1393 10 1 0 106

بررسی اثربخشی پمفلت آموزشی بر آگاهی مادران در رابطه با اولین ملاقات دندانپزشکی کودکان 3-7 سال Evaluation of effectiveness of educational pamphlet on mother’s awareness about first dental visit in 3-7 year-old children 1 1 زمینه و هدف: محیط دندانپزشکی یکی از مکان های پر استرس برای کودکان به شمار می‌آید. عدم آگاهی والدین در بسیاری موارد می تواند باعث انتقال ترس و نگرانی به کودک شود بی‌آنکه والدین بدانند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر بخشی پمفلت آموزشی بر آگاهی مادران در رابطه با اولین ملاقات دندانپزشکی کودکان 3-7 سال می باشد. روش بررسی: اثر بخشی پمفلت تهیه شده، طی مطالعه ای بر روی80 مادر که کودک 7-3 سال داشتند و کودک خود را برای اولین بار به یک مرکز دندانپزشکی می بردند، انجام شد. شرکت کنندگان در دو گروه مداخله و مقایسه تقسیم شدند. میزان آگاهی مادران نسبت به اولین ملاقات دندانپزشکی پیش و پس از مطالعه پمفلت با پرسشنامه ای مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. یافته ها: نتایج به دست آمده از پیش آزمون و پس آزمون نشان داد که آگاهی مادران در گروه مداخله قبل و بعد از خواندن پمفلت درمورد اولین ملاقات دندانپزشکی به طور معنی داری افزایش یافت (P <0.05) ولی در گروه مقایسه تغییری در آگاهی مادران دیده نشد (P>0.05). نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به موثر بودن این روش آگاهی بخشی، استفاده از پمفلت در افزایش آگاهی مادران در مورد اهمیت اولین ملاقات دندانپزشکی کاربردی است. 2 Background and aim: Dental fear and anxiety is a common problem in pediatric dentistry. In many cases parents transmit their anxiety to the children who referred to dentistry for the first time and make them disturbed and more anxious. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of pamphlet on mother’s awareness about first dental visit in 3-7 year-old children. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 80 mothers who have 3-7 year old child undergoing dental treatment for the first time. The participants were divided into two interventional and control group randomly. Mother`s knowledge about first dental visit, before and after receiving the pamphlet was evaluated by a questionnaire. Results: There was significant difference in mother`s awareness before and after receiving the pamphlet in interventional group (p-value <0.05) however in control group there was not any significant difference in mother`s awareness (p-value >0.05). Conclusion: Due to effectiveness of the pamphlet, it could be a practical way in enhancing of mother`s awareness about first dental visit. 7 16 2015/10/4 1394/7/12 2015/10/4 1394/7/12 مهدی قندهاری m ghandehari Iran Iran سید جلال پورهاشمی seyed jalal pourhashemi Iran Iran فریده بقایی f baghayi Iran Iran سارا قدیمی sara ghadimi Iran Iran first dental visit mother`s education children آموزش مادران اولین ملاقات دندانپزشکی کودکان Afshar H, Baradaran Nakhjavani Y, Mahmoudi-Gharaei J, Paryab M, Zadhoosh S. The Effect of Parental Presence on the 5 year-Old Children's Anxiety and Cooperative Behavior in the First and Second Dental Visit. Iran J Pediatr. 2011;21(2):193-200.##Mc Donald RE, Avery DR, Dean JA. Dentistry for the child and adolescence. In: Geralds z, wight s, Stigert j, editors. nonpharmacologic behavior management. 9 ed: Elsevier - Health Sciences. Division; 2011. p. 72##Pinkham RJ, Nowak AJ, McTigue JD, Henry W, Fields JR, Casamassimo SP. Pediatric dentistry - infancy##Soxman J. Parenting the parents of pediatric patients. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2006;27(11):630-4.##BassakNejad S, Poloi Shahpor F, Davoudi I. Efficacy of Family Anxiety Management Training of Mothers with Anxious Kindergarten Children aged between 4 -6 Years. Jundishapur Sci Med J. 2012;11(4):365-373.[In Persian]##Nixon RD. Treatment of behavior problems in preschoolers: a review of parent training programs. Clin Psychol Rev. 2002;22(4):525-46.##Bankole OO, Denloye OO, ADERINOKUN GA. The effect of mothers past dental experience on the behavior of some nigerian children during dental treatment. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 2004;7(3):113-8.##Muris P, Meesters C, Merckelbach H, Hülsenbeck P. Worry in children is related to perceived parental rearing and attachment. Behav Res Ther. 2000;38(5):487-97.##Rãducanu AM, Feraru V, Herteliu C, Anghelescu R. Assessment of the prevalence of dental fear and its causes among children and adolescents attending a department of paediatric dentistry in Bucharest. OHDMBSC. 2009;8(1):42-9.##American Academy on Pediatric Dentistry Clinical Affairs Committee-Behavior Management Subcommittee;##Fox C, Newton JT. A controlled trial of the impact of exposure to positive images of dentistry on anticipatory dental fear in children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2006;34(6):455-9.##Machen JB, Johnson R. Desensitization, model learning, and the dental behavior of children. J Dent Res. 1974;53(1):83-7.##Olumide F, Newton JT, Dunne S, Gilbert DB. Anticipatory anxiety in children visiting the dentist: lack of effect of preparatory information. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2009;19(5):338-42.##Rosengarten M. The Behavior of the Preschool Child at the Initial Dental Visit. J Dent Res. 1961;40:673-7.##Johnson CA, Katz RC. Using parents as change agents for their children: a review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1973;14(3):181-200.##Wright GZ, Alpern GD, Leake JL. The modifiability of maternal anxiety as it relates to children's cooperative dental behavior. ASDC J Dent Child. 1973;40(4):265-71.##Sutton C. Training parents to manage difficult children: a comparison of methods. Behavioural Psychotherapy. 1992;20(2):115-39.##Wright L, Schaefer AB, Solomons G. Indirect treatment of children through principle oriented parent consultation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1976;44(1):148.##Strayhorn JM, Weidman CS. Follow-up one year after parent-child interaction training: Effects on behavior of preschool children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1991;30(1):138-43.##Ginsburg GS, Silverman WK, Kurtines WK. Family involvement in treating children with phobic and anxiety##Graziano AM, Diament DM. Parent behavioral training. An examination of the paradigm. Behav Modif. 1992; 16(1):3-38.##Afshar H, Baradaran Nakhjavani Y, Mahmoudi-Gharaei J, Paryab M, Zadhoosh S. The Effect of Parental Presence on the 5 year-Old Children's Anxiety and Cooperative Behavior in the First and Second Dental Visit. Iran J Pediatr. 2011;21(2):193-200.##Mc Donald RE, Avery DR, Dean JA. Dentistry for the child and adolescence. In: Geralds z, wight s, Stigert j, editors. nonpharmacologic behavior management. 9 ed: Elsevier - Health Sciences. Division; 2011. p. 72##Pinkham RJ, Nowak AJ, McTigue JD, Henry W, Fields JR, Casamassimo SP. Pediatric dentistry - infancy##Soxman J. Parenting the parents of pediatric patients. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2006;27(11):630-4.##BassakNejad S, Poloi Shahpor F, Davoudi I. Efficacy of Family Anxiety Management Training of Mothers with Anxious Kindergarten Children aged between 4 -6 Years. Jundishapur Sci Med J. 2012;11(4):365-373.[In Persian]##Nixon RD. Treatment of behavior problems in preschoolers: a review of parent training programs. Clin Psychol Rev. 2002;22(4):525-46.##Bankole OO, Denloye OO, ADERINOKUN GA. The effect of mothers past dental experience on the behavior of some nigerian children during dental treatment. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 2004;7(3):113-8.##Muris P, Meesters C, Merckelbach H, Hülsenbeck P. Worry in children is related to perceived parental rearing and attachment. Behav Res Ther. 2000;38(5):487-97.##Rãducanu AM, Feraru V, Herteliu C, Anghelescu R. Assessment of the prevalence of dental fear and its causes among children and adolescents attending a department of paediatric dentistry in Bucharest. OHDMBSC. 2009;8(1):42-9.##American Academy on Pediatric Dentistry Clinical Affairs Committee-Behavior Management Subcommittee;##Fox C, Newton JT. A controlled trial of the impact of exposure to positive images of dentistry on anticipatory dental fear in children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2006;34(6):455-9.##Machen JB, Johnson R. Desensitization, model learning, and the dental behavior of children. J Dent Res. 1974;53(1):83-7.##Olumide F, Newton JT, Dunne S, Gilbert DB. Anticipatory anxiety in children visiting the dentist: lack of effect of preparatory information. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2009;19(5):338-42.##Rosengarten M. The Behavior of the Preschool Child at the Initial Dental Visit. J Dent Res. 1961;40:673-7.##Johnson CA, Katz RC. Using parents as change agents for their children: a review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1973;14(3):181-200.##Wright GZ, Alpern GD, Leake JL. The modifiability of maternal anxiety as it relates to children's cooperative dental behavior. ASDC J Dent Child. 1973;40(4):265-71.##Sutton C. Training parents to manage difficult children: a comparison of methods. Behavioural Psychotherapy. 1992;20(2):115-39.##Wright L, Schaefer AB, Solomons G. Indirect treatment of children through principle oriented parent consultation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1976;44(1):148.##Strayhorn JM, Weidman CS. Follow-up one year after parent-child interaction training: Effects on behavior of preschool children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1991;30(1):138-43.##Ginsburg GS, Silverman WK, Kurtines WK. Family involvement in treating children with phobic and anxiety##Graziano AM, Diament DM. Parent behavioral training. An examination of the paradigm. Behav Modif. 1992; 16(1):3-38.## ##

مقایسه آرامبخشی و ایمنی شربت میدازولام و PO میدازولام در کودکان غیر همکار در درمان های دندانپزشکی ‌‌‌‌A comparative study of a commercial syrup and oral administration of injectable midazolam in pediatric dental sedation 1 1 زمینه و هدف: آرامبخشی دارویی یکی از روشهای موثر در درمان کودکان غیرهمکار و به شدت مضطرب در دندانپزشکی است.نوع دارو و آگاهی از خصوصیات روانشناختی کودکان می تواند در میزان اثربخشی دارو موثر باشد. هدف این مطالعه مقایسه آرامبخشی و ایمنی دو ترکیب خوراکی میدازولام شامل: " شربت "و “میدازولام تزریقی به صورت خوراکی”(per os) در کودکان غیر همکار در درمان های دندانپزشکی می باشد.هدف دوم آن بررسی خصوصیات شخصیتی و ناهنجاریهای رفتاری بر پیامد آرامبخشی است. مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه به روش کارآزمایی بالینی تصادفی دو سوکور روی 88 کودک 9-4 ساله غیر همکار با دو رژیم دارویی میدازولام با دوز 5/0-2/0 میلیگرم بر کیلوگرم انجام گرفت. پارامترهای فیزیولوژیک شامل ضربان قلب ، تعداد تنفس ، فشار خون ، میزان اشباع اکسیژن خون در بدو ورود ، لحظه شروع درمان و سپس هر 15 دقیقه ثبت گردید. پرسشنامه ای جهت آگاهی از خصوصیات روانشناختی و مشکلات رفتاری کودکان استفاده شد. ارزیابی رفتار کودکان انجام گرفت.آنالیز داده ها با استفاده از آزمونهایIndependent Test , Chi Square Mann-Whitney, Fishers Test , Backward Stepwise logistic regression انجام شد. نتایج: پارامترهای فیزیولوژیک در طول آرامبخشی در محدوده نرمال باقی ماندند و اختلاف معنی داری یافت نشد. هیچ عارضه جانبی دیده نشد. در 9/90% کودکان گروه شربت و 5/79% گروه po آرامبخشی موفق حاصل شد. درجه خواب ، گریه ، حرکت و رفتار کلی اختلاف معنی دار نداشت. از میان خصوصیات شخصیتی بین مشکلات سلوک و رفتارهای جامعه پسند با موفقیت آرامبخشی ارتباط معنی دار یافت گردید. بحث و نتیجه گیری: هردو رژیم دارویی شربت میدازولام وفرم تزریقی به صورت خوراکی سبب ایجاد آرامبخشی موفق و ایمن در کودکان غیر همکار می شود. 2 Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of "midazolam syrup" versus "orally administered IV midazolam (PO midazolam)" among uncooperative dental patients. Second outcome was to assess the prevalence as well as the impact of General anxiety and Dental fear on sedation success. Method: Eighty eight uncooperative dental patients ( Frankl Scales 1,2) aged 3 to 6 years, and ASA I were participated in this double blind, parallel randomized controlled clinical trial. Physiologic parameters including heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and blood pressure were recorded. Behavior assessment was conducted throughout the course of treatment by Houpt Scale and at critical moments of treatment (injection and cavity preparation) by North Carolina Scale. General anxiety, dental fear and personality characteristics were evaluated by the means of Child Dental Fear (CFSS), Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Conners’ questionnaires. Independent T-test and Chi-Square, and Pearson correlation were used for statistical analysis. Findings: Acceptable behavior was observed in 90.9% of syrup groups and 86.4% of PO group revealed acceptable behavior by Houpt scale (P=0.51). The ratings of sleep, crying and movement domains were not significantly different between groups. Physiological parameters remained in normal range without any significant difference between groups and no adverse effect was observed. No significant relationship was found between behavior after receiving midazolam sedation and personality aspects including: dental fear, general anxiety, and gender (P>0.05). Conclusion: PO midazolam formulation can be used as an acceptable alternative for midazolam syrup. 17 28 2015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 2015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 کتایون سالم katayon salem Iran Iran شقایق کامران زاده shaghayegh kamranzadeh Iran Iran شهناز شائقی shahnaz shaeghi Iran Iran فاطمه عبداله گرجی Iran Iran Sedation Pediatric dentistry Oral midazolam Behavior and personality آرامبخشی با حفظ هوشیاری دندانپزشکی کودکان میدازولام شخصیت و مشکلات رفتاری Raadal M, Lundeberg S, Haukali G. Pain, pain control and sedation IN: Koch G, Poulsen S(editors), Pediatric##Dentistry, A Clinical Approach.2nd ed, Singapore. Blackwell.2009. pp54##Lourenço-Matharu L, Ashley PF, Furness S. Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment. Cochrane##Database Syst Rev. 2012 Mar 14; 3:CD003877. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003877.pub4.##Dean, Avery, McDonald(editors), McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 9th##ed.China.Mosby- Elsivier 2011. PP:31 and 254-6##Wilson S, Ganzberg L. Pain Reaction Control: Sedation ; IN: Casamassimo, Fields, Mctigue, Nowak; Pediatric##Dentistry, Infancy through Adolescence, 5th ed. China.Elsivier.2013.pp115##Malamed SF. Sedation: A guide to patient management. 5th ed. Chap 7. California: C. V. Mosbey Co., Elsevier;##p. 95-118.##Becker DE, Moor PA. Anxiolytics and sedative-hypnotics. In: Dionne RA, Phero JC, Becker DE. Management##of pain and anxiety in the dental office. 1st ed. WE Saunders Company. 2002: 129-139.##Becker DE, Bennett CR. Intravenous and intramuscular sedation. In: Dionne RA, Phero JC, Becker DE.##Management of pain and anxiety in the dental office. 1st ed. WE Saunders Company. 2002: 235-260.##Alzahrani A., Wyne A. Use of Oral Midazolam Sedation In Pediatric Dentistry: A Review. Pakistan Oral &##Dental Journal 2012( 32):, 3 . 444-455.##Rosenberg m. Oral midazolam syrup as a safe sedative for pediatric dentistry. Dental News. 2000: Volume7,##Number3:69-71.##Goho C. Oral midazolam –grapefruit juice drug interaction. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. 2001.##23(4):365-66##Sheta S, Alsarheed M. Oral Midazolam Premedication for Children Undergoing General Anaesthesia for Dental##Care.Int J Ped 2009 ; 2009: 274380.doi: 10.1155/2009/274380##Dean, Avery, McDonald(editors), McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 9th##ed.China.Mosby- Elsivier2011.PP:31 and 254-6##Saarnivaara L, Lindgren L, Klemola UM. Comparison of chloral hydrate and midazolam by mouth as##premedicants in children undergoing otolaryngological surgery, Br J Anaesth 1988; 61:390-396.##Sheroan M, Dilley DC, Lucas WJ, Vann WF. A prospective study of 2 sedation regimens in children:chloral##hydrate,mepiridine , and hydroxyzine. Anesth Prog. 2006 Fall; 53(3): 83–90. PMID: 17175821. doi:##2344/0003-3006(2006)53[83:APSOSR]2.0.CO;2.##Houpt M.I, Kupietzky A, Tofsky N.S, Koenigsberg S.R. Effects of nitrous oxide on diazepam sedation of##young children.Pediatr Dent' 1996(18): 236-41##GoodmanR. The Strengths& Difficulties Questionnaire, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry1997; 38,##586##Tehranidoost M, Shahrivar R, et al. Reliability of Persian version of SDQ, Tazehaye Oloum Shenakhti 1996,4:##39##Qasempour M, Hadgi Ahmadi M, Pouryiaye Vali M, Dental stress in children . J ol University of Medical##Sciences 1994; 3:12-16##Coté CJ, Cohen IT, Suresh S, Rabb M, Rose JB, Weldon BC, Davis PJ, Bikhazi GB, Karl HW, Hummer KA,##Hannallah RS, Khoo KC, Collins P. A comparison of three doses of a commercially prepared oral midazolam##syrup in children. Anesth Analg. 2002 Jan;94(1):37-43##Someri M., Parisinos C., Kharouba J., Cherni N., Smidt A., AburasZ., Darawishi G. , Gaitini L. Optimising the##dose of oral midazolam sedation for dental procedures in children: a prospective, randomised, and controlled##study. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 271–279##Mortazavi M., Pourhashemi SJ., Khosravi M.B., Ashtari S., Ghaderi F. Assessment of a low dose of IV midazolam##used orally for conscious sedation in pediatric dentistry. DARU 2009: Vol 17, No. 2:79-82##Jew R, Soo-Hoo W, Erush SC.Fextemporaneous formulations for Pediatric, Geriatric and Special needs patients.2nd##ed.pp146##Midazolam oral: Uses, Side effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings. www.com/drugs-16685-##midazolam+oral.aspx##Wildschut E, Vet NJ, de Wildt S. Application to add midazolam to the WHO model list of essential##medicines.18th Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential, Medicines .www.who.int/selection##Kain ZN, MacLaren Jn, McClain BC, Saadat H, Wang SM, Mayes LC, Anderson GM.Effects of Age and##Emotionality on the Effectiveness of Midazolam Administered Preoperatively to Children. Anesthesiology##2007; 107:545–52##McMillan CO, Spahr-Schopfer IA, Sikich N, Hartley E, Lerman J. Premedication of children with oral##midazolam.Can J Anaesth. 1992 Jul;39(6):545-50.##Baygin O, Senel AC.The role of midazolam sedation in paediatric dentistry.Universe J.Med.Dent.##2012;1(6):063-064##Wilson S, Ganzberg L. Pain Reaction Control: Sedation ; IN: Casamassimo, Fields, Mctigue, Nowak; Pediatric##Dentistry, Infancy through Adolescence, 5th ed. China.Elsivier.2013.pp98##Levine M.F.,Spahr Schopfer I.A., Hartley E.,MacPherson B. Oral midazolam premedication : the minimum##yime interval for separation from parents.Canadian jurnal of anaesthesia 1993,40:8,pp. 726-729##G.Allen Finley MD FRCPC FAAP ,Shery H.Stewart PhD , Susan Buffettjerrott phD; High levels of impulsivity##may contraindicate midazolam premedication in children ; CAN J ANESTH 2006 / 53: 1 / pp 73-78##Kain ,zeev N.M.D&B.A Maclaren & et al –Effects of age and emotionality on the effectiveness of midazolam##administered ore operatively to children-national institutes of health, Bethesda,Maryland,USA-october##2007;volume 107;issue 4-pp:545-552##Jain K, Ghai B, Saxena AK, Saini D, Khandelwal N.Efficacy of two oral premedicants: midazolam or a lowdose##combination of midazolam-ketamine for reducing stress during intravenous cannulation in children##undergoing CT imaging. Paediatr Anaesth. 2010 Apr;20(4):330-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2010.03279.x##Mishra LD, Sinha GK, Bhaskar Rao P, Sharma V, Satya K, Gairola R. Injectable midazolam as oral##premedicant in pediatric neurosurgery.J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2005 Oct;17(4):193-8.##Raadal M, Lundeberg S, Haukali G. Pain, pain control and sedation IN: Koch G, Poulsen S(editors), Pediatric##Dentistry, A Clinical Approach.2nd ed, Singapore. Blackwell.2009. pp54##Lourenço-Matharu L, Ashley PF, Furness S. Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment. Cochrane##Database Syst Rev. 2012 Mar 14; 3:CD003877. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003877.pub4.##Dean, Avery, McDonald(editors), McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 9th##ed.China.Mosby- Elsivier 2011. PP:31 and 254-6##Wilson S, Ganzberg L. Pain Reaction Control: Sedation ; IN: Casamassimo, Fields, Mctigue, Nowak; Pediatric##Dentistry, Infancy through Adolescence, 5th ed. China.Elsivier.2013.pp115##Malamed SF. Sedation: A guide to patient management. 5th ed. Chap 7. California: C. V. Mosbey Co., Elsevier;##p. 95-118.##Becker DE, Moor PA. Anxiolytics and sedative-hypnotics. In: Dionne RA, Phero JC, Becker DE. Management##of pain and anxiety in the dental office. 1st ed. WE Saunders Company. 2002: 129-139.##Becker DE, Bennett CR. Intravenous and intramuscular sedation. In: Dionne RA, Phero JC, Becker DE.##Management of pain and anxiety in the dental office. 1st ed. WE Saunders Company. 2002: 235-260.##Alzahrani A., Wyne A. Use of Oral Midazolam Sedation In Pediatric Dentistry: A Review. Pakistan Oral &##Dental Journal 2012( 32):, 3 . 444-455.##Rosenberg m. Oral midazolam syrup as a safe sedative for pediatric dentistry. Dental News. 2000: Volume7,##Number3:69-71.##Goho C. Oral midazolam –grapefruit juice drug interaction. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. 2001.##23(4):365-66##Sheta S, Alsarheed M. Oral Midazolam Premedication for Children Undergoing General Anaesthesia for Dental##Care.Int J Ped 2009 ; 2009: 274380.doi: 10.1155/2009/274380##Dean, Avery, McDonald(editors), McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 9th##ed.China.Mosby- Elsivier2011.PP:31 and 254-6##Saarnivaara L, Lindgren L, Klemola UM. Comparison of chloral hydrate and midazolam by mouth as##premedicants in children undergoing otolaryngological surgery, Br J Anaesth 1988; 61:390-396.##Sheroan M, Dilley DC, Lucas WJ, Vann WF. A prospective study of 2 sedation regimens in children:chloral##hydrate,mepiridine , and hydroxyzine. Anesth Prog. 2006 Fall; 53(3): 83–90. PMID: 17175821. doi:##2344/0003-3006(2006)53[83:APSOSR]2.0.CO;2.##Houpt M.I, Kupietzky A, Tofsky N.S, Koenigsberg S.R. Effects of nitrous oxide on diazepam sedation of##young children.Pediatr Dent' 1996(18): 236-41##GoodmanR. The Strengths& Difficulties Questionnaire, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry1997; 38,##586##Tehranidoost M, Shahrivar R, et al. Reliability of Persian version of SDQ, Tazehaye Oloum Shenakhti 1996,4:##39##Qasempour M, Hadgi Ahmadi M, Pouryiaye Vali M, Dental stress in children . J ol University of Medical##Sciences 1994; 3:12-16##Coté CJ, Cohen IT, Suresh S, Rabb M, Rose JB, Weldon BC, Davis PJ, Bikhazi GB, Karl HW, Hummer KA,##Hannallah RS, Khoo KC, Collins P. A comparison of three doses of a commercially prepared oral midazolam##syrup in children. Anesth Analg. 2002 Jan;94(1):37-43##Someri M., Parisinos C., Kharouba J., Cherni N., Smidt A., AburasZ., Darawishi G. , Gaitini L. Optimising the##dose of oral midazolam sedation for dental procedures in children: a prospective, randomised, and controlled##study. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 271–279##Mortazavi M., Pourhashemi SJ., Khosravi M.B., Ashtari S., Ghaderi F. Assessment of a low dose of IV midazolam##used orally for conscious sedation in pediatric dentistry. DARU 2009: Vol 17, No. 2:79-82##Jew R, Soo-Hoo W, Erush SC.Fextemporaneous formulations for Pediatric, Geriatric and Special needs patients.2nd##ed.pp146##Midazolam oral: Uses, Side effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings. www.com/drugs-16685-##midazolam+oral.aspx##Wildschut E, Vet NJ, de Wildt S. Application to add midazolam to the WHO model list of essential##medicines.18th Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential, Medicines .www.who.int/selection##Kain ZN, MacLaren Jn, McClain BC, Saadat H, Wang SM, Mayes LC, Anderson GM.Effects of Age and##Emotionality on the Effectiveness of Midazolam Administered Preoperatively to Children. Anesthesiology##2007; 107:545–52##McMillan CO, Spahr-Schopfer IA, Sikich N, Hartley E, Lerman J. Premedication of children with oral##midazolam.Can J Anaesth. 1992 Jul;39(6):545-50.##Baygin O, Senel AC.The role of midazolam sedation in paediatric dentistry.Universe J.Med.Dent.##2012;1(6):063-064##Wilson S, Ganzberg L. Pain Reaction Control: Sedation ; IN: Casamassimo, Fields, Mctigue, Nowak; Pediatric##Dentistry, Infancy through Adolescence, 5th ed. China.Elsivier.2013.pp98##Levine M.F.,Spahr Schopfer I.A., Hartley E.,MacPherson B. Oral midazolam premedication : the minimum##yime interval for separation from parents.Canadian jurnal of anaesthesia 1993,40:8,pp. 726-729##G.Allen Finley MD FRCPC FAAP ,Shery H.Stewart PhD , Susan Buffettjerrott phD; High levels of impulsivity##may contraindicate midazolam premedication in children ; CAN J ANESTH 2006 / 53: 1 / pp 73-78##Kain ,zeev N.M.D&B.A Maclaren & et al –Effects of age and emotionality on the effectiveness of midazolam##administered ore operatively to children-national institutes of health, Bethesda,Maryland,USA-october##2007;volume 107;issue 4-pp:545-552##Jain K, Ghai B, Saxena AK, Saini D, Khandelwal N.Efficacy of two oral premedicants: midazolam or a lowdose##combination of midazolam-ketamine for reducing stress during intravenous cannulation in children##undergoing CT imaging. Paediatr Anaesth. 2010 Apr;20(4):330-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2010.03279.x##Mishra LD, Sinha GK, Bhaskar Rao P, Sharma V, Satya K, Gairola R. Injectable midazolam as oral##premedicant in pediatric neurosurgery.J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2005 Oct;17(4):193-8.## ##

بررسی شیوع آنومالی‌های دندان های دائمی در مراجعین درمانی ارتودنسی Prevalence of Permanent Dental Anomalies among Patient 1 1 زمینه و هدف: آنومالی‌های تکاملی دندانی جزء مشکلات شایعی می‌باشند که در کودکان دیده می‌شود و منجر به اختلالاتی در طول قوس فکین، نحوه قرارگیری دندانها و اکلوژن بیمار می‌شود. این اختلالات اکتسابی موجب ناهنجاریهای دندانی، فکی و زیبایی می‌گردد و مشکلاتی را در طرح درمان‌های ارتودنسی به وجود می‌آورند. برای تشخیص این موارد معاینات کلینیکی و مشاهدات بالینی نمی‌تواند کافی باشد و نیاز به رادیوگرافی الزامی است که از فاکتورهای کمکی اصلی در تشخیص صحیح و به موقع می‌باشد. هدف از این تحقیق تعیین شیوع آنومالی‌های رشدی- تکاملی سیستم دندانی دائمی به تفکیک نوع آنومالی و تعیین شیوع آنومالی‌های دندانی بر حسب جنس و نوع دندان می‌باشد. روش بررسی: این یک مطالعه توصیفی تحلیلی می‌باشد که شامل بررسی پرونده بیماران مراجعه‌کننده یکساله به بخش ارتودنسی دانشکده دندانپزشکی تهران می‌باشد که از میان 409 پرونده موجود از بین آنها 331 مورد پرونده قابل بررسی (کامل) انتخاب شدند. فرم‌های اطلاعاتی پرونده بیماران و کلیشه‌های پانورامیک بررسی شدند. داده‌ها با آزمون‌های کروسکال والیس، آزمون فریدمن و آزمون نسبت کای اسکوئر، مورد تحلیل قرارگرفتند. یافته ها: پسران 2% و دختران 3/1% آنومالی داشتند. این اختلاف معنادار نبود. بیشترین آنومالی دیده شده در دختران Congenital missing و در پسران Impaction بود. در کل بیشترین آنومالی دیده شده Congenital missing بود در مقابل آنومالی‌های Supernumarary،‌ Transposition و Fusion دیده نشد. نتیجه گیری: آنومال های اکتسابی دندانی وابستگی به جنس ندارد و در افراد تحت درمان ارتدونسی بیشتر می باشد. این مشکلات در نژادهای مختلف شیوع متفاوتی دارد. 2 Background and Aim: Developmental dental anomalies (DDA) are common problem among children which affect on arch length, dental aligning, and occlusion. These developmental abnormalities reason to dental, jaw and aesthetic disorders. They also provide some difficulties in orthodontic treatment. Dental visit and clinical observation are not sufficient to diagnose the DDA and needs to have radiographs as a major diagnostic factor in an on time diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate of prevalence of DDA in permanent dentition based on panoramic radiographs in both gender. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional and descriptive-analytic study. Patients’ documents that were under orthodontic treatment in the School of Dentistry, Tehran university of Medical Sciences in one educational year were gathered. Of 409 documents, 331 complete documents were selected for the study. Data was transferred to check list and then to SPSS software. Data was analyzed by Kruskal wallis and chi-square with the level of significance less than 0.05. Results: Data analyzing showed that 2% of boys and 1.3% of girls had DDA. The difference between gender was nit significant. Congenital missing and impaction were the most DDA in girls and boys respectively wile transposition and fusion were not observed. Conclusion: Developmental dental anomalies have no significant differences between two genders. They are more prevalent in orthodontic patients and depend on race and geographic places. 29 36 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 یحیی برادران نخجوانی y nakhjavani Iran Iran احمد جعفری a jafari Iran Iran حسین عرب خوانی h arabkhani Iran Iran Developmental dental anomalies orthodontic problem congenital dental disorders disorders of teeth ‌ آنومالی های تکاملی دندانی مشکلات ارتودانتیک اختلالات دندانی مادرزادی اختلالات دندانی Backman BA, whahlin YB. Variation in number and morphology of permanent teeth on 7 year - old Swedish##Tetradis S, Kantor ML. Prevalence of skeletal and dental anomalies and normal variants seen in cephalometric and other radiographs of orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999 Nov;116(5):572-7##Baccetti T. Tooth anomalies associated with failure of eruption of first and second permanent molars. AJ##Roberttson A. Missing lateral incisors an aesthetic problem. Angle orthod 2000; 69 (2): 190-2.##Fukuta Y, Totsuka M. Congenital absence of permanent canines: a clinico - statistical study. J Oral Sci. 2004 Dec; 46 (4): 247 – 52.##Hamasha AA, Al-Khateeb T. Prevalence of fused and geminated teeth in Jordanian adults. Quintessence Int 2004;35:556-9.##Hamasha AA. Prevalence of dilacerations in Jordanian teenagers. Int Endod. J 2002 Nov; 35 (11): 910 – 2.##Kotsomitis N1, Dunne MP, Freer TJ. A genetic aetiology for some common dental anomalies: a pilot twin study. Aust Orthod J. 1996 Oct;14(3):172-8.##Dean JA, Avery DR, McDonald RE. Dentistry for the child and adolescent. 9th ed. USA: Mosby; 2011.##Paul S. Casamassimo, Henry W. Fields Jr. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy through Adolescence. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.##Thongudomporn U, Freer TJ. Prevalence of dental anomalies in orthodontic patients. Aust Dent J. 1998 Dec;43(6):395-8.##Yassaei Sogra, Goldani Moghadam Mahdjoube, Khanpaye Elham and Taheri Moghadam Shohre. Prevalence of dental anomalies in Iranian orthodontic patients. Journal of Dentistry and Oral Hygiene. May 2012; 4(2): 16-20,##Yuosofpoor A. Evaluation of Dental Anomalies among the Patients in the Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University of Tehran in 2000-200. Theses of Dentistry. No. 945, 2004 School of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University of Tehran.##Sağlam AA, Tüzüm MS. Clinical and radiologic investigation of the incidence, complications, and suitable removal times for fully impacted teeth in the Turkish population. Quintessence Int. 2003 Jan;34(1):53-9.##Yilmaz HH, Türkkahraman H, Sayin MO. Prevalence of tooth transpositions and associated dental anomalies in a Turkish population. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2005 Jan;34(1):32-5.##Burnett SE. Prevalence of maxillary canine-first premolar transposition in a composite African sample. Angle Orthod. 1999 Apr;69(2):187-9.##Backman BA, whahlin YB. Variation in number and morphology of permanent teeth on 7 year - old Swedish##Tetradis S, Kantor ML. Prevalence of skeletal and dental anomalies and normal variants seen in cephalometric and other radiographs of orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999 Nov;116(5):572-7##Baccetti T. Tooth anomalies associated with failure of eruption of first and second permanent molars. AJ##Roberttson A. Missing lateral incisors an aesthetic problem. Angle orthod 2000; 69 (2): 190-2.##Fukuta Y, Totsuka M. Congenital absence of permanent canines: a clinico - statistical study. J Oral Sci. 2004 Dec; 46 (4): 247 – 52.##Hamasha AA, Al-Khateeb T. Prevalence of fused and geminated teeth in Jordanian adults. Quintessence Int 2004;35:556-9.##Hamasha AA. Prevalence of dilacerations in Jordanian teenagers. Int Endod. J 2002 Nov; 35 (11): 910 – 2.##Kotsomitis N1, Dunne MP, Freer TJ. A genetic aetiology for some common dental anomalies: a pilot twin study. Aust Orthod J. 1996 Oct;14(3):172-8.##Dean JA, Avery DR, McDonald RE. Dentistry for the child and adolescent. 9th ed. USA: Mosby; 2011.##Paul S. Casamassimo, Henry W. Fields Jr. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy through Adolescence. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.##Thongudomporn U, Freer TJ. Prevalence of dental anomalies in orthodontic patients. Aust Dent J. 1998 Dec;43(6):395-8.##Yassaei Sogra, Goldani Moghadam Mahdjoube, Khanpaye Elham and Taheri Moghadam Shohre. Prevalence of dental anomalies in Iranian orthodontic patients. Journal of Dentistry and Oral Hygiene. May 2012; 4(2): 16-20,##Yuosofpoor A. Evaluation of Dental Anomalies among the Patients in the Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University of Tehran in 2000-200. Theses of Dentistry. No. 945, 2004 School of Dentistry, Islamic Azad University of Tehran.##Sağlam AA, Tüzüm MS. Clinical and radiologic investigation of the incidence, complications, and suitable removal times for fully impacted teeth in the Turkish population. Quintessence Int. 2003 Jan;34(1):53-9.##Yilmaz HH, Türkkahraman H, Sayin MO. Prevalence of tooth transpositions and associated dental anomalies in a Turkish population. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2005 Jan;34(1):32-5.##Burnett SE. Prevalence of maxillary canine-first premolar transposition in a composite African sample. Angle Orthod. 1999 Apr;69(2):187-9.## ##

میزان پوسیدگی و ماندگاری فیشور سیلانت مولر اول دائمی درگروهی از کودکان 9-6 ساله شهر اصفهان Decay rates and retention of fissure sealant of first permanent molar at 6-9 year's old children in Isfahan 1 1 زمینه و هدف: میزان فزاینده ی بروز پوسیدگی های شیارها به احتمال زیاد مربوط به کاهش شیوع پوسیدگی در سطوح بین دندانی می باشد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی تاثیر ماده فیشورسیلانت در کاهش پوسیدگی دندانهای مولر اول دائمی و بررسی ماندگاری این ماده در زمانهای مختلف می باشد. مواد وروشها: در این مطالعه تجربی 30 نفر از کودکان 9-6 ساله که دارای دو دندان مولر اول دائمی سالم بودند انتخاب شدند. یکی از دندانها بعنوان شاهد انتخاب شد و بر روی دندان دیگر ماده فیشورسیلانت قرار گرفت. بعد از 6و12 ماه میزان پوسیدگی و ماندگاری ماده فیشورسیلانت بررسی شد. ماده مورد استفاده در این تحقیق سیلانت با مارک (Deguseal) بود و ایزولاسیون با رابردام انجام شد. روش تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها توسط نرم افزار رایانه ای SPSS و با استفاده از آزمون (کای دو) بود. یافته ها: پس از 6 ماه 20% از دندانهای شاهد پوسیده شده بودند .میزان پوسیدگی دندانهای فیشور سیلانت شده در این مدت 3/3% بود. بعد از 12 ماه میزان پوسیدگی دندانهای شاهد 6/26% و پوسیدگی دندانهای سیلانت شده در این مدت 6/6% بود (001/0P<). میزان گیر کامل ماده فیشور سیلانت در همین زمانها به ترتیب 3/93 % و 90% بود (001/0P<). نتیجه گیری : فیشورسیلانت های جایگذاری شده توسط کارکنان دندانپزشکی درست آموزش دیده در پیشگیری از پوسیدگی فرورفتگی ها و شیارهای سطوح در معرض خطر ایمن موثر و سودمند هستند. موثر بودن این ماده با روش خوب جایگذاری و پیگیری مناسب و پوشاندن مجدد درصورت لزوم افزایش می یابد. 2 Background and Aims: The prevalence of occlusal caries in children is a significant dental health problem. The increased proportion of caries experience attributed to pit and fissure caries is most likely due to the decreasing prevalence of caries with inter proximal surfaces. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of fissure sealant material in the reduction of decay in first permanent molars and consideration of retention rate in different periods. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 30 children aged 6-9 that have two intact first molar selected. One tooth has chosen as a control tooth and the other teeth selected for fissure sealant. After 6 and 12 months the sealant retention and caries rate evaluated. The sealant material used for this study was Deguseal. Moisture control during placement was obtaining using ruberdam. Results: After 6 months %20 of control teeth was decayed only 3/3% of sealant teeth decayed. After 12 months 26/6% control teeth was decayed but only 6/6% control teeth was decayed (p value<0.001). After months 93/3% completely retained fissure sealant 6/7% partially retained and after 12 months 90% completely retained and 10% partially retained (p value<0.001). Conclusion: Fissure sealants, placed by appropriately trained dental personnel, are safe, effective, and underused in preventing pit and fissure caries on at-risk surfaces-Effectiveness is increased with good technique and appropriate fallow up and resealing as necessary. 37 42 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 مریم حاج نوروز maryam haj norouzi Iran Iran مینا شاه طوسی mina shah tousi Iran Iran احمد اعتمادی ahmad etemadi Iran Iran Decay fissure sealant retention first permanent molar پوسیدگی فیشور سیلانت ماندگاری مولراول دائمی Pinkham JR. Pediatric dentistry infancy throughout adolescence. 2013; 29: 417.5ed.##Rohr M, Makin son of: Pit and fissures morphology. J Dent child 1991; 58-97.##Lygidakis, Oulis KL,Christodou lidis A. Evaluation of fissure sealant retention following four different isolation and surface preparation techniques: four-years clinical trials. J. clin. Pediat.Dent. 1994; 19(1): 23-5.##Pinkham JR. Pediatric dentistry infancy throughout adolescence .4th ed. ST Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders; 2005.P.520-541.##Garcia-Godoy F, Harris NO, Helm DM. Pit and Fissure Sealants. In: Harris NO, Garcia-Godoy F, Primary Prevention Dentistry. 6th ed. USA: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2004. P 286.##Simonsen RJ: Retention and effectiveness of dental sealant after 15 years: JADA 1991; 122-34.##Pinkham JR. Pediatric dentistry infancy throughout adolescence. 2013; 17: 253-256.5ed.##Elderton J.D. Management of early dental caries in fissures with fissure sealant Br. Dent. J. 1985; 17(2): 132-5.##Oong EM, Griffin SO, Kohn WG, Gooch BF, Caufield PW. The effect of dental sealants on bacteria levels in caries lesions: a review of the evidence. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008 Mar; 139(3):271-8; quiz 357-8. Review.##Griffin SO, Oong E, Kohn W, Vidakovic B. The effectiveness of sealants in managing caries lesions. J Dent Res. 2008 Feb; 87(2):169-74.##Jodkowska E. Efficacy of pit and fissure sealing: long-term clinical observations. Quintessence Int. 2008 Jul-Aug; 39(7):593-602.##Baca P, Castillo AM, Bravo M, Junco P, Baca AP. Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in saliva after the application of fissure sealants. Oper Dent. 2002 Mar-Apr; 27(2):107-11.##Louise Brearley Messer,Hanny calachet, Michel V. Morgan The retention of pit and fissure sealants placed in primary school children by Dental Healh services, Victoria. Australion Dental Journal 1997; 42(4): 233-9.##Amiri tehrani zadeh N, Hashemi tabar M, Mehdinezhad Z. Evaluation the effect of the Fissure Sealant performed in the community center in occlusal Caries Prevention of the First Permanent Molars. J Res Dent Sci. 2011; 8 (2) :96-101##Walker J Floyd K. Jakobsin J. pinkham JR The effectiveness of preventive resin restoration in pediatric patients J Dent child 1996; 63(5): 338-340.##Lygidakis NA, Dimou G, Stamataki E. Retention of fissure sealants using two different methods of application in teeth with hypomineralised molars (MIH): a 4 year clinical study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2009 Dec; 10(4):223-6.##McCune RJ, Bojannini J, Abodeely RA. Effectiveness of a Pit and Fissure Sealant in the Prevention of Caries: ThreeYear Clinical Results. J Am Dent Assoc. 1979 Oct; 99(4):619-23.##Barbara F, Susan O, Gray Sh K, Beauchamp J, Caufield PW, Crall JJ, et al. Preventing Dental Caries Through School-Based Programs: Updated Recommendations and Reviews of evidences. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009; 40(11):1356-##Pinkham JR. Pediatric dentistry infancy throughout adolescence. 2013; 29: 417.5ed.##Rohr M, Makin son of: Pit and fissures morphology. J Dent child 1991; 58-97.##Lygidakis, Oulis KL,Christodou lidis A. Evaluation of fissure sealant retention following four different isolation and surface preparation techniques: four-years clinical trials. J. clin. Pediat.Dent. 1994; 19(1): 23-5.##Pinkham JR. Pediatric dentistry infancy throughout adolescence .4th ed. ST Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders; 2005.P.520-541.##Garcia-Godoy F, Harris NO, Helm DM. Pit and Fissure Sealants. In: Harris NO, Garcia-Godoy F, Primary Prevention Dentistry. 6th ed. USA: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2004. P 286.##Simonsen RJ: Retention and effectiveness of dental sealant after 15 years: JADA 1991; 122-34.##Pinkham JR. Pediatric dentistry infancy throughout adolescence. 2013; 17: 253-256.5ed.##Elderton J.D. Management of early dental caries in fissures with fissure sealant Br. Dent. J. 1985; 17(2): 132-5.##Oong EM, Griffin SO, Kohn WG, Gooch BF, Caufield PW. The effect of dental sealants on bacteria levels in caries lesions: a review of the evidence. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008 Mar; 139(3):271-8; quiz 357-8. Review.##Griffin SO, Oong E, Kohn W, Vidakovic B. The effectiveness of sealants in managing caries lesions. J Dent Res. 2008 Feb; 87(2):169-74.##Jodkowska E. Efficacy of pit and fissure sealing: long-term clinical observations. Quintessence Int. 2008 Jul-Aug; 39(7):593-602.##Baca P, Castillo AM, Bravo M, Junco P, Baca AP. Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in saliva after the application of fissure sealants. Oper Dent. 2002 Mar-Apr; 27(2):107-11.##Louise Brearley Messer,Hanny calachet, Michel V. Morgan The retention of pit and fissure sealants placed in primary school children by Dental Healh services, Victoria. Australion Dental Journal 1997; 42(4): 233-9.##Amiri tehrani zadeh N, Hashemi tabar M, Mehdinezhad Z. Evaluation the effect of the Fissure Sealant performed in the community center in occlusal Caries Prevention of the First Permanent Molars. J Res Dent Sci. 2011; 8 (2) :96-101##Walker J Floyd K. Jakobsin J. pinkham JR The effectiveness of preventive resin restoration in pediatric patients J Dent child 1996; 63(5): 338-340.##Lygidakis NA, Dimou G, Stamataki E. Retention of fissure sealants using two different methods of application in teeth with hypomineralised molars (MIH): a 4 year clinical study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2009 Dec; 10(4):223-6.##McCune RJ, Bojannini J, Abodeely RA. Effectiveness of a Pit and Fissure Sealant in the Prevention of Caries: ThreeYear Clinical Results. J Am Dent Assoc. 1979 Oct; 99(4):619-23.##Barbara F, Susan O, Gray Sh K, Beauchamp J, Caufield PW, Crall JJ, et al. Preventing Dental Caries Through School-Based Programs: Updated Recommendations and Reviews of evidences. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009; 40(11):1356-## ##

فراوانی انواع میان و عده های مصرفی در کودکان پیش دبستانی شهر کرمان در سال 1389 – 1388 Frequency of snack consumption in preschool children 1 1 زمینه و هدف: تغذیه نقش مهمی در پیشگیری از بیماریهای دهان از جمله پوسیدگیهای دندانی ،نقائص تکاملی دندان ها و بیماریهای مخاط دهان دارد. شواهد در دسترس ارتباط بین تعداددفعات ومیزان مصرف میان و عده های مصرفی در کودکان را با پوسیدگی دندانی نشان میدهد. هدف از انجام این مطالعه بررسی فراوانی مصرف میان وعده ها در کودکان پیش دبستانی شهر کرمان بوده است. روش بررسی: این مطالعه مقطعی توصیفی روی 320 کودک پیش دبستانی شهر کرمان که به روش خوشه ای سیستماتیک چند مرحله ای انتخاب شده بودند انجام گرفت. پرسشنامه شامل دو قسمت اطلاعات دموگرافیک و چک لیستی مربوط به مصرف انواع میان وعده ها میشد که توسط پژوهشگر بصورت مشاهده در مرکز پیش دبستانی و توسط والدین در منزل تکمیل می شد، اطلاعات با استفاده از تست های آماری t و X2 در سطح معنی داری 5%مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته ها: .میانگین تعداد دفعات مصرف میان وعده93/14 ±32/15 بار در هفته بود. بین میانگین دفعات مصرف میان وعده در پیش دبستانی و منزل تفاوت آماری معنی دار مشاهده شد. بین میانگین دفعات مصرف میان وعده با میزان تحصیلات پدر و مادر، شغل والدین و تعداد فرزندان تفاوت آماری معنی دار مشاهده نشد. بین دختران و پسران از نظر دفعات مصرف میان وعده تفاوت آماری معنی دار دیده شد. نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد که مصرف میان وعده ها به ویژه میان‌وعده های‌های پوسیدگی‌زا در کودکان پیش دبستانی شهر کرمان بالا و تحت تاثیر عواملی چون مکان و جنس می باشد. 2 Background and Aim: Healthy nutrition plays a pivotal role in prevention of such oral diseases as dental caries, periodontal diseases, developmental defects of teeth, and oral mucosal lesions. The present study aimed to evaluate the frequency of snacks consumption in Kerman preschool children. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 320 preschool children. Data were collected by a questionnaire requesting information on demographic data and by a check list of kinds of snacks in preschool center and home. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, and t-student and Chi-square tests served for statistical analyses. P value were considered at 0.05%. Results: About 59% of the participants were boys 3.1% of mothers and 4.1% of fathers were illiterate and 21.3% of parents had 1 child and 0.0 3% had 6 children. The mean frequency of snack consumption was 15.32±14.93 during a week. There was significant difference between snack consumption in home and preschool center. There was no significant correlation between snack consumption and parents education , occupation and number of children. There was also significant difference between frequency of snack consumption and sex. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that consumption of snacks in preschool children in Kerman is high, and are influenced by site and sex. 43 50 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 ملوک ترابی molouk torabi Iran Iran شهرام مشرفیان shahram moshrefian Iran Iran حمید رضا پوراسلامی Iran Iran داوود ملایی davoud molayi Iran Iran سانعلی کریمی افشار sanali karimi afshar Iran Iran رضیه شجاعی پور raziyeh shojayipour Iran Iran Kerman- preschool- Snacks -frequency پیش دبستانی دفعات میان وعده کرمان Jain P, Gary JJ .Which is a stronger indicator of dental caries: oral hygiene, food, or beverage? A clinical study.##Gen Dent 2014;62(3):63-8.##Moynihan PJ.The role of diet and nutrition in the etiology and prevention of oral diseases.Bull World Health##Organ. 2005;83(9):694-9.##Moynihan PJ.The relationship between diet and oral health . Proc Nutr Soc . 2005 :64(4):571-80.##Marshal TA, Eichenberger- Gilmore JM , Broffitt B , Warren JJ ,Levy SM.Dental caries and children obesity :##roles of diet and socioeconomic status. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007;35(6):449-58.##Kalsbeek H ,Verrips GH. Consumption of sweet snacks and caries experience of primary school children. Caries##Res .1994;28(5):477-83.##Marshal TA, ,Broffitt B , Warren JJ, Eichenberger- Gilmore JM , Warren JJ,Cunningham MA, Levy SM. The##role of male , snack, and daily total food and beverage exposures on caries experience in young children. J Public##Health Dent .2005;65(3):166-73.##Armfield JM, Spencer AJ, Roberts-Thomson KF, Plastow K.Water fluoridation and the association of sugarsweetened##beverage consumption and dental caries in Australian children. Am J Public Health. 2013##Mar;103(3):494-500.##Korwanich K, Sheiham A ,Srisuphan W,Srisilapanan P .Opinions of parents, teacher nd school board members##regarding healthy eating :Aqualitative investigation of lay Thia people's perspectives . J Med Assoc Thai.##2007;90(5):1114-20.##Delva O,Malley PM,Johnston LD. Availability of more- healthy and less- healthy food choices in American##schools : a national study of grade , racial/ ethnic and socioeconomic differences. Am J Perv Med.2007;33(4 suppl)##Zhang S, Liu J, Lo EC, Chu CH. Dental caries status of Dai preschool children in Yunnan Province, China. BMC##Oral Health. 2013;13:68.##Songo BF, Declerck D, Vinckier F, Mbuyi MD, Pilipili CM, Kayembe KP.Caries experience and related factors##in 4-6 year-olds attending dental clinics in Kinshasa, DR of Congo. Community Dent Health. 2013;30(4):257-62.##Jain P, Gary JJ.Which is a stronger indicator of dental caries: oral hygiene, food, or beverage? A clinical study.##Gen Dent. 2014;62(3):63-8.##Casamassimo PS,Fields HW ,Mc Tigue DJ,Nowak A J. Pediateric dentistry : infancy through adolescence. 5##th ed##;2013,chap19,p:287##Sroda R. Nutrition for a healthy mouth . Wolters Kluwer CO. 2006:sec VI p :229.##Moynihan PJ,Petersen PE.Diet, nutrition and prevention of dental diseses. Public Health Nutr. 2004:7(1A):201-##Marshal TA, Levy SM,Broffitt B , Warren JJ, Eichenberger- Gilmore JM , Buens ST ,Stumbo PJ. Dental caries##and beverage consumption in young children. Pediatrics. 2003:112(3pt1)e 184-91.##Ruottinen S,Karjalainen S,Soderling E,Pienihakkinen K.Sucrose intake since infancy and dental health in 10-##year-old children.Caries Res 2004;38:142-148.##Marshal TA, Levy SM,Broffitt B , Warren JJ, Eichenberger- Gilmore JM , Buens ST ,Stumbo PJ. Dental caries##and beverage consumption in young children. Pediatrics. 2003:112(3pt1)e 184-91.##Condon EM,Crepinsek MK,Fox MK.School meals:types of foods offered to and consumped by children at lunch##and breakfast.J Am Diet Associ 2009;109(2suppl):67-78.##Sayegh A,Din EL, Holt RD,Bedi R.Food and drink consumption ,sociodemographic factors and dental caries in##4 -5 years old children in Amman ,Jordan.Br Dent J 2002;193:37-42.##Wyne AH,Khan N.Use of sweet snacks ,soft drinks and fruit juices,tooth brushing and first dental visit in high##DMFT 4-6 years old of Riyadh region. Indian J Dent Res 1995;6:21-24.##Singh A, Bharathi MP, Sequeira P, Acharya S, Bhat M. Oral health status and practices of 5 and 12 year old##Indian tribal children. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2011 Spring;35(3):325-30.##23 -Kiwanuka SN,Astrom AN,Trovik TA.Suger snack consumption in Uganda schoolchildren: Validity and##reliability of a food frequency questionnaire. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol2006;34(5):372-80.##Cullen KW, Watson KB, Konarik M. Differences in fruit and vegetable exposure and preferences among##adolescents receiving free fruit and vegetable snacks at school.Appetite 2009;52(3)740-744.##Liem DG, Zandstra LH. Influence of shape and flavour on children 's boredom of snack products. Int J Behav##Nutr Phys Act 2009;6(1):38-42##Husby I, Heitmann BL, O'Doherty Jensen K. Meals and snacks from the child's perspective :the contribution of##qualitative methods to the development of dietary interventions.Public Health Nutr 2009;12(6):739-47.##Hashim R,Williams SM,Tomson WM.Diet and caries experience among preschool children in Ajman,United##Arab Emirates. Eue J Oral Sci 2009; 117:734-740.##Jain P, Gary JJ .Which is a stronger indicator of dental caries: oral hygiene, food, or beverage? A clinical study.##Gen Dent 2014;62(3):63-8.##Moynihan PJ.The role of diet and nutrition in the etiology and prevention of oral diseases.Bull World Health##Organ. 2005;83(9):694-9.##Moynihan PJ.The relationship between diet and oral health . Proc Nutr Soc . 2005 :64(4):571-80.##Marshal TA, Eichenberger- Gilmore JM , Broffitt B , Warren JJ ,Levy SM.Dental caries and children obesity :##roles of diet and socioeconomic status. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007;35(6):449-58.##Kalsbeek H ,Verrips GH. Consumption of sweet snacks and caries experience of primary school children. Caries##Res .1994;28(5):477-83.##Marshal TA, ,Broffitt B , Warren JJ, Eichenberger- Gilmore JM , Warren JJ,Cunningham MA, Levy SM. The##role of male , snack, and daily total food and beverage exposures on caries experience in young children. J Public##Health Dent .2005;65(3):166-73.##Armfield JM, Spencer AJ, Roberts-Thomson KF, Plastow K.Water fluoridation and the association of sugarsweetened##beverage consumption and dental caries in Australian children. Am J Public Health. 2013##Mar;103(3):494-500.##Korwanich K, Sheiham A ,Srisuphan W,Srisilapanan P .Opinions of parents, teacher nd school board members##regarding healthy eating :Aqualitative investigation of lay Thia people's perspectives . J Med Assoc Thai.##2007;90(5):1114-20.##Delva O,Malley PM,Johnston LD. Availability of more- healthy and less- healthy food choices in American##schools : a national study of grade , racial/ ethnic and socioeconomic differences. Am J Perv Med.2007;33(4 suppl)##Zhang S, Liu J, Lo EC, Chu CH. Dental caries status of Dai preschool children in Yunnan Province, China. BMC##Oral Health. 2013;13:68.##Songo BF, Declerck D, Vinckier F, Mbuyi MD, Pilipili CM, Kayembe KP.Caries experience and related factors##in 4-6 year-olds attending dental clinics in Kinshasa, DR of Congo. Community Dent Health. 2013;30(4):257-62.##Jain P, Gary JJ.Which is a stronger indicator of dental caries: oral hygiene, food, or beverage? A clinical study.##Gen Dent. 2014;62(3):63-8.##Casamassimo PS,Fields HW ,Mc Tigue DJ,Nowak A J. Pediateric dentistry : infancy through adolescence. 5##th ed##;2013,chap19,p:287##Sroda R. Nutrition for a healthy mouth . Wolters Kluwer CO. 2006:sec VI p :229.##Moynihan PJ,Petersen PE.Diet, nutrition and prevention of dental diseses. Public Health Nutr. 2004:7(1A):201-##Marshal TA, Levy SM,Broffitt B , Warren JJ, Eichenberger- Gilmore JM , Buens ST ,Stumbo PJ. Dental caries##and beverage consumption in young children. Pediatrics. 2003:112(3pt1)e 184-91.##Ruottinen S,Karjalainen S,Soderling E,Pienihakkinen K.Sucrose intake since infancy and dental health in 10-##year-old children.Caries Res 2004;38:142-148.##Marshal TA, Levy SM,Broffitt B , Warren JJ, Eichenberger- Gilmore JM , Buens ST ,Stumbo PJ. Dental caries##and beverage consumption in young children. Pediatrics. 2003:112(3pt1)e 184-91.##Condon EM,Crepinsek MK,Fox MK.School meals:types of foods offered to and consumped by children at lunch##and breakfast.J Am Diet Associ 2009;109(2suppl):67-78.##Sayegh A,Din EL, Holt RD,Bedi R.Food and drink consumption ,sociodemographic factors and dental caries in##4 -5 years old children in Amman ,Jordan.Br Dent J 2002;193:37-42.##Wyne AH,Khan N.Use of sweet snacks ,soft drinks and fruit juices,tooth brushing and first dental visit in high##DMFT 4-6 years old of Riyadh region. Indian J Dent Res 1995;6:21-24.##Singh A, Bharathi MP, Sequeira P, Acharya S, Bhat M. Oral health status and practices of 5 and 12 year old##Indian tribal children. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2011 Spring;35(3):325-30.##23 -Kiwanuka SN,Astrom AN,Trovik TA.Suger snack consumption in Uganda schoolchildren: Validity and##reliability of a food frequency questionnaire. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol2006;34(5):372-80.##Cullen KW, Watson KB, Konarik M. Differences in fruit and vegetable exposure and preferences among##adolescents receiving free fruit and vegetable snacks at school.Appetite 2009;52(3)740-744.##Liem DG, Zandstra LH. Influence of shape and flavour on children 's boredom of snack products. Int J Behav##Nutr Phys Act 2009;6(1):38-42##Husby I, Heitmann BL, O'Doherty Jensen K. Meals and snacks from the child's perspective :the contribution of##qualitative methods to the development of dietary interventions.Public Health Nutr 2009;12(6):739-47.##Hashim R,Williams SM,Tomson WM.Diet and caries experience among preschool children in Ajman,United##Arab Emirates. Eue J Oral Sci 2009; 117:734-740.## ##

مقایسه استحکام شکست و استحکام باندریزبرشی چهار نوع ماده ترمیمی همرنگ دندان در بازسازی دندانهای قدامی شیری فک بالای به شدت تخریب شده – یک مطالعه آزمایشگاهی The effect of enamel moisture on tensile bond strength of composite resin using Single bond in total etch technique 1 1 زمینه و هدف: استفاده از کامپوزیت و گلاس آینومرها به علت تمایل به زیبایی افزایش یافته است. از طرفی لازم است تاج دندان با ماده ای با استحکام بالا ترمیم شود. در این تحقیق بر آن شدیم تا استحکام باند ریز برشی چهار نوع ماده ترمیمی همرنگ دندان در بازسازی دندانهای قدامی شیری را بررسی کنیم. روش بررسی: تعداد ٤٠ دندان قدامی شیری کشیده شده با ریشه ی سالم و حداقل ۳/١ سرویکال تاج سالم انتخاب شد. دندانها توسط دندانپزشک کودکان پالپکتومی شد. چهار میلیمتر دهانه کانال خالی و یک لایه دایکال روی ZOE قرار داده شد.نمونه ها در چهار گروه ده تایی به صورت تصادفی تقسیم شدند. در گروه اول، فضای خالی کانال اچ شده، شستشو و خشک شد سپس کامپوزیت VF قرار داده شد. در گروه دوم، فضای خالی با Fuji IX GP پر شد. در گروه سوم، کانال اچ شده، باندینگ زده شد. سپس با کامپوزیت Z250 پر شد. در گروه چهارم، با روش قبل آماده با کامپوزیت Permise پر شد. پس از قرارگیری نمونه ها در آب مقطر، با ماشین تستینگ یونیورسال مورد آزمایش استحکام ها قرار گرفتند. یافته ها: میانگین میزان استحکام شکست، استحکام باند ریز برشی و فراوانی نحوه شکست در انواع Adhesive ، Cohesive و مختلط استخراج گردید. نتیجه‌گیری: استحکام شکست در گلاس ینومر نسبت به کامپوزیت پایین تر بود، استحکام باند نیز در گلاس ینومر کمتر از کامپوزیت بود. 2 Background and Aim: Tooth colored restorations are so common nowadays due to increased esthetic needs. A successful composite restoration demands a strong bonding with lowest microleakage. Close relation between tooth surface and the other adherents is an important factor in bond strength. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of enamel moisture on tensile bond strength of composite resins using Single bond in total etch technique. Materials and methods: In this in vitro study, 40 premolar teeth were randomly divided into two equal groups. Enamel surface of the teeth were polished using a disk in midbuccal portion. The roots were dissected from 2mm below CEJ and midbuccal portion of the teeth were etched. In one group after rinsing the etchant, tooth surface was dried completely (group I). In the other group the surface moisture was removed using cotton pellet (group II). Single Bond (3M) was applied on desired surfaces and cured. Composite resin was layered over the tooth surface to 4mm height. The teeth were then mounted in the way that they can be placed in the holding device from lingual side. After that the teeth were placed in UTM device under tensile stress with the rate of 0.5 mm/min. the failure surface was examined to detect type and location of the failure. The data were analyzed using T-Test and Fisher's Exact test. Results: Data showed that although mean bond strength in group I was higher but the difference was not statistically significant. Type of failure in two groups was not statistically significant either. Conclusion: Considering that there is no significant difference between the two groups and a little moisture is needed for creation of hybrid layer and bonding to dentine, leaving a bit moisture on enamel equal to that of dentine does not interfere with bonding to enamel and produce a good bond strength. 51 58 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 مهدی رنجپور m ranjpour Iran Iran تبسم هوشمند t houshmand Iran Iran شبنم میرزا بیگی sh mirzabeigi Iran Iran bond strength enamel moisture composite resin total etch technique استحکام شکست استحکام باند ریز برشی انواع شکست کامپوزیت گلاس ینومر Eshghi A, Esfahan RK, Khoroushi M. A simple method for reconstruction of severely damaged##primary anterior teeth. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2011 Oct;8(4):221-5 .##Togoo RA, Meer Z, Yasin SM, AL-Shaya MS, Saied Khan N. Clinician's choice of restorative##materials for children in Ahba city , Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Dental clinics.##2011;3:8-10.##Ajami B, EbrahimiM ,Makarem M, Movahedi T. Evaluation of Survival Time of Tooth Color##Dental Materials in Primary Anterior Teeth. Journal of Dental Material and Techniques. 2012;##1:11-18.##Vichi A, Goracci C, Ferrari M. Clinical study of the self-adhering flowable composite resin##Vertiae Flow in class I restorations: Six-month Follow- up. International Dentistry SA.##2012;12:14-22.##İşman E, Karaarslan ES, Okşayan R, Tunçdemır AR, Üşümez S, Adanir N, Cebe MA. Inadequate##shear bond strengths of self-etch, self-adhesive systems for secure orthodontic bonding. Dent##Mater J. 2012;31(6):947-53.##Otto M.choi .Vertise Flow: Bond strength to primary Dentin in Varying Wetness.##www.kerrdental.com/cms.../vertiseflow_psr_35010rev2_web.pdf.##Singla T, Pandit IK, Srivastava N, Gugnani N, Gupta M. An evaluation of microleakage of##various glass ionomer based restorative materials in deciduous and permanent teeth: An in vitro##study. Saudi Dent J. 2012 Jan;24(1):35-42. doi: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2011.10.002. Epub 2011 Nov 16.##Masih S, Thomas AM, Koshy G, Joshi JL. Comparative evaluation of the microleakage of two##modified glass ionomer cements on primary molars. An in vivo study. J Indian SocPedodPrev##Dent. 2011 Apr-Jun;29(2):135-9.##Suresh KS, Nagarathna J. Evaluation of shear bond strength of Fuji II and Fuji IX with and##without salivary contamination on deciduous molars-an in vitro study AOSR 2011;1:139-145.##Bektas OO, Eren D, Akin EG, Akin H. Evaluation of a self-adhering flowable composite in terms##of micro-shear bond strength and microleakage. ActaOdontol Scand. 2013 May-Jul;71(3-4):541-##6 .##Xie H, Zhang F, Wu Y, Chen C, Liu W. Dentine bond strength and microleakage of flowable##composite, compomer and glass ionomer cement. Aust Dent J. 2008 Dec;53(4):325-31 .##Prabhakar AR, Raj S, Raju OS. Comparison of shear bond strength of composite, compomer and##resin modified glass ionomer in primary and permanent teeth: an in vitro study. J Indian##SocPedodPrev Dent. 2003 Sep;21(3):86-94.##Shah P, Gugwad SC, Bhat C, Lodaya R. Effect of three different core materials on the fracture##resistance of endodontically treated deciduous mandibular second molars: an in vitro study. J##Contemp Dent Pract. 2012 Jan 1;13(1):66-70.##Mendes FM, De Benedetto MS, del Conte Zardetto CG, Wanderley MT, Correa MS. Resin##composite restoration in primary anterior teeth using short-post technique and strip crowns: a case##report. Quintessence Int. 2004 Oct;35(9):689-92.##Mangold JT, Kern M. Influence of glass-fiber posts on the fracture resistance and failure pattern##of endodontically treated premolars with varying substance loss: an in vitro study. J Prosthet##Dent. 2011 Jun;105(6):387-93. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3913(11)60080-2.##Petronijević ,Marković D, Šarčev I, Anđelković A, JeremićKnežević M. Fracture resistance f##restored maxillary premolars. Contemporary Materials 2012;3(2):220-225##Malekafzali B, Ghassemi A, Mohtavipour S, et al. In-Vitro Investigation of the Fracture Strength##of Pulpotomized Primary Molars Restored with Glass Ionomer, Amalgam and Composite Resin##with and without Cusp Reduction. Journal Dental School (ShahidBeheshti University).##2013;31(3):131-137.##A.Poitevin,J.D.Munck,A.V.Ende,etal.Bonding effectiveness of self-adhesive composites to##dentin and enamel.Dental Materials 2012##Poitevin A, De Munck J, Van Ende A, Suyama Y, Mine A, Peumans M, Van Meerbeek B.##Bonding effectiveness of self-adhesive composites to dentin and enamel. Dent Mater. 2013##Feb;29(2):221-30. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.10.001. Epub 2012 Oct 26.##Abo Al-Hana DA, El-Messairy AA, Shohayb FH, Alhadainy HA. Micro-shear bond strength##composites and glass-ionomer used to reinforce root dentin. Tanta Dental journal. 2013(10):58-66##Bektas OO, Eren D, Akin EG, Akin H. Evaluation of a self-adhering flowable composite in terms##of micro-shear bond strength and microleakage. ActaOdontol Scand. 2013 May-Jul;71(3-4):541-##doi: 10.3109/00016357.2012.696697. Epub 2012 Jul 25.##Yaseen SM, Subba Reddy VV. Comparative evaluation of shear bond strength of two self-etching##adhesives (sixth and seventh generation) on dentin of primary and permanent teeth: an in vitro##study. J Indian SocPedodPrev Dent. 2009 Jan-Mar;27(1):33-8. doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.50814.##Eshghi A, Esfahan RK, Khoroushi M. A simple method for reconstruction of severely damaged##primary anterior teeth. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2011 Oct;8(4):221-5 .##Togoo RA, Meer Z, Yasin SM, AL-Shaya MS, Saied Khan N. Clinician's choice of restorative##materials for children in Ahba city , Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Dental clinics.##2011;3:8-10.##Ajami B, EbrahimiM ,Makarem M, Movahedi T. Evaluation of Survival Time of Tooth Color##Dental Materials in Primary Anterior Teeth. Journal of Dental Material and Techniques. 2012;##1:11-18.##Vichi A, Goracci C, Ferrari M. Clinical study of the self-adhering flowable composite resin##Vertiae Flow in class I restorations: Six-month Follow- up. International Dentistry SA.##2012;12:14-22.##İşman E, Karaarslan ES, Okşayan R, Tunçdemır AR, Üşümez S, Adanir N, Cebe MA. Inadequate##shear bond strengths of self-etch, self-adhesive systems for secure orthodontic bonding. Dent##Mater J. 2012;31(6):947-53.##Otto M.choi .Vertise Flow: Bond strength to primary Dentin in Varying Wetness.##www.kerrdental.com/cms.../vertiseflow_psr_35010rev2_web.pdf.##Singla T, Pandit IK, Srivastava N, Gugnani N, Gupta M. An evaluation of microleakage of##various glass ionomer based restorative materials in deciduous and permanent teeth: An in vitro##study. Saudi Dent J. 2012 Jan;24(1):35-42. doi: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2011.10.002. Epub 2011 Nov 16.##Masih S, Thomas AM, Koshy G, Joshi JL. Comparative evaluation of the microleakage of two##modified glass ionomer cements on primary molars. An in vivo study. J Indian SocPedodPrev##Dent. 2011 Apr-Jun;29(2):135-9.##Suresh KS, Nagarathna J. Evaluation of shear bond strength of Fuji II and Fuji IX with and##without salivary contamination on deciduous molars-an in vitro study AOSR 2011;1:139-145.##Bektas OO, Eren D, Akin EG, Akin H. Evaluation of a self-adhering flowable composite in terms##of micro-shear bond strength and microleakage. ActaOdontol Scand. 2013 May-Jul;71(3-4):541-##6 .##Xie H, Zhang F, Wu Y, Chen C, Liu W. Dentine bond strength and microleakage of flowable##composite, compomer and glass ionomer cement. Aust Dent J. 2008 Dec;53(4):325-31 .##Prabhakar AR, Raj S, Raju OS. Comparison of shear bond strength of composite, compomer and##resin modified glass ionomer in primary and permanent teeth: an in vitro study. J Indian##SocPedodPrev Dent. 2003 Sep;21(3):86-94.##Shah P, Gugwad SC, Bhat C, Lodaya R. Effect of three different core materials on the fracture##resistance of endodontically treated deciduous mandibular second molars: an in vitro study. J##Contemp Dent Pract. 2012 Jan 1;13(1):66-70.##Mendes FM, De Benedetto MS, del Conte Zardetto CG, Wanderley MT, Correa MS. Resin##composite restoration in primary anterior teeth using short-post technique and strip crowns: a case##report. Quintessence Int. 2004 Oct;35(9):689-92.##Mangold JT, Kern M. Influence of glass-fiber posts on the fracture resistance and failure pattern##of endodontically treated premolars with varying substance loss: an in vitro study. J Prosthet##Dent. 2011 Jun;105(6):387-93. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3913(11)60080-2.##Petronijević ,Marković D, Šarčev I, Anđelković A, JeremićKnežević M. Fracture resistance f##restored maxillary premolars. Contemporary Materials 2012;3(2):220-225##Malekafzali B, Ghassemi A, Mohtavipour S, et al. In-Vitro Investigation of the Fracture Strength##of Pulpotomized Primary Molars Restored with Glass Ionomer, Amalgam and Composite Resin##with and without Cusp Reduction. Journal Dental School (ShahidBeheshti University).##2013;31(3):131-137.##A.Poitevin,J.D.Munck,A.V.Ende,etal.Bonding effectiveness of self-adhesive composites to##dentin and enamel.Dental Materials 2012##Poitevin A, De Munck J, Van Ende A, Suyama Y, Mine A, Peumans M, Van Meerbeek B.##Bonding effectiveness of self-adhesive composites to dentin and enamel. Dent Mater. 2013##Feb;29(2):221-30. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.10.001. Epub 2012 Oct 26.##Abo Al-Hana DA, El-Messairy AA, Shohayb FH, Alhadainy HA. Micro-shear bond strength##composites and glass-ionomer used to reinforce root dentin. Tanta Dental journal. 2013(10):58-66##Bektas OO, Eren D, Akin EG, Akin H. Evaluation of a self-adhering flowable composite in terms##of micro-shear bond strength and microleakage. ActaOdontol Scand. 2013 May-Jul;71(3-4):541-##doi: 10.3109/00016357.2012.696697. Epub 2012 Jul 25.##Yaseen SM, Subba Reddy VV. Comparative evaluation of shear bond strength of two self-etching##adhesives (sixth and seventh generation) on dentin of primary and permanent teeth: an in vitro##study. J Indian SocPedodPrev Dent. 2009 Jan-Mar;27(1):33-8. doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.50814.## ##

بررسی تاثیر خشک یا مرطوب بودن مینا بعد از اچینگ بر میزان استحکام باند کششی کامپوزیت رزین ها پس از کاربردSingle bond در تکنیک توتال اچ The effect of enamel moisture on tensile bond strength of composite resin using Single bond in total etch technique 1 1 زمینه و هدف: امروزه استفاده از ترمیم‌های همرنگ دندان به دلیل تأمین زیبایی گسترش چشمگیری یافته است. جهت رسیدن به یک ترمیم کامپوزیتی موفق، به دست آوردن یک باندینگ مناسب با ریزنشت پایین ضروری است. یکی از عوامل مهم برای رسیدن به این هدف ارتباط نزدیک باندینگ و بافت دندانی است که این امر نیز به نوبه‌ی خود به عوامل متعددی ارتباط دارد. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین تأثیر خشک و یا مرطوب بودن مینا بعد از اچینگ بر استحکام باند کششی رزین‌های کامپوزیتی پس از کاربرد Single bondدر تکنیک توتال اچ است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه لابراتواری 40 دندان پره‌مولر به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه تقسیم شدند. پس از پرداخت و اچ کردن سطح میانی باکال دندان‌ها، در یک گروه سطح کاملاً خشک شد و در گروه دیگر، آب سطح به وسیله ی یک گلوله پنبه گرفته شد. پس از قرار دادن باندینگ و کیور کردن، توده‌ای از کامپوزیت به ارتفاع 4 میلی‌متر به صورت لایه لایه قرار داده شد. در نهایت دندان‌ها در بلوک‌های مکعبی به گونه ای که بتوان از سمت لینگوال در جایگاه قرارگیری دستگاه قرار داد، مانت شدند. بعد از انجام این مراحل نمونه‌ها در دستگاه UTM با سرعت mm/min 5/0تحت کشش قرار گرفتند. سطح شکست برای مشخص شدن نوع و محل شکست مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته و نتایج بدست آمده توسط آنالیزهای آماری FISHER’S Exact و T-TEST بررسی شد. یافته ها: یافته‌های این مطالعه نشان داد، اگرچه میانگین استحکام باند نمونه‌هایی که سطوح مینایی پس از اچ کردن خشک شده‌اند، بیشتر از میانگین استحکام باند نمونه‌های مرطوب است، اما این دو گروه به لحاظ آماری تفاوت معناداری را نشان نمی‌دهند. نوع شکست نیز در این دو گروه به لحاظ آماری تفاوت معناداری را نشان نداد. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به عدم وجود اختلاف معنی‌دار در این دو گروه و همچنین با توجه به این مساله که وجود اندکی رطوبت برای ایجاد لایه هیبرید و باند قوی تر با عاج ضروری است، لذا به نظر می‌رسد باقی گذاشتن مقداری رطوبت در سطح مینا به همان اندازه‌ای که در عاج وجود دارد، تداخلی با استحکام باند در مینا نداشته و قدرت باند مطلوبی را ایجاد می‌کند. 2 Background and Aim: Tooth colored restorations are so common nowadays due to increased esthetic needs. A successful composite restoration demands a strong bonding with lowest microleakage. Close relation between tooth surface and the other adherents is an important factor in bond strength. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of enamel moisture on tensile bond strength of composite resins using Single bond in total etch technique. Materials and methods: In this in vitro study, 40 premolar teeth were randomly divided into two equal groups. Enamel surface of the teeth were polished using a disk in midbuccal portion. The roots were dissected from 2mm below CEJ and midbuccal portion of the teeth were etched. In one group after rinsing the etchant, tooth surface was dried completely (group I). In the other group the surface moisture was removed using cotton pellet (group II). Single Bond (3M) was applied on desired surfaces and cured. Composite resin was layered over the tooth surface to 4mm height. The teeth were then mounted in the way that they can be placed in the holding device from lingual side. After that the teeth were placed in UTM device under tensile stress with the rate of 0.5 mm/min. the failure surface was examined to detect type and location of the failure. The data were analyzed using T-Test and Fisher's Exact test. Results: Data showed that although mean bond strength in group I was higher but the difference was not statistically significant. Type of failure in two groups was not statistically significant either. Conclusion: Considering that there is no significant difference between the two groups and a little moisture is needed for creation of hybrid layer and bonding to dentine, leaving a bit moisture on enamel equal to that of dentine does not interfere with bonding to enamel and produce a good bond strength. 59 68 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 حسین افشار h afshar Iran Iran مهدی قندهاری m ghandehari Iran Iran سپیده امیری s amiri Iran Iran زینب میرزایی z mirzayi Iran Iran محمد پورعلی m pourali Iran Iran مهسا نجفی m najafi Iran Iran bond strength enamel moisture composite resin total etch technique رطوبت استحکام باند کششی مینا Summit J, William Robbins J, Hilton TJ, Schwartz RS, dos Santos JJ. Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A##Roberson MT, Heymann OH, Swift JR. Art and Science of Operative Dentistry. 6th ed.USA: Mosby; 2013.chapter 4 and 8.##Yasini E. Comparison of shear bond strength of unfilled resin to dry enamel and dentin bonding on dry and wet enamel. Journal of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 2005; 1:15-20.##Susin AH, Vasconcellos WA, Saad JR, Oliveira Junior OB. Tensile bond strength of self-etching versus totaletching adhesive systems under different dentinal substrate conditions. Braz Oral Res 2007; 21:81-6.##Buonocore MG. A simple method of increasing the adhesion of acrylic filling materials to enamel surface. J Dent Res 1955; 34:849-53.##Walls AW, Lee J, McCabe JF. The bonding of composite resin to moist enamel. Br Dent J 2001; 191:148‐50.##Swift E, Triolo P. Bond strength of scotch bond multi-purpose to moist dentin and enamel. Am J Dent 1992; 5:318-20.##Xie J, Powers J, Mc Guckin R. In-vitro bond strength of two adhesives to enamel and dentin under normal and contaminated conditions. Dent Mater 1993;9:295-99.##Wakefielo CW, Sneed WD, Draughn RA, Davis TN. Composite bonding to dentin and enamel of humidity. Gen Dent 1996; 44:508-12.##Torii Y, Itou K, Hikasa R, Iwat A, Nishitani Y. Enamel tensile bond strength and morphology of resin enamel interface crated by acid etching system with or without moisture and self-etching priming system. J Oral Rehabil 2002; 29:525-33.##Moli K, Gartner T, Haller B. Effect of moist bonding on composite/enamel bond strength. Am J Dent 2002; 15:85- 90.##Nakabayashi N, Nakamura M, Yasudo N. Hybrid layer as a dentin-bonding mechanism. J Esthetic Dent 1991; 3:133-8.##Kato G, Nakabayashi N. The durability of adhesion to phosphoric acid etched wet dentin substrates. Dent Mater 1998; 14:347-52.##Leite FRM, Capote TSO, Zuanon ACC. Application of the total etching technique or self-etching primers on primary teeth after air abrasion. Braz Oral Res 2005;19:198-202##Pashley DH, Tay FR. Aggressiveness of contemporary self-etching adhesives. Part II: Etching effects on ungrounded enamel. Dent Mater 2001;17:430-44##Walls AW, Leey MC, Cabe JF. The bonding of composite resin to moist enamel. Br Dent J 2001; 191:148-50.##Goracci C, Sadek FT, Monticelli F, Cardoso PE, Ferrari M. Influence of substrate, shape, and thickness on microtensile specimens' structural integrity and their measured bond strengths. Dent Mater 2004; 20:643-54.##Craig RG, Power JM, Sakaguchi RL. Restorative Dental Material.12th ed USA: Mosby Elsevier 2006. Chapter 2,10.##Cortés O, García C, Pérez L, Bravo LA. A comparison of the bond strength to enamel and dentin of two compomers: an in vitro study. ASDC J Dent Child 1998; 65:29-31.##Summit J, William Robbins J, Hilton TJ, Schwartz RS, dos Santos JJ. Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A##Roberson MT, Heymann OH, Swift JR. Art and Science of Operative Dentistry. 6th ed.USA: Mosby; 2013.chapter 4 and 8.##Yasini E. Comparison of shear bond strength of unfilled resin to dry enamel and dentin bonding on dry and wet enamel. Journal of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 2005; 1:15-20.##Susin AH, Vasconcellos WA, Saad JR, Oliveira Junior OB. Tensile bond strength of self-etching versus totaletching adhesive systems under different dentinal substrate conditions. Braz Oral Res 2007; 21:81-6.##Buonocore MG. A simple method of increasing the adhesion of acrylic filling materials to enamel surface. J Dent Res 1955; 34:849-53.##Walls AW, Lee J, McCabe JF. The bonding of composite resin to moist enamel. Br Dent J 2001; 191:148‐50.##Swift E, Triolo P. Bond strength of scotch bond multi-purpose to moist dentin and enamel. Am J Dent 1992; 5:318-20.##Xie J, Powers J, Mc Guckin R. In-vitro bond strength of two adhesives to enamel and dentin under normal and contaminated conditions. Dent Mater 1993;9:295-99.##Wakefielo CW, Sneed WD, Draughn RA, Davis TN. Composite bonding to dentin and enamel of humidity. Gen Dent 1996; 44:508-12.##Torii Y, Itou K, Hikasa R, Iwat A, Nishitani Y. Enamel tensile bond strength and morphology of resin enamel interface crated by acid etching system with or without moisture and self-etching priming system. J Oral Rehabil 2002; 29:525-33.##Moli K, Gartner T, Haller B. Effect of moist bonding on composite/enamel bond strength. Am J Dent 2002; 15:85- 90.##Nakabayashi N, Nakamura M, Yasudo N. Hybrid layer as a dentin-bonding mechanism. J Esthetic Dent 1991; 3:133-8.##Kato G, Nakabayashi N. The durability of adhesion to phosphoric acid etched wet dentin substrates. Dent Mater 1998; 14:347-52.##Leite FRM, Capote TSO, Zuanon ACC. Application of the total etching technique or self-etching primers on primary teeth after air abrasion. Braz Oral Res 2005;19:198-202##Pashley DH, Tay FR. Aggressiveness of contemporary self-etching adhesives. Part II: Etching effects on ungrounded enamel. Dent Mater 2001;17:430-44##Walls AW, Leey MC, Cabe JF. The bonding of composite resin to moist enamel. Br Dent J 2001; 191:148-50.##Goracci C, Sadek FT, Monticelli F, Cardoso PE, Ferrari M. Influence of substrate, shape, and thickness on microtensile specimens' structural integrity and their measured bond strengths. Dent Mater 2004; 20:643-54.##Craig RG, Power JM, Sakaguchi RL. Restorative Dental Material.12th ed USA: Mosby Elsevier 2006. Chapter 2,10.##Cortés O, García C, Pérez L, Bravo LA. A comparison of the bond strength to enamel and dentin of two compomers: an in vitro study. ASDC J Dent Child 1998; 65:29-31.## ##

دانش و عملکرد خوداظهار مادران کودکان 8 ساله در رابطه با نحوه اداره صدمات تروماتیک دندانی Mothers’ knowledge and self-reported practice on management of traumatic dental injuries in 8-years-old children and it determinants 1 1 زمینه و هدف: ترومای ناحیه صورت می تواند اثرات منفی چشمگیری بر عملکرد فیزیولوژیک، زیبایی و وضعیت روانی کودکان بگذارد. اداره صحیح و بهنگام صدمات دندانی می تواند از تشدید آسیب و مشکلات آینده پیشگیری کند. هدف این مطالعه ارزیابی دانش و عملکرد خوداظهار والدین کودکان در رابطه با نحوه اداره اورژانس صدمات دندانی بود. روش اجرا: دراین مطالعه توصیفی-مقطعی 284 نفر از مادران دانش آموزان پایه دوم ابتدایی شش دبستان دولتی دخترانه و پسرانه وارد مطالعه شدند. پرسشنامه استانداردشده و بدون نام، حاوی سوالاتی شامل اطلاعات دموگرافیک، سابقه صدمات دندانی قبلی، دانش مادران در رابطه با نحوه اداره اورژانس صدمات دندانی و نیز عملکرد خوداظهار مادران در برخورد با 4 مورد صدمات تروماتیک دندانی در اختیار آنان قرارگرفت. پرسشنامه‌ها توسط مادران پرشده، پس از یک هفته جمع‌آوری گردید. اطلاعات توسط آزمونهای رگرسیون مورد تحلیل و ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: از مجموع 284 پرسشنامه، تعداد 201 پرسشنامه (81 دختر و 120 پسر) با میزان پاسخ دهی 71% برگردانده شد. میانگین نمره دانش کسب‌شده 7/1±8/2 از مجموع 9 نمره قابل کسب و میانگین نمره عملکرد خوداظهار 2/1±1/4 از مجموع 7 نمره قابل کسب، بود. بین دانش مادران درخصوص اداره اورژانس ترومای دندانی، با متغیرهای دموگرافیک با سن پدر و مالکیت مسکن شخصی رابطه معنی دار وجود داشت. همچنین رابطه معنی داری بین عملکرد مادران با میزان تحصیلات مادر و مالکیت مسکن شخصی مشاهده شد. نتیجه گیری: به منظور آموزش هر چه بیشتر والدین بخصوص مادران در جهت افزایش دانش و نحوه برخورد با تروماهای دندانی اجرای برنامه ها و جلسات آموزشی پیشگیرانه ضروری به نظر می رسد. 2 Background and Aim: Facial trauma may have significant negative impacts on physiologic function, esthetics, and psychological status in children. Appropriate on-time management of Traumatic Dental Injuries (TDIs) would prevent progress of future consequences. The aim of this study was to investigate mothers’ knowledge and self-reported practice on management TDIs in 8-years-old children and its determinants. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 284 second-grade pupils were selected from six randomly selected governmental primary schools (3 girls’ school) in Region 11 of Tehran Municipality. A standard anonymous questionnaire was distributed among selected pupils to be filled by their mothers. The questionnaire requested information on demographic characteristics, previous experience of dental trauma, mothers’ knowledge on management of TDIs, and mothers’ self-reported reaction to four designed cases of TDIs. After one week all filled questionnaires were returned and data was analyzed using SPSS (version 16) and Regression Tests. Results: Totally, 201 questionnaires were returned (81 girls, 120 boys, response rate=71%). Knowledge mean score was 2.8±1.7 (from total score of 9) and self-reported practice mean score was 4.1±1.2 (from total score of 7). Higher knowledge score was significantly associated with higher paternal age and owning personal house. Higher self-reported practice score was associated with higher levels of mothers’ level of education and owning personal house. Conclusion: There is a room to enhance knowledge and promote practice in management of TDIs among parents specially mothers. For this purpose, educational programs should be conducted for parents especially in school settings. 69 76 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 سمانه رازقی s razeghi Iran Iran سیمین محبی s mohebi Iran Iran محمد محمودی m mahmoudi Iran Iran Traumatic Dental Injuries knowledge practice mother children صدمات تروماتیک دندانی دانش عملکرد مادران کودکان Andreasen YO, Andreasen FM, Andersson L. Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth. 4th Edition, 2007.##Hashim R. Investigation of mothers' knowledge of dental trauma management in United Arab Emirates. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2012 Apr; 13(2):83-6.##Al-Asfour A, Andersson L. The effect of a leaflet given to parents for first aid measures after tooth avulsion. Dent Traumatol. 2008 Oct; 24(5):515-21.##Santos ME, Habecost AP, Gomes FV, Weber JB, de Oliveira MG. Parent and caretaker knowledge about avulsion of permanent teeth. Dent Traumatol. 2009 Apr; 25(2):203-8.##Traebert J, Traiano ML, Armênio R, Barbieri DB, de Lacerda JT, Marcenes W. Knowledge of lay people and dentists in emergency management of dental trauma. Dent Traumatol. 2009 Jun; 25(3):277-83.##Hegde AM, Kumar KN, Varghese E. Knowledge of dental trauma among mothers in Mangalore. Dent Traumatol. 2010 Oct; 26(5):417-21.##Glendor U. Aetiology and risk factors related to traumatic dental injuries- a review of the literature. Dental##Daly B, Batchelor P, Treasure E, Watt R. Essential Dental Public Health. First ed. UK: Oxford University Press; 2002.##Zaleckiene V, Peciuliene V, Brukiene V, Drukteinis S. Traumatic dental injuries: etiology, prevalence and##Glendor U. Epidemiology of traumatic dental injuries--a 12 year review of the literature. Dental traumatology:##Ghaderi F, Adl A, Ranjbar Z. Effect of a leaflet given to parents on knowledge of tooth avulsion. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2013 Mar;14(1):13-6.##Casamassimo P, Fields H, McTigue D, Nowak A. Pediatric dentistry: Infancy trough Adolescence. Saunders: USA. 5th Edition. 2013. Chapter 34.##McDonald RE, Avery DR, Dean JA. Dentistry for the child and adolescent. Mosby:USA. 9th Edition, 2011. Chapter 21.##Arikan V, So¨nmez H.: Knowledge level of primary school teachers regarding traumatic dental injuries and their emergency management before and after receiving an informative leaflet. Dental Traumatology 2012; 28: 101–107.##Al-Jundi SH. Knowledge of Jordanian mothers with regards to emergency management of dental trauma. Dent Traumatol. 2006 Dec; 22(6):291-5.##Jabarifar E, Khadem P, Heidari M. Mothers' awareness of dental trauma environmental and individual risk factors and prevention modalities for susceptible elementary pupils of Isfahan/Iran. Brazilian Journal of Dental Traumatology 2011; 2: 50-64.##Andreasen YO, Andreasen FM, Andersson L. Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth. 4th Edition, 2007.##Hashim R. Investigation of mothers' knowledge of dental trauma management in United Arab Emirates. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2012 Apr; 13(2):83-6.##Al-Asfour A, Andersson L. The effect of a leaflet given to parents for first aid measures after tooth avulsion. Dent Traumatol. 2008 Oct; 24(5):515-21.##Santos ME, Habecost AP, Gomes FV, Weber JB, de Oliveira MG. Parent and caretaker knowledge about avulsion of permanent teeth. Dent Traumatol. 2009 Apr; 25(2):203-8.##Traebert J, Traiano ML, Armênio R, Barbieri DB, de Lacerda JT, Marcenes W. Knowledge of lay people and dentists in emergency management of dental trauma. Dent Traumatol. 2009 Jun; 25(3):277-83.##Hegde AM, Kumar KN, Varghese E. Knowledge of dental trauma among mothers in Mangalore. Dent Traumatol. 2010 Oct; 26(5):417-21.##Glendor U. Aetiology and risk factors related to traumatic dental injuries- a review of the literature. Dental##Daly B, Batchelor P, Treasure E, Watt R. Essential Dental Public Health. First ed. UK: Oxford University Press; 2002.##Zaleckiene V, Peciuliene V, Brukiene V, Drukteinis S. Traumatic dental injuries: etiology, prevalence and##Glendor U. Epidemiology of traumatic dental injuries--a 12 year review of the literature. Dental traumatology:##Ghaderi F, Adl A, Ranjbar Z. Effect of a leaflet given to parents on knowledge of tooth avulsion. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2013 Mar;14(1):13-6.##Casamassimo P, Fields H, McTigue D, Nowak A. Pediatric dentistry: Infancy trough Adolescence. Saunders: USA. 5th Edition. 2013. Chapter 34.##McDonald RE, Avery DR, Dean JA. Dentistry for the child and adolescent. Mosby:USA. 9th Edition, 2011. Chapter 21.##Arikan V, So¨nmez H.: Knowledge level of primary school teachers regarding traumatic dental injuries and their emergency management before and after receiving an informative leaflet. Dental Traumatology 2012; 28: 101–107.##Al-Jundi SH. Knowledge of Jordanian mothers with regards to emergency management of dental trauma. Dent Traumatol. 2006 Dec; 22(6):291-5.##Jabarifar E, Khadem P, Heidari M. Mothers' awareness of dental trauma environmental and individual risk factors and prevention modalities for susceptible elementary pupils of Isfahan/Iran. Brazilian Journal of Dental Traumatology 2011; 2: 50-64.## ##

دندانپزشکی تحت بیهوشی عمومی در کودکان 1 1 سابقه و هدف: از آنجایی که بسیاری از کودکان قادر به همکاری مطلوب برای انجام کارهای دندانی نیستند، این درمانها به تعویق افتاده و موجب تجربه درد شدید و حتی از دست دادن برخی دندانها میشود .عدم همکاری و در نتیجه مهار فیزیکی کودکان نیز ، علاوه بر کاهش دقت و کیفیت کار می تواند نتایج ناخوشایند روحی و روانی برای وی ایجاد کند. لذا ، در سالهای اخیر روندهای درمانی جایگزینی نظیر دندانپزشکی تحت بیهوشی عمومی معرفی شده است که کودک را از وحشت مواجهه با درمان دندانپزشکی مصونبدارد.مقاله حاضر با هدف مروری بر مقالات مرتبط در این زمینه با بررسی مزایا و معایب ، موارد تجویز و دیدگاه والدین ارائه گردید. روش بررسی: بازنگری اطلاعاتی در سایتهای علمی نظیر Medline, Pubmed, Proquest , Scopus از سال 1990 تا سال 2012 صورت گرفت و از کتب مرجع مرتبط نیز استفاده شد. یافته هاونتیجه گیری: انتخاب بهترین شیوه درمانی باید براساس فاکتورهایی نظیر سن کودک، شدت و وسعت پوسیدگی های دندانی، میزان انتظار پزشک از نتیجه درمان، هزینه درمان، ریسک درمان و رضایت والدین انجام گیرد و ترجیحاً دندانپزشک بعلت اثرات جانبی و ریسک موجود در انجام بیهوشی عمومی پس از کاربرد تمام شیوه ها و تکنیک های کنترل رفتاری به سمت درمانهای تحت بیهوشی برود. 77 86 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 بهاره ناظمی b nazemi Iran Iran فهیمه رضازاده f rezazadeh Iran Iran عطیه بیظیه a beizieh Iran Iran بیهوشی عمومی نیازهای ویژه درمانی ناتوانی های تکاملی درمانهای دندانپزشکی کودکان ترس از دندانپزشکی دیدگاه والدین Rule DC, Winter GB, Goldman V, Brooks RC. Restorative treatment for children under general anesthesia. Br##Dent 1967; 12(3): 480-4.##Dougherty N. The dental patient with special needs: a review of indication for treatment under general anesthesia.##Spec Care Dentist 2009; 29(1):17-20.##Lee PY, Chou M, DDS, MSc; Yi-Ling Chen Y,Chen L, Wang C, Huang W. Comprehensive Dental Treatment##under General Anesthesia in Healthy and Disabled ChildrenChang Gung Med J 2009;32:636-42.##Poswillo DE. General Anesthesia, Sedation and Resuscitation in Dentistry: Report of an Expert Working Party.##London: Department of Health 1990##Ghoravi M,Soltani GH: Evaluation of General Anesthesia in Pediatric Dental Procedures. Journal of Mashhad##Dental School (JMDS)1387;9(1);41-46.##Tyrer GL.Referrals for dental general anesthetics-how many really need GA? Br Dent J 1999; 187(8): 440-4.##Grant SM, Davidson LE, Livesey S. Trends in exodontias under general anesthesia at a dental teaching##hospital.BDent J 1998; 185(7): 347-52.##Frassica JJ, Miller EC. Anesthesia management in pediatric and special needs patientsundergoing dental and oral##surgery. IntAnesth Clinics 1989; 27:109-15.##Harrison MG, Roberts GJ. Comprehensive dental treatment of healthy and chronically sick children under##intubation general anesthesia during a 5-year period. Br Dent J1998; 184: 503-6.##Holt RD, Rule DC, Davenport ES, Fung De.The use of general anesthesia for tooth extraction in children in##London, A multi-centre study. Br Dent J 1992; 173: 333-9.##Murray J. General anesthesia and childrenis dental health: present trends and future needs. Anesth Pain Control##Dent. 1993; 2: 209-16.##Anderson HK, Drummond BK, Thomson WM. Change in aspects of childrenís oral health related quality##of life following dental treatment under general anesthesia. Int J Pediatr Dent 2004; 14: 317-25.##White M, Lee JY, Vann WF. Parental evaluation of quality of life measures following pediatric dental##treatment. Anesth Prog. 2003; 50: 105-10.##Savanheimo N, Vehkalahti MM, Pihkari A, Numminen M. Reasons for and parental satisfaction with childrenís##dental care under general anesthesia. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2005; 15: 448-54.##Amin MS, Harrison RL. Changes in parental or##Acs G, Pretzer S, Foley M, Ng MW. Perceived outcomes and parental satisfaction following dental##rehabilitation under general anesthesia. Pediatr Dent. 2001; 23: 419-23.##Harrison RL, Weinstein P. A qualitative look at parents' experience of their child's dental general anesthesia.##Int J Pediatr Dent. 2006; 16309-19.##American Society of Anesthesiologists. Continuum of depth of sedation, definition of general anesthesia and##levels of sedation/analgesia. Approved by ASA House of Delegates on October 13, 1999, and amended on October##27, 2004. Available from www.asahq.org/publicationsAndServices/ standards/20.pdf. Accessed May 31, 2008.##Malamed SF. Sedation: a guide to patient management, 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby 2003:428-31.##Manley M.C.G, Skelly A.M. and Hamilton A.G. Dental treatment for people with challenging behavior: general##anesthesia or sedation? British Dental Journal 2000:188##American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of##pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective##procedures: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preoperative Fasting.##Anesthesiology 1999; 90:896-905.##Mitchell L, Murray JJ. Management of the handicapped and the anxious child: a retro spective study of dental##treatment carried out under general anesthesia. J Paed Dent 1985; 1:9-14.##Weaver JM. Special considerations concerning general anesthesia for dental treatment of handicapped patients.##Anesth Prog 1995; 42:93-4.##Ananthanarayan C, Sigal M, Godlewski W. General anesthesia for the provision of dental treatment to adults##with developmental disability. Anesth Prog 1998; 45:12-##Faculty of Dental Surgery, the Royal College of Surgeons of England, British Society for Disability and Oral##Health. Clinical guidelines and integrated care pathways for the oral health care of people with learning disabilities##Available from http://www.rcseng.ac.uk/publications/docs/##clinical_guidelines_oral_health_care.html/?searchterm=guidelines%20and%20integrated%##20care%20pathways%20for%20the%20oral%##20health%20care%20of%20people%20with%20learning%20disabilities. Accessed September 26, 2008.##Enever GR, Nunn JH, Sheehan JK. A com parison of post-operative morbidity following outpatient dental care##under general anesthesia in pediatric patients with and without disabilities. Int J Paed Dent 2000; 10:120-5.##Pohl Y, Filippi A, Geiger G, Kirschner H, Boll M. Dental treatment of handicapped patients using endotracheal##anesthesia. Anesth Prog 1996; 43:20-3.##Rule DC, Winter GB, Goldman V, Brooks RC. Restorative treatment for children under general anesthesia. Br##Dent 1967; 12(3): 480-4.##Dougherty N. The dental patient with special needs: a review of indication for treatment under general anesthesia.##Spec Care Dentist 2009; 29(1):17-20.##Lee PY, Chou M, DDS, MSc; Yi-Ling Chen Y,Chen L, Wang C, Huang W. Comprehensive Dental Treatment##under General Anesthesia in Healthy and Disabled ChildrenChang Gung Med J 2009;32:636-42.##Poswillo DE. General Anesthesia, Sedation and Resuscitation in Dentistry: Report of an Expert Working Party.##London: Department of Health 1990##Ghoravi M,Soltani GH: Evaluation of General Anesthesia in Pediatric Dental Procedures. Journal of Mashhad##Dental School (JMDS)1387;9(1);41-46.##Tyrer GL.Referrals for dental general anesthetics-how many really need GA? Br Dent J 1999; 187(8): 440-4.##Grant SM, Davidson LE, Livesey S. Trends in exodontias under general anesthesia at a dental teaching##hospital.BDent J 1998; 185(7): 347-52.##Frassica JJ, Miller EC. Anesthesia management in pediatric and special needs patientsundergoing dental and oral##surgery. IntAnesth Clinics 1989; 27:109-15.##Harrison MG, Roberts GJ. Comprehensive dental treatment of healthy and chronically sick children under##intubation general anesthesia during a 5-year period. Br Dent J1998; 184: 503-6.##Holt RD, Rule DC, Davenport ES, Fung De.The use of general anesthesia for tooth extraction in children in##London, A multi-centre study. Br Dent J 1992; 173: 333-9.##Murray J. General anesthesia and childrenis dental health: present trends and future needs. Anesth Pain Control##Dent. 1993; 2: 209-16.##Anderson HK, Drummond BK, Thomson WM. Change in aspects of childrenís oral health related quality##of life following dental treatment under general anesthesia. Int J Pediatr Dent 2004; 14: 317-25.##White M, Lee JY, Vann WF. Parental evaluation of quality of life measures following pediatric dental##treatment. Anesth Prog. 2003; 50: 105-10.##Savanheimo N, Vehkalahti MM, Pihkari A, Numminen M. Reasons for and parental satisfaction with childrenís##dental care under general anesthesia. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2005; 15: 448-54.##Amin MS, Harrison RL. Changes in parental or##Acs G, Pretzer S, Foley M, Ng MW. Perceived outcomes and parental satisfaction following dental##rehabilitation under general anesthesia. Pediatr Dent. 2001; 23: 419-23.##Harrison RL, Weinstein P. A qualitative look at parents' experience of their child's dental general anesthesia.##Int J Pediatr Dent. 2006; 16309-19.##American Society of Anesthesiologists. Continuum of depth of sedation, definition of general anesthesia and##levels of sedation/analgesia. Approved by ASA House of Delegates on October 13, 1999, and amended on October##27, 2004. Available from www.asahq.org/publicationsAndServices/ standards/20.pdf. Accessed May 31, 2008.##Malamed SF. Sedation: a guide to patient management, 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby 2003:428-31.##Manley M.C.G, Skelly A.M. and Hamilton A.G. Dental treatment for people with challenging behavior: general##anesthesia or sedation? British Dental Journal 2000:188##American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of##pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective##procedures: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preoperative Fasting.##Anesthesiology 1999; 90:896-905.##Mitchell L, Murray JJ. Management of the handicapped and the anxious child: a retro spective study of dental##treatment carried out under general anesthesia. J Paed Dent 1985; 1:9-14.##Weaver JM. Special considerations concerning general anesthesia for dental treatment of handicapped patients.##Anesth Prog 1995; 42:93-4.##Ananthanarayan C, Sigal M, Godlewski W. General anesthesia for the provision of dental treatment to adults##with developmental disability. Anesth Prog 1998; 45:12-##Faculty of Dental Surgery, the Royal College of Surgeons of England, British Society for Disability and Oral##Health. Clinical guidelines and integrated care pathways for the oral health care of people with learning disabilities##Available from http://www.rcseng.ac.uk/publications/docs/##clinical_guidelines_oral_health_care.html/?searchterm=guidelines%20and%20integrated%##20care%20pathways%20for%20the%20oral%##20health%20care%20of%20people%20with%20learning%20disabilities. Accessed September 26, 2008.##Enever GR, Nunn JH, Sheehan JK. A com parison of post-operative morbidity following outpatient dental care##under general anesthesia in pediatric patients with and without disabilities. Int J Paed Dent 2000; 10:120-5.##Pohl Y, Filippi A, Geiger G, Kirschner H, Boll M. Dental treatment of handicapped patients using endotracheal##anesthesia. Anesth Prog 1996; 43:20-3.## ##

تومورهای غدد بزاقی در کودکان Salivary Gland Tumors in Children 1 1 زمینه و هدف: تومورهای غدد بزاقی در کودکان نادر و کمتر از 10% تومورهای سر و گردن را شامل می شوند. با این حال آشنایی با آنها ضروری است. هدف از این مطالعه مروری بر شایع ترین تومورهای غدد بزاقی در کودکان می باشد. مواد و روش ها: جستجو با استفاده از کلمات کلیدی تومور، غدد بزاقی، کودکان درPubmed و Medline و Google انجام شد و تعداد 37 مقاله انتخاب و مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته ها: تومورهای غدد بزاقی به دو گروه خوش خیم و بدخیم تقسیم می شوند. شایع ترین تومورهای بدخیم در کودکان عبارتند از: آدنوئید سیستیک کارسینوما، کارسینومای تمایزنیافته(undifferentiated)، آسینیک سل کارسینوما و موکواپیدرموئیدکارسینوما؛ که از این میان موکواپیدرموئیدکارسینوما بیشترین شیوع را دارد و حدود 50% تومورهای بدخیم غدد بزاقی در کودکان را تشکیل می دهد. از تومورهای خوش خیم غدد بزاقی کودکان، می توان به پلئومورفیک آدنوما، آدنوم سلول بازال، تومور وارتین و سیست آدنوما اشاره کرد. نتیجه گیری: مشکل شایع در کنترل و درمان تورم غدد بزاقی در کودکان تمایز التهابی بودن ضایعه از نئوپلاسم است. بنابراین از آن جا که عفونت و التهاب در غدد بزاقی کودکان شایع تر از بزرگسالان می باشد، افتراق آن از نئوپلاسم ها در کودکان اهمیت ویژه ای دارد. 2 Background: Salivary gland tumors are rare and less than 10% of head and neck tumors in children. Understanding these tumors is essential. The purpose of this study was to review the most common salivary gland tumors in children. Methods: Using words: tumor, salivary glands and children as keywords, a search was done in Pubmed and Medline and Google sources. Thirty seven articles were selected and studied. Results: Salivary gland tumors are divided into two groups: Benign and malignant. The most common malignant tumors in children are mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common one and is about 50% of all malignant salivary gland tumors in children. Some benign salivary gland tumors in children and adolescents are poleomorphic adenoma, basal cell adenoma, Wartin tumor, cyst adenoma. Conclusion: Common problem in the control and treatment of salivary glands’ swelling in children is differentiation of inflammatory lesions of the neoplasm. As infection and inflammation in the salivary glands is more common in children than adults, differentiating it from neoplasm in children seems to be essential. 87 94 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 سعیده مختاری saeedeh mokhtari Iran Iran سپیده مختاری sepideh mokhtari Iran Iran بهمن سراج b seraj Iran Iran ایمان صعتی i sanati Iran Iran Tumor Salivary gland Children تومور غدد بزاقی کودکان Perez DE, Pires FR, Alves FA, Almeida OP, Kowalski LP. Salivary gland tumors in children and adolescents: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of fifty-three cases. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2004; 68(7):895-902.##Cesmebasi A, Gabriel A, Niku D, Bukala K, Donnelly J, Fields PJ, et al. Pediatric head and neck tumors: an intra-demographic analysis using the SEER database. Med Sci Monit. 2014 Dec 4; 20: 2536-2542.##Lopes MA, Kowalski LP, Santos GC, Almeida OP. A clinicopathologic study of 196 intraoral minor salivary gland tumors. J Oral Pathol Med1999; 28: 264-7.##Seifert G, Okabe H, Caselitz J. Epithelial salivary gland tumors in children and adolescents. Analysis of 80 cases. J Otorhinolaryngol Relat. 1986; 48: 137-49.##Cardesa A, Slootweg PJ. Pathology of the Head and Neck. Springer, Berlin; 2006.##Mokhtari S. Mechanisms of cyst formation in metastatic lymph nodes of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Diagn Pathol. 2012 Jan 16; 7: 6.##Bentz BG, Hughes CA, Lüdemann JP, Maddalozzo J.Masses of the salivary gland region in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000; 126:1435-9.##Choi G, Choi C.S, Choi J.S, Choi JO. Intraductal papilloma of the parotid gland in a child. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg 2001; 125:280.##Bull PD. Salivary gland neoplasia in childhood. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1999; 49: 235-8.##Kessler A, Handler S.D. Salivary gland neoplasms in children: a 10-year survey at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1994; 29:195-202.##Dickson PV, Davidof AM. Malignant neoplasms of the head and neck. Sem Pediatr Surg, 2006; 15: 92–8##Sengupta S, Pal R. Clinicopathological correlates of pediatric head and neck cancer. J Cancer Res Ther, 2009; 5: 181–5##Callender DL, Frankenthaler RA, Luna MA, Lee SS, Goepfert H. Salivary gland neoplasms in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992; 118:472-6.##Sultan I, Rodriquez-Galindo C, Al-Sharabati S, Guzzo M, Casanova M, Ferrari A. Salivary gland carcinomas in children and adolescents: A population-based study, with comparison to adult cases. Head Neck, 2011; 33: 1476–81##. Ellies M, Laskawi R. Diseases of the salivary glands in infants and adolescents. Head Face Med, 2010; 6:1##Fonseca I, Martins A.G, Soares J. Epithelial salivary gland tumors of children and adolescents in southern Portugal. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1991; 72: 696-701.##Moshref M,Hosseini M. Epidemiological evaluation of Biopsies in three referral center in Tehran (1990-##Sattari M, Taghizadeh B, Hesari A. Epidemiological evaluation of oro-maxillofacial cases in Pathology##Pardis S, Karandish M, Lavaee F. The clinicopothologic study of benign and malignant lesions of salivary glands in patients attending Shiraz dental school in 15 years. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2012; 13(9):52–5.(Persian)##Rahrotaban S, Masoomi P, Moradi M, Sharifpour Vajari. Frequency of salivary gland tumors in two referral center of Qazvin university of Medical sciences from 1999 to 2009. J Res Dent Sci 2010; 7(2):1-##(Persian)##Ansari MH. Salivary gland tumors in an Iranian population: a retrospective study of 130 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 Nov; 65(11):2187-94.##Chinipardaz Z, Khalili M, Abouzeid F. Salivary Gland Tumors: A retrospective study of 339 cases in an##Mohajerani H, Ghatan M, Khojasteh A, Mohajerani S. A ten years epidemiologic study of salivary gland tumors in Loghman Hospital. J Dent Sch. 2009; 27(3) :155-9.(Persian)##Khajavi M, Peyvandi A, Naghibzadeh B, Ahmadi Roozbahani N. Salivary gland tumors in patients referring to Loghman Hakim Hospital in a 10-year period. Pajoohandeh Journal 2010; 15(1): 45-8.(Persian)##Gnepp DR, editor. Diagnostic surgical pathology of the head and neck. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier 2009.##Mokhtari S, Atarbashi Moghadam S, Mirafsharieh A. Sclerosing polycystic adenosis of the retromolar pad##Cheng L, Botstwick D.G. Essentials of Anatomic Pathology, chapter 5, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, USA, 2002.##Neville B, Damm D, Allen C, Bouquot J. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 3ed. Saunders; 2008.##Regezi JA, Sciubba J, Jordan RCK. Oral Pathology. Clinical–Pathologic Correlations. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Elsevier; 2008.##Orvidas J., Kasperbauer J.L, Lewis J.E, Olsen KD, Lesnick TG. Pediatric parotid masses. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2000; 126:177-84.##Mokhtari S, Mokhtari S. Clinical features and differential diagnoses in laryngeal mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Clin Med Insights Pathol. 2012; 5:1-6.##Eveson JW. Pathology and genetics of head and neck tumors. World health organization classification of tumors. L Barnes, JW Eveson, P Reichart and D Sidransky (Eds) IARC Press, Lyon. pp:134, 2005.##Hicks J, Flaitz C. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands in children and adolescents: assessment of proliferation markers, Oral Oncol 2000; 36: 454-60.##Chenevert J, Barnes LE, Chiosea SI. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: a five-decade journey. Virchows Arch. 2011 Feb; 458(2):133-40.##Rahbar R, Grimmer JF, Vargas SO, Robson CD, Mack JW, Perez-Atayde AR, et al. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland in children: A 10-year experience. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006 Apr; 132(4): 375-80.##Michail P, Karavokyros I, Pikoulis E, Arvelakis A, Charminis G, Michail O, et al. Acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland in children: a case report and literature review. West Indian Med J. 2008 Jan; 57(1):70-2.##Luna M.A., Batsakis J.G, El-Naggar A.K. Salivary gland tumors in children, Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1991; 100:869-71.##Perez DE, Pires FR, Alves FA, Almeida OP, Kowalski LP. Salivary gland tumors in children and adolescents: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of fifty-three cases. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2004; 68(7):895-902.##Cesmebasi A, Gabriel A, Niku D, Bukala K, Donnelly J, Fields PJ, et al. Pediatric head and neck tumors: an intra-demographic analysis using the SEER database. Med Sci Monit. 2014 Dec 4; 20: 2536-2542.##Lopes MA, Kowalski LP, Santos GC, Almeida OP. A clinicopathologic study of 196 intraoral minor salivary gland tumors. J Oral Pathol Med1999; 28: 264-7.##Seifert G, Okabe H, Caselitz J. Epithelial salivary gland tumors in children and adolescents. Analysis of 80 cases. J Otorhinolaryngol Relat. 1986; 48: 137-49.##Cardesa A, Slootweg PJ. Pathology of the Head and Neck. Springer, Berlin; 2006.##Mokhtari S. Mechanisms of cyst formation in metastatic lymph nodes of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Diagn Pathol. 2012 Jan 16; 7: 6.##Bentz BG, Hughes CA, Lüdemann JP, Maddalozzo J.Masses of the salivary gland region in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000; 126:1435-9.##Choi G, Choi C.S, Choi J.S, Choi JO. Intraductal papilloma of the parotid gland in a child. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg 2001; 125:280.##Bull PD. Salivary gland neoplasia in childhood. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1999; 49: 235-8.##Kessler A, Handler S.D. Salivary gland neoplasms in children: a 10-year survey at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1994; 29:195-202.##Dickson PV, Davidof AM. Malignant neoplasms of the head and neck. Sem Pediatr Surg, 2006; 15: 92–8##Sengupta S, Pal R. Clinicopathological correlates of pediatric head and neck cancer. J Cancer Res Ther, 2009; 5: 181–5##Callender DL, Frankenthaler RA, Luna MA, Lee SS, Goepfert H. Salivary gland neoplasms in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992; 118:472-6.##Sultan I, Rodriquez-Galindo C, Al-Sharabati S, Guzzo M, Casanova M, Ferrari A. Salivary gland carcinomas in children and adolescents: A population-based study, with comparison to adult cases. Head Neck, 2011; 33: 1476–81##. Ellies M, Laskawi R. Diseases of the salivary glands in infants and adolescents. Head Face Med, 2010; 6:1##Fonseca I, Martins A.G, Soares J. Epithelial salivary gland tumors of children and adolescents in southern Portugal. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1991; 72: 696-701.##Moshref M,Hosseini M. Epidemiological evaluation of Biopsies in three referral center in Tehran (1990-##Sattari M, Taghizadeh B, Hesari A. Epidemiological evaluation of oro-maxillofacial cases in Pathology##Pardis S, Karandish M, Lavaee F. The clinicopothologic study of benign and malignant lesions of salivary glands in patients attending Shiraz dental school in 15 years. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2012; 13(9):52–5.(Persian)##Rahrotaban S, Masoomi P, Moradi M, Sharifpour Vajari. Frequency of salivary gland tumors in two referral center of Qazvin university of Medical sciences from 1999 to 2009. J Res Dent Sci 2010; 7(2):1-##(Persian)##Ansari MH. Salivary gland tumors in an Iranian population: a retrospective study of 130 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 Nov; 65(11):2187-94.##Chinipardaz Z, Khalili M, Abouzeid F. Salivary Gland Tumors: A retrospective study of 339 cases in an##Mohajerani H, Ghatan M, Khojasteh A, Mohajerani S. A ten years epidemiologic study of salivary gland tumors in Loghman Hospital. J Dent Sch. 2009; 27(3) :155-9.(Persian)##Khajavi M, Peyvandi A, Naghibzadeh B, Ahmadi Roozbahani N. Salivary gland tumors in patients referring to Loghman Hakim Hospital in a 10-year period. Pajoohandeh Journal 2010; 15(1): 45-8.(Persian)##Gnepp DR, editor. Diagnostic surgical pathology of the head and neck. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier 2009.##Mokhtari S, Atarbashi Moghadam S, Mirafsharieh A. Sclerosing polycystic adenosis of the retromolar pad##Cheng L, Botstwick D.G. Essentials of Anatomic Pathology, chapter 5, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, USA, 2002.##Neville B, Damm D, Allen C, Bouquot J. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 3ed. Saunders; 2008.##Regezi JA, Sciubba J, Jordan RCK. Oral Pathology. Clinical–Pathologic Correlations. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Elsevier; 2008.##Orvidas J., Kasperbauer J.L, Lewis J.E, Olsen KD, Lesnick TG. Pediatric parotid masses. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2000; 126:177-84.##Mokhtari S, Mokhtari S. Clinical features and differential diagnoses in laryngeal mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Clin Med Insights Pathol. 2012; 5:1-6.##Eveson JW. Pathology and genetics of head and neck tumors. World health organization classification of tumors. L Barnes, JW Eveson, P Reichart and D Sidransky (Eds) IARC Press, Lyon. pp:134, 2005.##Hicks J, Flaitz C. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands in children and adolescents: assessment of proliferation markers, Oral Oncol 2000; 36: 454-60.##Chenevert J, Barnes LE, Chiosea SI. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: a five-decade journey. Virchows Arch. 2011 Feb; 458(2):133-40.##Rahbar R, Grimmer JF, Vargas SO, Robson CD, Mack JW, Perez-Atayde AR, et al. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland in children: A 10-year experience. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006 Apr; 132(4): 375-80.##Michail P, Karavokyros I, Pikoulis E, Arvelakis A, Charminis G, Michail O, et al. Acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland in children: a case report and literature review. West Indian Med J. 2008 Jan; 57(1):70-2.##Luna M.A., Batsakis J.G, El-Naggar A.K. Salivary gland tumors in children, Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 1991; 100:869-71.## ##

آملوژنزیس ایمپرفکتای دندانهای دائمی و شیری :گزارش مورد 1 1 زمینه و هدف: آملوژنزیس ایمپرفکتا یک اختلال تکاملی دندانی با اتیولوژی هتروژن با درگیری هر دو سری دندان ها ی شیری و دائمی است که می تواند به تنهایی یا همراه سایر علائم یک سندرم بروز کند. آملوژنز ایمپرفکتا می تواند ناشی از نقص در یک ژن منفرد بوده یا در اثر اختلال کروموزومی ایجاد شود گزارش مورد: دختر 8 ساله ای بدلیل سایش و تغییر رنگ دندانها و عفونت مکرر مراجعه نمود. تغییر رنگ از زمان رویش دندان ها وجود داشته و هر دو سیستم دندانی شیری و دائمی را درگیر کرده بود. پدر و مادر کودک ازدواج فامیلی داشته، طبق گزارش آنها هیچ مورد مشابهی در خانواده دیده نشده بود. بیمار بجز سابقه بستری شدن به دلیل عفونت ادراری مکرر،سابقه پزشکی خاصی نداشت. در دندانهای مولر اول دائمی مقداری سایش دیده شد. در نوک کاسپ این دندانها مینای سالم وجود نداشت. از ونیر کامپوزیتی برای بهبود زیبایی دندانهای قدامی رویش یافته و جلوگیری از، از دست رفتن مینای باقی مانده استفاده شد. برای کاهش سایش و جلوگیری از پوسیدگی دندانهای مولر اول دائمی از روکش SSC با حداقل تراش بافت دندانی استفاده شد. درمان پالپ برای دندان‌های درگیری پالپ و یا دارای فیستول در نظر گرفته شد. نتیجه گیری: اختلالات تکاملی آملوژنزیس ایمپرفکتا ساختار و وضعیت ظاهری مینا در دندان ها ی شیری و دائمی را دچار اختلال می کند. مدیریت درمان این بیماران چه از نظر فانکشنال و چه زیبایی ،چالش بزرگی برای دندانپزشک محسوب می شود. توجه به حفظ ساختمان دندان، زیبایی، و اعاده عملکرد دارای اهمیت می‌باشد 95 100 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 سپیده مجذوبی s majzoubi Iran Iran پریسا عارف p aref Iran Iran مرجان آذرشب m azarshab Iran Iran ایلناز صدرا i sadra Iran Iran آملوژنزیس ایمپرفکتا اختلالات تکاملی ژنتیک Mc Donalds R.E,Avery D.R. Dentistry for the child and adolescent, 9thed.USA:Mosby;2011.106-107##HU,J.C.C,ET AL. Enamel formation and amelogenesisimperfecta . cells tissuesorgans.2007.186(1):78-85.##Crawford PJ, Aldred M, Bloch-Zupan A. Amelogenesis Imperfecta (Review). Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007;2:17.##Aldred MJ, Savarirayan R, Crawford PJ. Amelogenesis imperfecta: a classification and catalogue for the 21 st century. Oral Diseases 2003;9:19-23##Pinkham JR,Casamassimo PS,Fields HW,Mctigue DJ, Andnowak AJ. Pediatric Dentistry, 5th ed.USA: ELSEVIER; 2013 .58-60.##Neville B,Damm D,Allen C,Bouquot J.Oral and maxilofacial pathology.3 ded USA: Saunders; 2008.chapter2.##Chaudhary M, Dixit S, Singh A, Kunte S. Amelogenesis imperfecta: Report of a case and review of literature. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2009; 13(2): 70–77.##Gjørup H, Haubek D, Hintze H, Haukali G, Løvschall H, Hertz JM, Poulsen S.Hypocalcified type of amelogenesis imperfecta in a large family: clinical, radiographic, and histological findings, associated dento-facial anomalies, and resulting treatment load. Acta Odontol Scand. 2009;67(4):240-7.##Markovic D, Petrovic B, Peric T.Case series: clinical findings and oral rehabilitation of patients with amelogenesis imperfecta. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2010;11(4):201-8.##Varela Morales M, Botella Perez JM, Jiménez Garcia J, Varela PG.Interdisciplinary treatment of a patient with amelogenesis imperfecta. J Clin Orthod 2010 44;(9):553-9; quiz 562.##Engin Ağaçkiran, Emin Caner Tümen, Sema Çelenk, Behiye Bolgül, Fatma Atakul.Restoring Aesthetics and##Sengün A, Özer F. Restoring function and esthetics in a patient with amelogenesis imperfecta: a case report. Quintessence International. 2002;33(3):199–204##Assunção WG, Barão VA, Kanno CM, Saito CT, Delben JA.Overdenture as a restorative option for hypocalcified-hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta: a case report. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2009;10(3):67-73.##Seow WK. Clinical diagnosis and management strategies of amelogenesis imperfecta variants. Pediatr Dent 1993;15:384-93.##Sabatini C, Armstrong SG. A conservative treatment for amelogenesis imperfecta with direct resin composite restorations: A case report. J Esthet Restor Dent 2009;21:161-71.##Tulga F. Bir olgu nedeniyle amelogenesis imperfekta: Kalitim sekli, klinik, histolojik bulgulari ve tedavisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 1992;19:169–174.##Ramos AL, Pascotto RC, Iwaki Filho L, Hayacibara RM, Boselli G.Interdisciplinary treatment for a patient with open-bite malocclusion and amelogenesis imperfecta. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139(4 Suppl):S145-53.##Kingsley H.C. Chan, Edward H.T. Ho,Michael G. Botelho,Edmond H.N. Pow. Rehabilitation of amelogenesis imperfecta using a reorganized approach: A case report Quintessence International, 2011;42 (5):385-391.##Oliveira IK, Fonseca Jde F, do Amaral FL, Pecorari VG, Basting RT, França FM.Diagnosis and esthetic functional rehabilitation of a patient with amelogenesis imperfecta. Quintessence Int. 2011;42(6):463-9.##Ghodsi S, Rasaeipour S, Vojdani M.Oral rehabilitation of a patient with amelogenesis imperfecta using##Moretti AB, Sakai VT, Oliveira TM, Fujiwara SH, Santos CF, Machado MA, Silva SM. Oral management of a##child with mixed dentition affected by amelogenesis imperfecta. J Dent Child (Chic). 2007;74(2):157-60.##Kwok-Tung L, King NM.The restorative management of amelogenesis imperfecta in the mixed dentition. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2006;31(2):130-5.##Mc Donalds R.E,Avery D.R. Dentistry for the child and adolescent, 9thed.USA:Mosby;2011.106-107##HU,J.C.C,ET AL. Enamel formation and amelogenesisimperfecta . cells tissuesorgans.2007.186(1):78-85.##Crawford PJ, Aldred M, Bloch-Zupan A. Amelogenesis Imperfecta (Review). Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007;2:17.##Aldred MJ, Savarirayan R, Crawford PJ. Amelogenesis imperfecta: a classification and catalogue for the 21 st century. Oral Diseases 2003;9:19-23##Pinkham JR,Casamassimo PS,Fields HW,Mctigue DJ, Andnowak AJ. Pediatric Dentistry, 5th ed.USA: ELSEVIER; 2013 .58-60.##Neville B,Damm D,Allen C,Bouquot J.Oral and maxilofacial pathology.3 ded USA: Saunders; 2008.chapter2.##Chaudhary M, Dixit S, Singh A, Kunte S. Amelogenesis imperfecta: Report of a case and review of literature. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2009; 13(2): 70–77.##Gjørup H, Haubek D, Hintze H, Haukali G, Løvschall H, Hertz JM, Poulsen S.Hypocalcified type of amelogenesis imperfecta in a large family: clinical, radiographic, and histological findings, associated dento-facial anomalies, and resulting treatment load. Acta Odontol Scand. 2009;67(4):240-7.##Markovic D, Petrovic B, Peric T.Case series: clinical findings and oral rehabilitation of patients with amelogenesis imperfecta. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2010;11(4):201-8.##Varela Morales M, Botella Perez JM, Jiménez Garcia J, Varela PG.Interdisciplinary treatment of a patient with amelogenesis imperfecta. J Clin Orthod 2010 44;(9):553-9; quiz 562.##Engin Ağaçkiran, Emin Caner Tümen, Sema Çelenk, Behiye Bolgül, Fatma Atakul.Restoring Aesthetics and##Sengün A, Özer F. Restoring function and esthetics in a patient with amelogenesis imperfecta: a case report. Quintessence International. 2002;33(3):199–204##Assunção WG, Barão VA, Kanno CM, Saito CT, Delben JA.Overdenture as a restorative option for hypocalcified-hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta: a case report. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2009;10(3):67-73.##Seow WK. Clinical diagnosis and management strategies of amelogenesis imperfecta variants. Pediatr Dent 1993;15:384-93.##Sabatini C, Armstrong SG. A conservative treatment for amelogenesis imperfecta with direct resin composite restorations: A case report. J Esthet Restor Dent 2009;21:161-71.##Tulga F. Bir olgu nedeniyle amelogenesis imperfekta: Kalitim sekli, klinik, histolojik bulgulari ve tedavisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 1992;19:169–174.##Ramos AL, Pascotto RC, Iwaki Filho L, Hayacibara RM, Boselli G.Interdisciplinary treatment for a patient with open-bite malocclusion and amelogenesis imperfecta. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139(4 Suppl):S145-53.##Kingsley H.C. Chan, Edward H.T. Ho,Michael G. Botelho,Edmond H.N. Pow. Rehabilitation of amelogenesis imperfecta using a reorganized approach: A case report Quintessence International, 2011;42 (5):385-391.##Oliveira IK, Fonseca Jde F, do Amaral FL, Pecorari VG, Basting RT, França FM.Diagnosis and esthetic functional rehabilitation of a patient with amelogenesis imperfecta. Quintessence Int. 2011;42(6):463-9.##Ghodsi S, Rasaeipour S, Vojdani M.Oral rehabilitation of a patient with amelogenesis imperfecta using##Moretti AB, Sakai VT, Oliveira TM, Fujiwara SH, Santos CF, Machado MA, Silva SM. Oral management of a##child with mixed dentition affected by amelogenesis imperfecta. J Dent Child (Chic). 2007;74(2):157-60.##Kwok-Tung L, King NM.The restorative management of amelogenesis imperfecta in the mixed dentition. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2006;31(2):130-5.## ##

کنترل تحلیل التهابی داخلی با استفاده از Cement CEM در دندانهای مولر شیری (گزارش مورد) Management of inflammatory internal root resorption in primary molar teeth by using calcium enriched mixture cement: A case report 1 1 سابقه و هدف: تحلیل داخلی ریشه یکی از پیچیدگیهای بزرگ در دندان های شیری است که اغلب منجر به پرفوریشن ریشه و از دست رفتن دندان می شود. در این مطالعه تحلیل داخلی دندان شیری توسط سمان CEM (Calcium Enriched Mixture) کنترل و درمان شد. گزارش مورد: این مطالعه بر روی دندان مولر شیری دو کودک 6و 7 ساله که به بخش کودکان دانشکده دندانپزشکی شاهد مراجعه کرده بودند انجام شد. دندان بیماران در معاینه رادیوگرافی نشانگر تحلیل داخلی وسیع بود و پروگنوز درمان بسیار ضعیف بود. کانال دندان ها با هیپوکلریت 5/2% شستشو داده شد و سمان CEM در داخل کانال تا محل پرفوریشن قرار گرفت تا سیل مناسبی حاصل شود. سپس زونالین روی آن قرار داده شد و با S.S.C ترمیم شد. معاینات کلینیکی و رادیوگرافی بعد از 2 و 17 ماه نشان داد که استخوان در تواحی لوسنسی تشکیل شده است و یا تحلیل ریشه کاملا کنترل شده است. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به خصوصییات بیولوژیک مناسب سمان CEM، این سمان می تواند یک ماده موثر در کنترل و بهبود روند تحلیل التهابی داخلی در دندان شیری مطرح باشد. 2 Background and aim: Inflammatory root resorption is one of the major complete in primary teeth that lead to root perforation . the aim of this report, Management of inflammatory internal root resorption in primary molar teeth by using calcium enriched mixture cement. Case report: In This study was done on primary molar tooth of two children that was referred to pedodontic department of shahed university. In this cases radiographic examination showed progressive inflammatory internal root resorption in primary molar. Both teeth were irrigated with 2.5% NaoCl and Calcium Enriched Mixture(CEM) packed in perforation then restored with S.S.C. the clinical and radiographic examination at 2 and 6 month follow up showed that resorptive lacuna were filled with newly formed bone and root make in internal resorption or was controlled. Conclusion: Considering the biologic properties of CEM cement using this novel cement for management of internal resorption is applicable choice. 101 106 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 2015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/42015/10/4 1394/7/12 سمیه کاملی s kameli Iran Iran سارا رحیمیان امام rahimian emam Iran Iran سارا توسلی حجتی s tavasoli hojati Iran Iran سعید عسگری s asgari Iran Iran CEM internal resorption pulpotomy CEM تحلیل داخلی ریشه پالپوتومی Fuss Z, Tsesis I, Lin S. Root resorption: diagnosis, classification, and treatment choices based on stimulation factors. Dent Traumtol 2003; 19: 175-82.##Fallahinejad Ghajari M, Asgarian T, Iri S, Asgary S. Direct pulp capping with calcium enriched mixture in primary molar teeth: A randomized clinical trial. IEJ 2010; 5: 27-30.##Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Parirokh M, Ghoddusi J. Comparison of mineral trioxide aggregates composition with Portland cements and a new endodontic cement. J Endod 2009; 35(2): 243-50.##Gorbani L, Kheirieh S, Shadman B, Eghbal MJ, Asgary S. Micro leakage of CEM cement in two different media. IEJ 2009; 4(3): 87-90.##Asgary S, Kermani FA. Antibacterial effects of different root canal sealing materials. J Oral Sci 2008; 50(4): 469-74.##Kangarlou A, Sufiabadi S, Yadegari Z, Asgari S. Antifungal effect of Calcium Enriched Mixture (CEM) cement against Candidia Albicans. IEJ 2009; 4(3): 101-5.##Asgary S, Akbari Kermani F, Taheri S. Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium hydroxide, and CEM cement. IEJ 2007; 2(3): 105-9.##Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Parirokh M, Torabzade H. Sealing ability of three comerical mineral trioxide aggregates an experimental root and filling material. IEJ 2008; 1(3): 101-5.##Asgary s, Shahabi S, Jafarzadeh T, Amina S. The properties of a new endodontic material. J Endod 2008; 34(8): 990-3.##Ghoddusi J, Tavakkoli Afshari J, Donyavi Z, Brak A, Disfani R. Cytotoxic effect of new endodontic cement and mineral trioxide aggregate on L929 line culture. IEJ 2008; 3(2): 17-23.##Asgary S, Mosavi S, Yadegari Z, Shahriari S. Cytotoxic effect of MTA and new endodontic cement in human gingival fibroblast cells : A SEM evaluation. J Dent 2012; 78(2): 51-4.##Mozayeni MA, Milani AS,Motevasli LA,Asgary S. Cytotoxicity of calcium enriched mixture cement compared with mineral trioxide aggregate and intermediate restorative material. Aust Endod J 2012; 38(2): 20-5.##Asgari S, Nosrat A, Seifi A. Management of inflammatory external root resorption by using calcium##Malekafzali B, Shekarchi F, Asgari S. Treatment outcomes of pulpotomy in primary molars using two##Fuss Z, Tsesis I, Lin S. Root resorption: diagnosis, classification, and treatment choices based on stimulation factors. Dent Traumtol 2003; 19: 175-82.##Fallahinejad Ghajari M, Asgarian T, Iri S, Asgary S. Direct pulp capping with calcium enriched mixture in primary molar teeth: A randomized clinical trial. IEJ 2010; 5: 27-30.##Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Parirokh M, Ghoddusi J. Comparison of mineral trioxide aggregates composition with Portland cements and a new endodontic cement. J Endod 2009; 35(2): 243-50.##Gorbani L, Kheirieh S, Shadman B, Eghbal MJ, Asgary S. Micro leakage of CEM cement in two different media. IEJ 2009; 4(3): 87-90.##Asgary S, Kermani FA. Antibacterial effects of different root canal sealing materials. J Oral Sci 2008; 50(4): 469-74.##Kangarlou A, Sufiabadi S, Yadegari Z, Asgari S. Antifungal effect of Calcium Enriched Mixture (CEM) cement against Candidia Albicans. IEJ 2009; 4(3): 101-5.##Asgary S, Akbari Kermani F, Taheri S. Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium hydroxide, and CEM cement. IEJ 2007; 2(3): 105-9.##Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Parirokh M, Torabzade H. Sealing ability of three comerical mineral trioxide aggregates an experimental root and filling material. IEJ 2008; 1(3): 101-5.##Asgary s, Shahabi S, Jafarzadeh T, Amina S. The properties of a new endodontic material. J Endod 2008; 34(8): 990-3.##Ghoddusi J, Tavakkoli Afshari J, Donyavi Z, Brak A, Disfani R. Cytotoxic effect of new endodontic cement and mineral trioxide aggregate on L929 line culture. IEJ 2008; 3(2): 17-23.##Asgary S, Mosavi S, Yadegari Z, Shahriari S. Cytotoxic effect of MTA and new endodontic cement in human gingival fibroblast cells : A SEM evaluation. J Dent 2012; 78(2): 51-4.##Mozayeni MA, Milani AS,Motevasli LA,Asgary S. Cytotoxicity of calcium enriched mixture cement compared with mineral trioxide aggregate and intermediate restorative material. Aust Endod J 2012; 38(2): 20-5.##Asgari S, Nosrat A, Seifi A. Management of inflammatory external root resorption by using calcium##Malekafzali B, Shekarchi F, Asgari S. Treatment outcomes of pulpotomy in primary molars using two## ##