran. 2009;20(4):316-23.##27. Yaghini J, Abed AM, Kaveh M, Alem-Rajabi MS. Comparative evaluation of the effect of four commonly used toothpaste brands in Iran on enamel abrasion. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2011;7(3):236-45.##کتابنامه##1. Nyvad B, Takahashi N. Integrated hypothesis of dental caries and periodontal diseases. J Oral Microbiol. 2020;12(1):1710953.##2. Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. Lancet. 2007;369(9555):51-9.##3. García-Godoy F, Hicks MJ. Maintaining the integrity of the enamel surface: the role of dental biofilm, saliva and preventive agents in enamel demineralization and remineralization. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139 :25-34.##4. Al-Obaidi R, Salehi H, Desoutter A, Bonnet L, Etienne P, Terrer E, et al. Chemical & nano-mechanical study of artificial human enamel subsurface lesions. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1-8.##5. Arifa MK, Ephraim R, Rajamani T. Recent Advances in Dental Hard Tissue Remineralization: A Review of Literature. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2019;12(2):139-44.##6. Manchery N, John J, Nagappan N, Subbiah GK, Premnath P. Remineralization potential of dentifrice containing nanohydroxyapatite on artificial carious lesions of enamel: A comparative in vitro study. Dent Res J(Isfahan). 2019;16(5):310-7.##7. Sharda S, Gupta A, Goyal A, Gauba K. Remineralization potential and caries preventive efficacy of CPP-ACP/Xylitol/Ozone/Bioactive glass and topical fluoride combined therapy versus fluoride mono-therapy - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Odontol Scand. 2021;79(6):402-17.##8. Fernandes JS, Gentile P, Pires RA, Reis RL, Hatton PV. Multifunctional bioactive glass and glass-ceramic biomaterials with antibacterial properties for repair and regeneration of bone tissue. Acta Biomater. 2017;59:2-11.##9. Alhamed M, Almalki F, Alselami A, Alotaibi T, Elkwatehy W. Effect of different remineralizing agents on the initial carious lesions - A comparative study. Saudi Dent J. 2020;32(8):390-5.##10. Ziarati P, Umachandran K, Adom D, El-Esawi MA, Sawicka BJJoMD. Fluoridex Daily Defense Toothpaste for Oral and Dental Health: A Review. J Med Discov. 2018;3(3):1-10.##11. Clark-Perry D, Levin L. Comparison of new formulas of stannous fluoride toothpastes with other commercially available fluoridated toothpastes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int Dent J. 2020;70(6):418-26.##12. Jabarifar SE, Salavati Sh, Khosravi K, Tavakoli N. Microhardness changes in primary tooth surface enamel following application of crest and pooneh pediatric fluoride toothpaste (in vitro survey). J Mashhad Dent Sch. 2009;33(4):277-84.##13. Yaghini J, Abed AM, Mortazavi S, Chelongar M, Kabiri S. Determination of total fluoride and soluble fluoride in four toothpastes available on the Iranian market.Journal of Isfahan Dental School . 2013;9(5):402-10.##14. Rashidian A, Tajeddin M, Pourjamshid T. Comparison of salivary fluoride levels following use of Bath and Colgate dentifrices in children. Iran J Pediatr Dent. 2014;11(1):77.##15. Haghgoo R, Rezvani MB, Haghgoo HR, Ameli N,Salehi Zeinabadi M. Evaluation of Iranian toothpaste containing different concentration of nano-hydroxy apatite on the remineralization of incipient carious lesion: invitro. jdm. 2015;27(4):254-8.##16. Movahhed T, Bagheri H, Dehghani M, Pourtaghi M. Shirkhanikelagari Z. Evaluation of the total and soluble fluoride concentration of toothpastes available in the Iranian market. Journal of Research in Dental Sciences.9019; 16(2 (60) ):117-26.##17. Patil N, Choudhari SH, Kulkarni S, Joshi SR. Comparative evaluation of remineralizing potential of three agents on artificially demineralized human enamel: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2013;16(2):116-20.##18. Advani SH, Sogi S, Hugar SH, Indushekar K R, Kiran K, Hallikerimath S. Remineralization effects of two pediatric dentifrices and one regular dentifrice on artificial carious lesion in primary teeth: An in vitro study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2014;4(2):9-102..##19. Hellwig E, Altenburger M, Attin T, Lussi A, Buchalla W. Remineralization of initial carious lesions in deciduous enamel after application of dentifrices of different fluoride concentrations. Clin Oral Investig. 2010;14(3):265-9.##20. Featherstone J D B. The continuum of dental caries—evidence for a dynamic disease process. J Dent Res. 2004;83(1_suppl):39-42.##21. Pai D, Bhat SH, Taranath A, Sargod SH, Pai V M. Use of laser fluorescence and scanning electron microscope to evaluate remineralization of incipient enamel lesions remineralized by topical application of casein phospho peptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-aCP) containing cream. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2008;32(3):201-6.##22. Rao A, Malhotra N. The role of remineralizing agents in dentistry: a review. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2011;32(6):26-33.##23. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Fluoride therapy. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, Ill.:American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2021:302-5.##24. Nourbakhsh N, Amidi I, Mombini H, Mohajerin M. Basic criteria of Iranian commercial toothpastes and an ADA approved brand (CREST). JRMS. 2003;8(1):20-4.##25. Mofid R, Fathieh AR, Zamiri M, Eshghi B. Effect of two iranian toothpastes (nasim & pooneh) with and FDA-approved toothpaste (crest regular) to reduce gingivitis and plaque. Journal of Dental School Shahid Beheshti University Of Medical Science. 2005;23(2):304-12.##26. Malekafzali B, Shahabi S, Rezaei F, Kharrazi-Fard MJ. Assessing the abrasive ability of three different domestic pediatric toothpastes. Journal of Islamic Dental Association of Iran. 2009;20(4):316-23.##27. Yaghini J, Abed AM, Kaveh M, Alem-Rajabi MS. Comparative evaluation of the effect of four commonly used toothpaste brands in Iran on enamel abrasion. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2011;7(3):236-45. ##

بررسی مقطعی وضعیت شاخص DMFT در کودکان و نوجوانان (18-9 ساله ) مبتلا به دیابت نوع 1، در مقایسه با کودکان سالم در شهر ایلام در سال 1399 Cross-sectional study of DMFT index in children and adolescents (9-18 years old) with type 1 diabetes, compared with healthy children in Ilam in 1399 1 1 مقدمه: دیابت ملیتوس به گروهی از بیماری های متابولیک گفته می شود که توسط افزایش سطح قندخون (به دلیل نقص در تولید انسولین و یا مقاومت به انسولین یا هر دو) شناخته می شوند. هدف از این مطالعه  بررسی وضعیت پوسیدگی دندان در کودکان و نوجوانان مبتلا به دیابت نوع یک، در مقایسه با کودکان سالم در استان ایلام می باشد. مواد و روشها: مطالعه مورد نظر یک مطالعه مقایسه ای می باشد. حجم نمونه در نظر گرفته شده برای این مطالعه 160 نفرشامل همه ی کودکان و نوجوانان 18-9 ساله بودند، 80 نفر بیمار مبتلا به دیابت نوع 1 (گروه مورد) و 80 نفر سالم(گروه کنترل) که از لحاظ سن و جنس مشابه هم بودند. پس از تعیین افراد شرکت کننده در طرح، رضایت نامه کتبی و پرسش نامه محقق ساخته توسط افراد دو گروه تکمیل شد. تجزیه و تحلیل هم با استفاده ازآزمون های آماری کای-دو، تی- مستقل، و ضریب همبستگی در نرم افزار22  spss و Graphpad Prism8 انجام گرفت. یافته ها: میانگین سنی افراد مورد مطالعه در گروه مبتلا به دیابت 3±4/13 و درگروه سالم 9/2±8/12 سال بود. و از نظرسن دوگروه تفاوت آماری معنی داری نداشتند(P>0.05). تعداد دندان های  DMFTدر کودکان مبتلا به دیابت نوع1 به طور معنی داری بیشتر از کودکان سالم بود(P<0.05). بین تعداد دندانپ های پوسیده و HbA1c رابطه معنی دار وجود دارد(r=0.3، P=0.004). همچنین بین DMFT و HbA1cرابطه مستقیم و از نظر آماری معنی دار است(r=0.36, P=0.001). نتیجه گیری: در این مطالعه (DMFT) در گروه بیماران دیابتی نسبت به گروه سالم بیشتر بود. همچنین ارتباط مستقیمی بین HBA1C و  (DMFT) مشاهده شد.   2 Introduction: Diabetes  mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels (due to insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance, or both). The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of DMFT index in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in comparison with healthy children in Ilam province. Matearils and Methods: The study is a comparative study. The sample size for this study was 160 cases  including all children and adolescents aged 9-18 years, 80 patients with type 1 diabetes (case group) and 80 healthy cases (control group) who were similar in age and sex. A written consent and a researcher-made questionnaire were completed by the two groups. The analysis was performed using chi-square, independent t-test, and correlation coefficient in SPSS 22 and Graphpad Prism8 software. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 13.4±3 in the diabetic group and 12.8±2.9 years in the healthy group. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P> 0.05). The number of DMFT teeth in children with type 1 diabetes was significantly higher than healthy children (P <0.05). There was a significant relationship between the number of decayed teeth and HbA1c (r = 0.3, P = 0.004). Also, there is a direct and statistically significant relationship between DMFT and HbA1c (r = 0.36, P = 0.001). Conclusion: In this study (DMFT) was higher in the diabetic group than in the healthy group. A direct correlation was also  seen between HBA1C and (DMFT).   47 54 2022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/1 1401/6/10 2022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/1 1401/6/10 عارف نظری A Nazari Iran ایران فرهاد محمدی F Mohammadi Iran ایران الهام شفیعی E Shafiei Iran ایران رضا نجفی R Najafi Iran ایران خدیجه ابدال Kh Abdal Iran ایران DMFT index Type 1 diabetes caries insulin children شاخصDMFT دیابت نوع1 پوسیدگی انسولین کودکان 1. Munir A, Malik SI, Aslam S, Mehmood A, Amjad S, Malik K, et al. Medicinal plants are effective inhibitors of type I and II diabetes. Pharmacophore. 2018;9(5):1-7.##2. Fowler MJ. Microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Clin diabetes. 2008;26(2):77-82.##3. Lessa LS, Pires PD, Ceretta RA, Becker IR, Ceretta LB, Tuon L,et al. Meta-analysis of prevalence of xerostomia in diabetes mellitus. Int Arch Med. 2015;8:1-13.##4. Song I-S, Han K, Park Y-M, Ryu J-J, Park J-B. Type 2 diabetes as a risk indicator for dental caries in Korean adults: the 2011-2012 Korea national health and nutrition examination survey. Community dent health. 2017;34(3):169-175.##5. Monje A, Catena A, Borgnakke WS. Association between diabetes mellitus/hyperglycaemia and peri-implant diseases: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J clin periodontol. 2017;44(6):636-48.##6. Lalla E, Cheng B, Lal S, Tucker S, Greenberg E, Goland R, et al. Periodontal changes in children and adolescents with diabetes: a case-control study. Diabetes care. 2006;29(2):295-9.##7. Chávarry NGM, Vettore MV, Sansone C, Sheiham A. The relationship between diabetes mellitus and destructive periodontal disease: a meta-analysis. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2009;7(2):107-27.##8. Khader YS, Dauod AS, El-Qaderi SS, Alkafajei A, Batayha WQ. Periodontal status of diabetics compared with nondiabetics: a meta-analysis.J Diabetes Complications. 2006;20(1):59-68.##9. Mohanty S, Mohanty N, Rath S. Analysis of oral health complications in diabetic patients–A diagnostic perspective. J Oral Res. 2018;7(8):278-81.##10. Indurkar MS, Maurya AS, Indurkar S. Oral manifestations of diabetes. Clinical Diabetes. 2016;34(1):54-7.##11. Domenyuk DA, Zelensky VA, Dmitrienko SV, Anfinogenova OI, Pushkin S. Peculiarities of phosphorine calcium exchange in the pathogenesis of dental caries in children with diabetes of the first type. Entomology and Applied Science Letters. 2018;5(4):49-64.##12. Ismail AF, McGrath CP, Yiu CK. Oral health status of children with type 1 diabetes: a comparative study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metabol.2017;30(11):1155-9.##13. Jahanirinejad M, Arian Kia A, Shahbazian HB, Kaabi N. Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs Assessment of Periodontal Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Compared to Nondiabetic Patients Referred to Ahvaz Golestan Hospital in 2016-2017. Jondishapur Sci Med J. 2018;17(3):295-302.##14. Fox DA, Islam N, Sutherland J, Reimer K, Amed S. Type 1 diabetes incidence and prevalence trends in a cohort of Canadian children and youth. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(3):501–5.##15. Colak H, Dulgergil CT, Dalli M, Hamidi MM. Early childhood caries update: a review of causes, diagnoses, and treatments. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2013;4(1):29–38.##16. Ganesh A, Muthu MS, Mohan A, Kirubakaran R. Prevalence of early childhood caries in India - a systematic review. Indian J Pediatr. 2018;86(3):276–86.##17. World Health Organization. Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods (5th edn.). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.##18. 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Assessment of mineralization and developmental stage of homologues mandibular first and second molars using panoramic radiographs and Demirjian's method in 5 to 12 years old children Assessment of mineralization and developmental stage of homologues mandibular first and second molars using panoramic radiographs and Demirjian's method in 5 to 12 years old children 1 2 Background: Assessment of dental developmental stage is more valuable than tooth eruption because the duration of tooth eruption is short and is determined by the appearance of tooth in the oral cavity. Among the different methods that could be used to determine the developmental stage of teeth, the Demirjian’s method has been extensively applied. Methods: This retrospective study selected 300 panoramic radiographs of 5 to 12-year-old Iranians obtained from Radiology Department of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences from 2019 to 2020. The developmental stage of homologous mandibular first and second molars teeth were scored based on Demirjian’s stages. Results: Significant difference was noted in developmental stage of first and second molars in right and left side among different age groups. According to the results, there was not a significant difference in developmental stage of first molars in right and left side between two genders while the difference in this regard between the mandibular right and left second molars between two genders was significant. Moreover, there was a significant difference in development of molars between four distributed age groups for each gender. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, evolution of mandibular first and second molar is not an appropriate indicator for gender segregation in children under 12 years old, but it can be used in ages estimation. Therefore, it can be concluded that gender is an impactful factor on the growth process of the second molar on the left and right in this age group.   55 76 2022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/1 1401/6/10 2022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/1 1401/6/10 آریا شمسی A Shamsi سارا اسماعیلی S Esmaili گلاره حقی آشتیانی G Haghi Ashtiani نسیم مختاری N Mokhtari سمیرا محمودی S Mahmudi Mineralization Homologous teeth Demirjian’s Method Panoramic Radiographs 1. Bagić IČ, Sever N, Brkić H, Kern J. Dental age estimation in children using orthopantomograms. Acta Stomatologica Croatica. 2008;42(1):11-18.##2. Dhamo B, Kragt L, Grgic O, Vucic S, Medina‐Gomez C, Rivadeneira F, et al. Ancestry and dental development: a geographic and genetic perspective. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2018;165(2):299-308.##3. Baker PT. Human biological variation as an adaptive response to the environment. Eugen Q. 1966;13(2):81-91.####4. Tobias PV. 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Validity of Demirjian's and modified Demirjian's methods in age estimation for Korean juveniles and adolescents. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;211(1-3):41-6.##18. Román PS, Palma JC, Oteo MD, Nevado E. Skeletal maturation determined by cervical vertebrae development. Eur J Orthod. 2002;24(3):303-11.##19. Imanimoghadam M, Heravi F, Khalaji M, Esmaily H. Evaluation of the correlation of different methods in determining skeletal maturation utilizing cervical vertebrae in lateral cephalogram. J Mashhad Dent Sch. 2008;32(2):95-102.##20. Pourtaji B, Nasiri A. Evaluation of relationship between chronological age and calcification stages of mandibular third molars in patients referring to a dento maxillofacial radiology centre in Zanjan. J Adv Med Biomed Res.2017;25(111):104-14.##21. Sheykhi M, Ghodoosi A, Ghadipasha M, Safaiyan M. Radiographic survey of third molars development in relation to chronological age in Iranian population. J Kerman Univ Med Sci 2007;14(3):195-202.##22. 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نامه به سردربیر: راهکرد نوین پیشگیری از مشکلات دندانی و پریودنتال: رویکرد مبتنی بر پروبیوتیک 1 1 سردبیر محترم مجله دندانپزشکی کودکان ایران با توجه به اینکه پوسیدگی های دندانی، یکی از شایع ترین بیماری مزمن دوران کودکی(1) و بیماری های پریودنتال، شایع ترین بیماری مزمن بالغین است(2) و با افزایش سن، شیوع هر دو مورد هم افزایش می یابد(1, 2)؛ انجام راهکار های عام المنفعه با حداقل هزینه و حداکثر بهره وری در مورد هر دو حیطه مذکور پیشنهاد میشود. بدین منظور از دیر باز اقداماتی همچون افزودن فلوراید به آب آشامیدنی، خمیر دندان ها، دهان شویه ها و... مورد استفاده قرار می گرفتند. راهبردی که نشان داده شده است هم برای کاهش مشکلات پوسیدگی و هم مشکلات پریودنتالی مفید واقع شده است(3). مطالعات بسیاری تاثیرات مثبت و مقرون به صرفه ی فلوراید را بر سلامت حفره دهان نشان داده اند(4). با این حال برخی مقالات با محوریت بررسی عوارض فلوراید منتشر شده اند(5, 6). بلع محصولات فلوراید میتواند باعث مسمومیت حاد با فلوراید، فلوروزیس و هایپو مینرالیزاسیون مینایی شود(6). ضمنا نشان داده شده است که مصرف طولانی مدت دهانشویه‌ فلوراید می‌تواند باعث مقاومت باکتریایی در برابر فلوراید شده و اثرات مثبت آن در مبارزه با میکروارگانیسم ها را کاهش می دهد (7(. راهبرد دیگر، استفاده از مواد شیمیایی مختلفی بوده که موفق‌ترین آن‌ها کلرهگزیدین است. این ضدعفونی‌کننده‌ کاتیونی، دارای فعالیت آنتی باکتریال بوده و چون سطح به ‌شدت فعالی دارد، در پیشگیری از کلونیزه‌ شدن میکروب‌ها بر روی مینای تمیز به طور ویژه‌ای موثر است. با این که این دهانشویه ‌ها در کمک به کنترل پلاک موثرند، اما به طور گسترده استفاده نمی‌شوند؛ چون باعث تغییر رنگ دندان‌ها و ترمیم‌های همرنگ دندان می‌شوند و در حس چشایی نیز تغییر ایجاد می کنند (8). ایده بعدی، ریشه کنی میکروب های پاتوژن حفره دهان به کمک عوامل آنتی بیوتیکی بود؛ که این امر اگر غیر ممکن نباشد بسیار سخت می باشد. ضمنا با توجه به امکان پیدایش گونه های مقاوم باکتریایی به آنتی بیوتیک های مصرفی و اینکه برای این هدف، آنتی بیوتیک ها میبایست بصورت مادام العمر مصرف شوند؛ این روش چندان مورد استقبال قرار نگرفت (9). اخیرا محصولاتی تحت عنوان پروبیوتیک ها برای پیشگیری و کنترل بیماری های دندانی و پریودنتال مورد استفاده قرار گرفته اند. واژه پروبیوتیک که در لغت به معنای "برای زندگی" است برای اولین بار توسط Lilly و Stillwell در دهه 1960 به کار برده شد؛ سازمان غذا و کشاورزی ملل متحد و سازمان جهانی بهداشت (FAO  و  WHO) پروبیوتیک را به عنوان میکروارگانیسم های زنده ای معرفی کردند که وقتی به میزان کافی در غذا یا به عنوان مکمل غذایی مصرف شوند برای سلامت میزبان مفید خواهند بود و توانایی بهبود بالانس بیولوژیکی در مسیر گوارشی را خواهند داشت. هدف استفاده از محصولات پروبیوتیک برای مقاصد موضعی، جایگزینی باکتری های پاتوژن به وسیله گونه های غیر بیماری زا است؛ این در حالی است که پروبیوتیک ها می توانند منافع سیستمیک هم از قبیل کاهش خطر ابتلا به عفونت ها، کاهش آلرژی ها و عدم تحمل لاکتوز، کاهش فشار خون و کاهش سطح کلسترول خون داشته باشند(10, 11). بیشتر دانش ما در حیطه محصولات پروبیوتیکی مربوط به سال های 2005 به بعد است. در این سالیان محدود، مطالعات بسیار زیاد و متنوعی در رابطه با بررسی تاثیرات پروبیوتیک ها بر عناصر حفره دهان صورت گرفته است که اغلب آنها حاکی از تاثیرات مثبت پروبیوتیک ها بر دهان و دندان کودکان و بالغین است؛ بدون اینکه تاثیرات مضری همچون مسمومیت، تداخل دارویی، مقاومت دارویی و ... گزارش شوند(10). با این حال متاسفانه هنوز هیچ توافق عمومی در مورد دستورالعمل مداخله توسط پروبیوتیک ها در دسترس نیست. دستورالعمل های مختلف استفاده بر حسب نحوه مصرف، طول مدت مداخله، تعداد دفعات مصرف در روز، آموزش و یا عدم آموزش رعایت بهداشت به بیماران، استفاده همزمان از درمان های جانبی، نوع باکتری بکار گرفته شده، جامعه مورد مطالعه و حامل های پروبیوتیک متفاوت می باشند(10-12). ضمنا طبق تحقیقات نویسنده، متاسفانه هیچ محصول بهداشت دهان و دندانی مبتنی بر پروبیوتیک ها اعم از خمیر دندان، دهانشویه و... در داخل کشور تولید نمی شود. بنابراین توصیه می گردد در وهله اول مطالعات متعددی در رابطه با تاثیرات مکمل های پروبیوتیکی ساخت کشور ایران من جمله لاکتوگام، پارسی لاکت، اورالامین و... بر سلامت ناحیه دهان و دندان صورت پذیرد تا در صورت تایید تاثیر آن ها، یک توافق عمومی در رابطه با دستورالعمل مصرف بدست آید و اینکه در وهله دوم، محصولات بهداشتی مبتنی بر پروبیوتیک، از قبیل خمیر دندان و دهانشویه و... تولید گردد.   77 79 2022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/4 1401/6/13 2022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/12022/09/1 1401/6/10 امین انصاری نیا A Ansari nia ایران ##1.Ahirwar SS, Gupta M, Snehi SK. Dental caries and lactobacillus: role and ecology in the oral cavity. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2019;10(11):4818-29.##2.Loesche WJ, Grossman NS. Periodontal disease as a specific, albeit chronic, infection: diagnosis and treatment. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14(4):727-52.##3.Alavi S, Yaraghi N. The effect of fluoride varnish and chlorhexidine gel on white spots and gingival and plaque indices in fixed orthodontic patients: A placebo-controlled study. Dent Res J 2018;15(4):276-82.##4. Soares RC, da Rosa SV, Moysés ST, Rocha JS, Bettega PVC, Werneck RI, et al. Methods for prevention of early childhood caries: Overview of systematic reviews. Int J Paediatr Dent 2021;31(3):394-421##5.Guth S, Hüser S, Roth A, Degen G, Diel P, Edlund K, et al. Toxicity of fluoride: critical evaluation of evidence for human developmental neurotoxicity in epidemiological studies, animal experiments and in vitro analyses. Arch toxicol 2020;94(5):1375-415.##6.Alarcon-Herrera MT, MartIn-Dominguez IR, Trejo-Vázquez R, Rodriguez-Dozal S. Well water fluoride, dental fluorosis, and bone fractures in the Guadiana Valley of Mexico. Fluoride 2001;34(2):139-49.##7.Breaker R. New insight on the response of bacteria to fluoride. Caries Res 2012;46(1):78-81.##8.Rugg-Gunn A. Dental caries: strategies to control this preventable disease. Acta Med Acad 2013;42(2):117-30.##9.Chaturvedi S, Jain U. Importance of probiotics in orthodontics. JOFR 2015;5(3):99-103.##10.Gheisary Z, Mahmood R, Harri shivanantham A, Liu J, Lieffers JR, Papagerakis P, et al. The Clinical, Microbiological, and Immunological Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022;14(5):1036.##11.Matsubara VH, Bandara H, Ishikawa KH, Mayer MPA, Samaranayake LP. The role of probiotic bacteria in managing periodontal disease: a systematic review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016;14(7):643-55.##12.Raff A, Hunt LC. Probiotics for periodontal health: a review of the literature. J Am Dent Hyg Assoc 2012;86(2):71-81 ##