1394 10 2 0 106

ارزیابی شاخص DMFT در بررسی وضعیت بهداشت دهان و دندان بیماران مبتلا به تالاسمی ماژور Evaluation of DMFT index among patients with thalassemia 1 1 زمینه و هدف: تالاسمی شایع ترین بیماری ارثی دنیا بوده که به دلیل شیوع زیاد در ایران یکی از مشکلات بهداشتی ـ درمانی محسوب می شود. متأسفانه مشکلات دهان و دندان در بیماران تالاسمی کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین وضعیت بهداشت دهان و دندان بیماران مبتلا به تالاسمی ماژور در شهر قزوین در سال 1391 انجام شد. روش اجرا: در این مطالعه توصیفی ـ تحلیلی، کلیه بیماران تالاسمی ماژور استان قزوین که دارای معیارهای ورود بودند به روش سرشماری وارد پژوهش شدند. از روش های معاینه، مصاحبه دارای ساختار و مطالعه پرونده ها استفاده شد. بیماران توسط دندانپزشک معاینه شده و شاخص DMF ثبت گردید. روایی و پایایی ابزار مورد بررسی و تأیید قرار گرفت. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون‌های آمار توصیفی و استنباطی به وسیله نرم افزارSpss16  استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: اکثریت واحدهای پژوهش مونث(2/61%) و سابقه تزریق خون داشتند(3/67%). اغلب واحدها (7/83%) سابقه مراجعه به دندانپزشک را نداشته و 6/77% آنان مسواک نمی‌زدند. 5/73% واحدهای پژوهش دارای درجات مختلفی از پوسیدگی دندان بودند که شاخص DMF در واحدها نیز 57% بود بطوریکه تعداد دفعات مسواک زدن یکی از عوامل مرتبط با این شاخص بود(P<0.05). ازمیان متغیرهای دموگرافیک سن ارتباط مثبت و معناداری با پوسیدگی دندان داشت (P<0.05). نتیجه گیری: با پیشرفت روش های تشخیصی ـ درمانی، طول عمر این بیماران رو به افزایش است. استنباط از یافته های این پژوهش این است که، بیماران تالاسمی نسبت به افراد سالم مشکلات شدیدتری داشته و بایستی شاخص‌های بهداشتی از جمله شاخص وضعیت بهداشت دهان و دندان در آنان بهبود یابد. 2 Background and Objectives: Thalassemia major is one of the most prevalence congenital diseases in the world. This disease is wide spread in Iran and created some problems for health-care system. The aim of this study was to determine of situation oral health among thalassemic patients of Qazvin city in 2013. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive - analytic study, thalassemic patients were selected with census method (n=60). Data were collected with examination, and interview. Questionnaire was include demographic, clinical and paraclinical information. Patients were examined and followed up by a dentist. DMFT index was determined on the basis of the examinations. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire was conducted. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytic statistic tests with SPSS, version 16. Results:  The majority of patients were female (%61.2) and had a history of blood transfusion (%67.3). The most of patients (%83.7) had no history of dental visit and most of them (%77.6) had no tooth brushing. The majority of patients had varying degrees of tooth decay. DMFT index was %57. The frequency of brushing and age had significantly effects on tooth decay (P<0.05). Conclusion: Thalassemic patients have more problems in comparison other people. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures have increased their survival. . Thus health indicators include oral and dental hygiene should improve in these patients specially. 7 16 2016/07/27 1395/5/6 2016/07/27 1395/5/6 محمدرضا مصطفائی M.R Mostafayi Iran Iran کاضم حسین زاده K Hoseinzadeh Iran Iran جلال الدین حمیصی J Hamisi Iran Iran محمدجواد حسین‌آبادی فراهانی M.J Hoseinabadi Iran Iran : Thalassemic Major Children Oral Hygiene. DMFT Index تالاسمی ماژور کودکان بهداشت دهان و دندان شاخص DMF Pakbaz Z. Treatment of thalassemia. Tehran: Dastan 2006.(persian). Azizi F, M J, Hatami H. Epidemiology and Control of Common Disorders in Iran, 3ed. Tehran: Khosravi Institute; 2010(persian). Imani E, Asadi Nooghabi F, Hosseini Teshnizi S, Yosefi P, Salari F.Comparison quality of life in patients with thalassemia major based on participating in group activities Bandar Abbas.sci J Iran Blood Transfus organ.2013;10(2):198-206.(Persian)##Sedighiani s, Farshidfar G. Atttitute,Awareness&Functioning Couple Marriage about Thalassemia in Hormozgan. Hormozgan Medical Journal. 2001;5(3)30-34. (Persian)##Zarea K, Baraz Pordanjani Sh, Pedram M, Pakbaz Z.Quality of Life in Children with Thalassemia who Referred to ThalassemiaCenter of Shafa Hospital. jjcdc 2012;1(1):45-53. (Persian) Babaei N, Tohidast Z, Nematzadeh F. Oral dental mocusal injury in Major thalassemy patient. Medical Daneshvar. 2009;75(15):10-16. (Persian).##Shahsavari F. The survey of DMF in Thalassemic Major Patients.Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. JMSG. 2006;15(59):69-74. (Persian) Ajami B, Talebi M, Ebrahimi M. Evaluation of oral and dental health status in major thalassemia patients referred to Dr. SHEIKHHospital in Mashhad in 2002.Journal of Dentistry. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 2006; 30: 99-108. (Persian) Khani H, Majdi M. R,Azad Marzabadi E, Montazeri A,Ghorbani A, Ramezani M. Quality of life in Iranian Beta-thalassemia major patients ofsouthern coastwise of the Caspian Sea. Journal of Behavioral Sciences2009;2(4):325-332. (Persian)##Ansari Sh, Baghersalimi A, Azarkeivan A, Nojomi M, Hassanzadeh Rad A. Quality of life in patients with thalassemia major. Iran J Ped Hematol Oncol. 2014; 4(2): 57–63.##Luglie PF CG, Deida C and et. al. " Oral condition ,chemistry of saliva and salivary level if streptococcus mutas in thalassemic patients " clin oral investing. 2006;6(4):223-226.##Leonardi R VP, Cattabiani ." Epidemiological survey of the prevalence of dental carries in young thalassemia patients". stomato mediterr.1990;10(2):133-6.##Karami H, Vahid-Shahi K, Kowsarian M, Abaskhaniyan A, Parvin-nezhad N, Ehteshami S et al . Evaluation of ocular defects and its relevant factors in patients with beta thalassemia major in Sari Boo Ali Sina hospital, (2006-2008). Yafteh. 2009; 10 (4) :20-27. (Persian) Honarmand M, Amiri-Tehranizade N, Farhad-Mollashahi L. Dental health and dental treatment needs in patients with thalassemia major.Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.2010;12(3):34-38. (Persian)##Pourahmadi FSa, Mousa. Family Training and effect factor on Thalassemia minor Couples. JHUMS. 2004;7(3):129-33. (Persian) Hossein zadeh E, Sarani H, Shahsavani A. Examination of children with thalassemia and its relationship with indices (growth) Height and weight.4th Hematology-Oncology Conference Proceedings, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Mashhad medical Science University; 2005.p137. (Persian)##Tafazzoli shadpour H. Evaluation of oralmanifestation and bonelesion in patient with major thalassemia (Qazvin, 1998-99). The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. [Research]. 2003;7(3):48-53[persian].##Yengil E, Acipayam C, Kokacya MH, Kurhan F, Oktay G, Ozer C.Anxiety, depression and quality of life in patients with beta thalassemia major and their caregivers.Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7(8):2165-72.##Basir L,Zandian Kh,Zandian R, Prevalence of DMF and evaluation of OHI-S in 12-year-old thalassemic patients referred to thalassemia center of Shafa hospital in Ahvaz in 2003. Jundishapur Sci Med J.2008;5(4):711-714. (Persian)##Karimi M, Chegini M, Abedi H, editors. The effect of psychosocial experiment on adolescent living. Hematology & oncology; 2003; Mashhad: Mashhad medical university. (Persian)##AL-vahdani AM TDQ, AL-omari MD "Dental disease in subjects with β thalassemia major". Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. December 2005;20(2).##Luglie PF CG, Deida C and et al " Oral condition ,chemistry of saliva and salivary level if streptococcus mutas in thalassemic patients " clin oral investing. Dec 2006;6(4):223-6.##Vahedi M, Mortazavi. H, Latifian B,Abdollahzadeh Sh. Prevalence of orofacial complication among thalassemic patients in thalassemia center of Qazvin. JAUMS(2009);7(3):217-221. (Persian)##Pakpour H, Heidarnia A, Hagizadeh E. The survey of mouth &teeth health in Qazvin students The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 15 (3) :54-60. (Persian)##Shidfar F, Aghilinejad M, Ameri A, Motavalian S, Radfar A, Hoseini S. Determination of DMF index among workers of industrial city of Ilam-Iran and it's relation with Fluoride content of potable water. Iran Occupational Health Journal. 2007; 4 (3 and 4) :64-68. (Persian)##Pakbaz Z. Treatment of thalassemia. Tehran: Dastan 2006.(persian). Azizi F, M J, Hatami H. Epidemiology and Control of Common Disorders in Iran, 3ed. Tehran: Khosravi Institute; 2010(persian). Imani E, Asadi Nooghabi F, Hosseini Teshnizi S, Yosefi P, Salari F.Comparison quality of life in patients with thalassemia major based on participating in group activities Bandar Abbas.sci J Iran Blood Transfus organ.2013;10(2):198-206.(Persian)##Sedighiani s, Farshidfar G. Atttitute,Awareness&Functioning Couple Marriage about Thalassemia in Hormozgan. Hormozgan Medical Journal. 2001;5(3)30-34. (Persian)##Zarea K, Baraz Pordanjani Sh, Pedram M, Pakbaz Z.Quality of Life in Children with Thalassemia who Referred to ThalassemiaCenter of Shafa Hospital. jjcdc 2012;1(1):45-53. (Persian) Babaei N, Tohidast Z, Nematzadeh F. Oral dental mocusal injury in Major thalassemy patient. Medical Daneshvar. 2009;75(15):10-16. (Persian).##Shahsavari F. The survey of DMF in Thalassemic Major Patients.Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. JMSG. 2006;15(59):69-74. (Persian) Ajami B, Talebi M, Ebrahimi M. Evaluation of oral and dental health status in major thalassemia patients referred to Dr. SHEIKHHospital in Mashhad in 2002.Journal of Dentistry. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 2006; 30: 99-108. (Persian) Khani H, Majdi M. R,Azad Marzabadi E, Montazeri A,Ghorbani A, Ramezani M. Quality of life in Iranian Beta-thalassemia major patients ofsouthern coastwise of the Caspian Sea. Journal of Behavioral Sciences2009;2(4):325-332. (Persian)##Ansari Sh, Baghersalimi A, Azarkeivan A, Nojomi M, Hassanzadeh Rad A. Quality of life in patients with thalassemia major. Iran J Ped Hematol Oncol. 2014; 4(2): 57–63.##Luglie PF CG, Deida C and et. al. " Oral condition ,chemistry of saliva and salivary level if streptococcus mutas in thalassemic patients " clin oral investing. 2006;6(4):223-226.##Leonardi R VP, Cattabiani ." Epidemiological survey of the prevalence of dental carries in young thalassemia patients". stomato mediterr.1990;10(2):133-6.##Karami H, Vahid-Shahi K, Kowsarian M, Abaskhaniyan A, Parvin-nezhad N, Ehteshami S et al . Evaluation of ocular defects and its relevant factors in patients with beta thalassemia major in Sari Boo Ali Sina hospital, (2006-2008). Yafteh. 2009; 10 (4) :20-27. (Persian) Honarmand M, Amiri-Tehranizade N, Farhad-Mollashahi L. Dental health and dental treatment needs in patients with thalassemia major.Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.2010;12(3):34-38. (Persian)##Pourahmadi FSa, Mousa. Family Training and effect factor on Thalassemia minor Couples. JHUMS. 2004;7(3):129-33. (Persian) Hossein zadeh E, Sarani H, Shahsavani A. Examination of children with thalassemia and its relationship with indices (growth) Height and weight.4th Hematology-Oncology Conference Proceedings, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Mashhad medical Science University; 2005.p137. (Persian)##Tafazzoli shadpour H. Evaluation of oralmanifestation and bonelesion in patient with major thalassemia (Qazvin, 1998-99). The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. [Research]. 2003;7(3):48-53[persian].##Yengil E, Acipayam C, Kokacya MH, Kurhan F, Oktay G, Ozer C.Anxiety, depression and quality of life in patients with beta thalassemia major and their caregivers.Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7(8):2165-72.##Basir L,Zandian Kh,Zandian R, Prevalence of DMF and evaluation of OHI-S in 12-year-old thalassemic patients referred to thalassemia center of Shafa hospital in Ahvaz in 2003. Jundishapur Sci Med J.2008;5(4):711-714. (Persian)##Karimi M, Chegini M, Abedi H, editors. The effect of psychosocial experiment on adolescent living. Hematology & oncology; 2003; Mashhad: Mashhad medical university. (Persian)##AL-vahdani AM TDQ, AL-omari MD "Dental disease in subjects with β thalassemia major". Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. December 2005;20(2).##Luglie PF CG, Deida C and et al " Oral condition ,chemistry of saliva and salivary level if streptococcus mutas in thalassemic patients " clin oral investing. Dec 2006;6(4):223-6.##Vahedi M, Mortazavi. H, Latifian B,Abdollahzadeh Sh. Prevalence of orofacial complication among thalassemic patients in thalassemia center of Qazvin. JAUMS(2009);7(3):217-221. (Persian)##Pakpour H, Heidarnia A, Hagizadeh E. The survey of mouth &teeth health in Qazvin students The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. 2011; 15 (3) :54-60. (Persian)##Shidfar F, Aghilinejad M, Ameri A, Motavalian S, Radfar A, Hoseini S. Determination of DMF index among workers of industrial city of Ilam-Iran and it's relation with Fluoride content of potable water. Iran Occupational Health Journal. 2007; 4 (3 and 4) :64-68. (Persian)## ##

تاثیر قصه درمانی بر اضطراب، درد و خشم از دندانپزشکی در کودکان 8-4 سال تحت مراقبت از دندانپزشکی The effect of narrative therapy on anxiety, pain and anger dentists in dental care for children 8-4 years under the city of Neka and Sari 1 1 چکیده زمینه و هدف:هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی تاثیر قصه درمانی بر اضطراب، درد و خشم از دندانپزشکی کودکان 8-4 ساله تحت مراقبت دندانپزشکی است. روشاجرا:جامعه آماری کودکان مراجعه کننده به دندانپزشکی، مهدکودک­ها، مراکز خلاقیت و مراکز بازی شهرستان­های نکا و ساری بودند. نمونه پژوهش 39 کودک مراجعه کننده به پژوهشگر به روش در دسترس بود که، به صورت تصادفی در سه گروه آزمایش، پلاسیبو و کنترل قرار گرفتند.  ابزار­های پژوهش شامل مقیاس اضطراب ونهام، مقیاس درد وونگ باکر و مقیاس خشم کودکان بود. گروه آزمایش 8 جلسه مداخله گروهی دریافت کردند. گروه­های کنترل هیچ­گونه مداخله­ای دریافت نکردند و فقط گروه پلاسیبو 8 جلسه قصه­درمانی عامیانه دریافت کرد. داده­ها با استفاده از SPSS 16 در سطح 05/0 p<، تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها:نتایج مانکوا و مقایسه­های زوجی بونفرنی در پس­آزمون و پیگیری نشان داد که میانگین نمره اضطراب، درد و خشم از دندانپزشکی گروه آزمایش در مقایسه با گروه پلاسیبو و گروه کنترل کاهش معنی­داری یافته بود.  نتیجهگیری:این یافته ها نشان می دهد که قصه­درمانی می تواند به عنوان یک شیوه روان درمانی انتخابی در کاهش علایم اضطراب، درد و خشم از دندان­پزشکی کودکان موثر باشد. واژگانکلیدی:قصه­درمانی، اضطراب از دندان­پزشکی، دنداپزشکی  کودکان   وصول مقاله : 18/11/1392پذیرش مقاله:15/05/1393 نویسنده مسئول: فاطمه پاکدامنp.fateme.12@gmail.com 2 Background and Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of storytelling on anxiety, pain and anger of dentistry among 4-8 years old children. Materials and Methods: The children referred to dentist, daycare center, creativity center and play center of Neka and Sari were included in the study. Thirty-nine children, who referred to the researcher, were selected via convenience sampling method and randomly divided into three groups (experimental, placebo and control group). They completed Venham picture test, Wong-baker faces pain scale and Children's Inventory of Anger. The experimental group received 8 session of group therapy. The control groups received no intervention, but placebo group received 8 sessions of vulgar storytelling. The data analyzed by SPSS-16 and significant level was chosen less than 0.05. Results:  The results of MANCOVA and bonferroni post- test and follow-up showed that there were significant reductions on the frequency of dental anxiety, pain and anger in the experimental group compared with, placebo and control groups.  Conclusion: The findings suggest that storytelling can be used as a well-established psychotherapy for children to reduce symptoms of dental anxiety, pain and anger. 17 34 2016/07/272016/07/27 1395/5/6 2016/07/272016/07/27 1395/5/6 فاطمه پاکدامن F Pakdaman Iran Iran ایران داودی I Davodi Iran Iran مهناز مهرابی زاد هنرمند M Mehrabi zad honarmand Iran Iran Storytelling Anxiety Pain Dental visit قصه درمانی اضطراب از دندانپزشکی دنداپزشکی کودکان شفیعی، سیده مینا، حکیم، اشرف السادات، بساکنژاد، سودابه (زیرچاپ). اثربخشی قصهگویی بر اضطراب کودکان بستری در بیمارستان.##یوسفی لویه، معصومه، دلاور، علی، یوسفی لویه، مجید (1387). تاثیر قصهدرمانی بر کاهش نشانههای اختلال اضطرابی دانشآموزان مضطرب پایه چهارم ابتدایی. مجله علوم تربیتی کودکان استثنایی، دوره 3، شماره 29، 294-281.##Arad. M. (2004). If your mother were on animal, what animal would she be? Creating play stories in family therapy: the animal attribution story-telling technique . Familyprocess, 43(4), 413-423.##Asl aminabadi. N., vafaei, a., erfanparast, l., ghertasi oskouei, s., & jamali, z. (2011). Impact of pictorial story on pain perception, situational anxiety and behavior in children: a cognitive-behavioral schema. Journal clinical pediatric dentistry, 36(2), 127-132.##Bryant, k. (2011). Catalysts and treatments for dental anxiety in children: http://www.ecu.edu/cs-lib/reference/instruction/upload/first-place-2011-kristy-bryant.pdf.##Cantor, M. D. (2012). The use of storytelling in therapy with children. Journalofdisabilityandoralhealth, 13(1), 3-10.##Corah, N. L., Gale, E. N., & Illig, S. J. (. 1978). Assessment of a dental anxiety scale. Journal of am dent assoc, 97(5), 816-9.##Gelder, M. G., Lopez, I. J. J., & Andreason, N. (2000). New oxford textbook of psychiatry. Oxford:oxford, 1139-1225.##Ollendic, T. H., & Hersen, M. (1984). Child behavioral assessment: principles and procedures. New york: pergamon.##Rajab, L. D. (2003). Traumatic dental injuries in children presenting for treatment at the department of pediatric dentistry, faculty of dentistry, university of jordan, 1997-2000. Journal of dent traumatol, 19(1), 6-11.##Skaret, E., Raadal, M., Kvale, G., & Berg, E. (1999). Dental anxiety and dental avoidance among 12-18 year olds in norway. European journal of oral science, 107(6), 422-8.##Soetenga, D., Frank, J., &Pellino, T. A. (1999). Assessment of the validity and reliability of the university of wisconsin children's hospital pain scale for preverbal and nonverbal children. Pediatrnurs, 25(6), 670-6.##Unnsteinsdottir, K. (2012). The influence of sandplay and imaginative storytelling on children's learning and emotional-behavioral development in an icelandic primary school. The arts in psychotherapy, 39(4), 328-332.##Vania, J., Oleveria, Vania, C., Marcelo, Alsandra, R., & Lima, A. (2006). Mother's perceptions of children's refusal to undergo dental treatment: an exploratory qualitative study. European journal of oral sciences, 114(6), 471-477.##Venham, L. L., & Gaulin-Kremer, E. (1979). A self-report measure of situational anxiety for young children. Academy of Pedodontics, 1 (2), 91-96.##Wilson, M. E., Megel, M. E., Enenbach, L., & Carlson, K. L. (2010). The voices of children: stories about hospitalization. Journalofpediatrhealthcare, 24(2), 95-102.##Wong, D. L., Hockenberry, M. J., Wilson, D., Winkelstein, M. L., & Kline, N. E. (2003). Wong's nursing care of infants and children. Louis: mosby, 1055##شفیعی، سیده مینا، حکیم، اشرف السادات، بساکنژاد، سودابه (زیرچاپ). اثربخشی قصهگویی بر اضطراب کودکان بستری در بیمارستان.##یوسفی لویه، معصومه، دلاور، علی، یوسفی لویه، مجید (1387). تاثیر قصهدرمانی بر کاهش نشانههای اختلال اضطرابی دانشآموزان مضطرب پایه چهارم ابتدایی. مجله علوم تربیتی کودکان استثنایی، دوره 3، شماره 29، 294-281.##Arad. M. (2004). If your mother were on animal, what animal would she be? Creating play stories in family therapy: the animal attribution story-telling technique . Familyprocess, 43(4), 413-423.##Asl aminabadi. N., vafaei, a., erfanparast, l., ghertasi oskouei, s., & jamali, z. (2011). Impact of pictorial story on pain perception, situational anxiety and behavior in children: a cognitive-behavioral schema. Journal clinical pediatric dentistry, 36(2), 127-132.##Bryant, k. (2011). Catalysts and treatments for dental anxiety in children: http://www.ecu.edu/cs-lib/reference/instruction/upload/first-place-2011-kristy-bryant.pdf.##Cantor, M. D. (2012). The use of storytelling in therapy with children. Journalofdisabilityandoralhealth, 13(1), 3-10.##Corah, N. L., Gale, E. N., & Illig, S. J. (. 1978). Assessment of a dental anxiety scale. Journal of am dent assoc, 97(5), 816-9.##Gelder, M. G., Lopez, I. J. J., & Andreason, N. (2000). New oxford textbook of psychiatry. Oxford:oxford, 1139-1225.##Ollendic, T. H., & Hersen, M. (1984). Child behavioral assessment: principles and procedures. New york: pergamon.##Rajab, L. D. (2003). Traumatic dental injuries in children presenting for treatment at the department of pediatric dentistry, faculty of dentistry, university of jordan, 1997-2000. Journal of dent traumatol, 19(1), 6-11.##Skaret, E., Raadal, M., Kvale, G., & Berg, E. (1999). Dental anxiety and dental avoidance among 12-18 year olds in norway. European journal of oral science, 107(6), 422-8.##Soetenga, D., Frank, J., &Pellino, T. A. (1999). Assessment of the validity and reliability of the university of wisconsin children's hospital pain scale for preverbal and nonverbal children. Pediatrnurs, 25(6), 670-6.##Unnsteinsdottir, K. (2012). The influence of sandplay and imaginative storytelling on children's learning and emotional-behavioral development in an icelandic primary school. The arts in psychotherapy, 39(4), 328-332.##Vania, J., Oleveria, Vania, C., Marcelo, Alsandra, R., & Lima, A. (2006). Mother's perceptions of children's refusal to undergo dental treatment: an exploratory qualitative study. European journal of oral sciences, 114(6), 471-477.##Venham, L. L., & Gaulin-Kremer, E. (1979). A self-report measure of situational anxiety for young children. Academy of Pedodontics, 1 (2), 91-96.##Wilson, M. E., Megel, M. E., Enenbach, L., & Carlson, K. L. (2010). The voices of children: stories about hospitalization. Journalofpediatrhealthcare, 24(2), 95-102.##Wong, D. L., Hockenberry, M. J., Wilson, D., Winkelstein, M. L., & Kline, N. E. (2003). Wong's nursing care of infants and children. Louis: mosby, 1055## ##

بررسی اثرات ضد میکروبی کلرهگزیدین و دو غلظت اسانس آویشن در پالپ تراپی دندانهای شیری Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine and two different concentrations of thyme essence in pulp therapy of deciduous teeth. 1 1 زمینه و هدف:پوسیدگی دندانهای شیری بصورت تهاجمی میتواند پالپ را درگیر سازد. آنچه در درمان پالپکتومی دندانها اتفاق می­افتد، همانا از بین بردن هرچه کامل میکروارگانیزمها و  فرآورده­هایشان میباشد. هدف از این مطالعه مقایسه اثرات ضدمیکروبی محلول اسانس آویشندر مقابل کلرهگزیدین میباشد. روشاجرا:در یک مطالعه آزمایشگاهی 40 دندان که تحلیل ماکروسکوپی بیش از یک-سوم طول ریشه نداشتند،پالپکتومی و با انتروکوکوس فکالیسعفونی شدند. دندانها در چهار گروه با محلولهای نرمال سالین، کلرهگزیدین %2/0، و اسانس آویشن%2 و %5/0 مورد شستشوی کانال قرارگرفتند. در پایان کشت میکروبی انجام و ویژگی ضدعفونی کنندگی آنها بررسی شد. 4 دندان هم برای تایید انجام آزمایشها اختصاص داده شد. از آزمون­های آماری Kolmogorov–Smirnov test، Kruskal-Wallis testو همچنین برای مقایسه دو به دوی اثر ضد میکروبی محلول­ها از Mann-Whitney استفاده شد. سطح معناداری، کمتر از 05/0 در نظر گرفته شد. یافته‌ها:نتایج نشان داد که آویشن 2% بیشترین میزان ضدعفونی کنندگی را در میان چهار محلول داشته است. آویشن 5/0% نسبت به کلرهگزیدین 2/0% خاصیت ضدعفونی کنندگی بیشتری داشت، اما این اختلاف معنادار نبود. اما آویشن 2% اختلاف معناداری را نسبت به کلرهگزیدین 2/0% نشان داد. نتیجهگیری:حذف باکتری­ها به عنوان عامل مهم ایجاد بیماری­های پالپ از اهداف پالپ تراپی می باشند. بکارگیری شستشودهنده­های شیمیاییدر حذف آنها اهمیت دارد. روی آوردن به محصولات مشابه طبیعیرو به گسترش است. محلول اسانس آویشن %2 با اثربخشی بیشتر و معنادار نسبت به کلرهگزیدین می تواند به عنوان یک شستشودهنده و ضدعفونی کننده در دندانپزشکی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. واژگانکلیدی:شستشو دهنده کانال، دندان شیری، پالپ تراپی، آویشن، کلرهگزیدین وصول مقاله : 25/04/1392پذیرش مقاله:06/09/1393 نویسنده مسئول: دکتر مسعود کیانی: masoud.kiany@gmail.com 2 Background and Aims: Dental caries in deciduous teeth could progressively involve the pulp. What matters in pulpectomy is wiping out microorganisms and their products. The aim of this study is to compare antimicrobial effect of thymus vulgaris essential oil with that of chlorhexidine.  Materials and Methods: Forty teeth with clinical analysis of not more resorption than one third of the root went under pulpectomy and were infected with Enterococcus faecalis. Teeth were devided into four groups and the canals were washed with normal saline, chlorhexidine %0.2, thymus vulgaris essential oil %2, and thymus vulgaris essential oil %5. Eventually the microbial culturing was done, and antimicrobial effect of the aforementioned disinfectants was investigated. Also, four teeth were considered as the control group. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for statistical analysis, while Mann-Whitney U-test was utilized to compare the two samples means. The level of significance was less than 0.05. Results: Results illustrated that thymus vulgaris essential oil %2 had the most antimicrobial effect, whereas thymus vulgaris essential oil %5 was proved a more effective disinfectant in comparison with chlorhexidine %0.2, although this difference was not significant. Nevertheless, thymus vulgaris essential oil %2 was significantly more effective than chlorhexidine %0.2.  Conclusion: Annihilating the bacteria is the major cause of performing pulpectomy, and many chemical irrigants are put to use to achieve this goal. Meanwhile, the urge to substitute medicinal plants for chemical irrigants is expanding, and thymus vulgaris essential oil %2 can replace the conventional disinfectants in dentistry. 35 44 2016/07/272016/07/272016/07/29 1395/5/8 2016/07/272016/07/272016/07/29 1395/5/8 احمد جعفری A Jafari Iran Iran علیرضا حیدری A Heidari Iran Iran مسعود کیانی M Kiyani Iran Iran یحیی برادران نخجوانی Y Baradaran Nakhjavani Iran Iran روناک بختیاری Iran Iran canal irrigants primary teeth pulp therapy thyme chlorhexidine شستشو دهنده کانال دندان شیری پالپ تراپی آویشن کلرهگزیدین Atienza, Angelina A., Dianne Angeli A. Austria, and Hannah Mae M. Navarro. Prevalence of Common Oral Diseases Among Children Aged 3-5 years in San Juan, Batangas Province, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Health Research and Development 19.2 (2015): 11.##Grund K, Goddon I, Schüler I M, Lehmann T, Heinrich-Weltzien R. Clinical consequences of untreated dental caries in German 5-and 8-year-olds. BMC oral health 15.1 (2015): 140.##Ansari G, Tabari M, Kazemi B. Assessment of pathogens microorganisms of periapical abscess in primary teeth. Beheshti Univ. Dent. J. 2005; 22(4):567-573 (Abstract in English)##Zehnder, Matthias, and Georgios N. Belibasakis. On the dynamics of root canal infections—what we understand and what we don't. Virulence 6.3 (2015): 216-222.##Punathil, Sameer, et al. Microbiolgical analysis of root canal flora of failed pulpectomy in primary teeth. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci 3.9 (2014): 241-246.##Javidi M, Behravan J, Goodarzi M, Bagherpoor Z. An In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of NaClO and Chlorhexidine as IntracanalIrrigants on Streptococcus Faecalis. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. Spring 2007;31(3):177-182 (Abstract in English)##Nair PN, Sjögren U, Krey G, Kahnberg KE, Sundqvist G. Intra-radicular bacteria and fungi in root filled asymptomatic human teeth with therapy resistant periapical lesions: a long term light and electron microscope follow-up study. J Endod. 1990 Dec;16(12):580-588.##Ahangari Z, Samiee M, Yalmeh MA, Kosedghi H. Comparison of antimicrobial effect of washing solutions of root canals on extracted teeth. Journal of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. 2009; 13(2):95-100 (Abstract in English)##9) Behnan MJ, West LA, leiver FR, Buxton BT. Antimicrobial activity of several calcium hydroxide preparation in root canal dentin. J Endod 2001; 27(12):165-7.##10)Sjogren U, Hagglund B, Sundqvist G, Wing K. Factors affecting the long-term results of endodontic treatment. J Endod 1990;16(10):498-504.##Ahmed, H. M. A. Anatomical challenges, electronic working length determination and current developments in root canal preparation of primary molar teeth. International endodontic journal 46.11 (2013): 1011-1022.##12) Mcdonald RE, Avery DR. Dentistry for child and adolescent. 9th ed. Mosby, 2011.##Thomas AM, Chandra S, Chandra S, Pandey RK. Elimination of infection in pulectomized deciduous teeth: A short-term study using iodoform paste. J. Endod 1994;20:233-5.##Hasheminiya S, Havaee S, Rajabi M. Antibacterial and substantivity evaluation of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, 0.2% cholorhexidine and distilled water as root canal irrigants (In - vitro). The Journal of Islamic Dental Association of IRAN (JIDA). 2005;17(5):38-45 (Abstract in English)##15) Haapasalo M, Endul U, Zandi H, Coil LM. Eradication of endodontic infection by instrumentation and irrigation solutions. Endod Topics 2005;10:63.##16) Zhang W, Torabinejad M, Li Y. Evaluation of cytotoxicity of MTAD using the MTT tetrazolium. J Endod 2003; 29:654-657.##Shakeri MS, Shahidi F, Beiraghi-ToosiSh, Bahrami A. Antimicrobial activity of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil incorporated with whey protein based films on pathogenic and probiotic bacteria. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2011, 46, 549–554##18)Almyroudi A, Mackenzie D, Mcitugh S, Saunders WP. The Effectiveness of various Disinfectants used as endodontic intracanal medications: An in vitro study. J Endod 2002;28:163-167.##19)Lynne RE, Liewehr FR, West LA, Patton WR, Buxton TB, Mcpherson JC. In vitro antimicrobial activity of various medication preparations on E. faecalis in root canal dentin. J Endod 2003;29:187-190.##20) Torabinejad M, Khademi AA, Babagoli J. A new solution for the removal of the smear layer. J Endod 2003;29:170-175.##21) Oncag O, Hosgor M, Hilmioglu S, Zekioglu O, Eronet C. Comparison of antimicrobial and toxic effects of various root canal irrigants. IntEndod J 2003;36(6):423-432.##Ravanshad S, Basiri E, Mohammadzadeh M. In vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Zataria multiflora as an Irrigant in Infected Root Canals with Enterococcus faecalis. Journal of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 2009;10(2):92-98 (Abstract in English)##23) Leonardo MR, Silveria LAB, Tanomarufilho M, Utrilla LS. Calcium hydroxide root canal dressing, histopathological evaluation of periapical repair at different time periods. Braz Dent J 2002; 13(1):17-22.##24) Türkün M, Gökay N, Özdemir N. Comparative investigation of the toxic and necrotic tissue dissolving effects of different endodontic irrigants. Istanbul UnivDishekimFakDerg 1998;32:87-94.##25) Marais JT. Cleaning efficacy of a new root canal irrigation solution: a preliminary evaluation. IntEndod J 2000; 33: 320-325.##26) Zehnder M. Root canal irrigants. JOE 2006;32(5):389-398.##A. Khayat, S. Sahebi, F. Moazami. Antimicrobial Effect of Naocl, Hydrated Ca(OH 2 ), Thyme oil and Normal Saline as Irrigating Solutions on Black Pigmented and Strep Viridance. Journal of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 2003;4(3):19-28 (Abstract in English)##28) Hill, Ira D. "Oral care composition coated gum." U.S. Patent No. 5,380,530. 10 Jan. 1995.##29) Da silva LAB, Nelson-Filho P. Bacterial profile in primary teeth with necrotic pulpand periapical lesions. Braz Dent J 2006;17(2):144-##30) Hancock HH, Sigurdsson A, Trope M, Moiseiwitsch J. Bacteria isolated after unsuccessful endodontic treatment in a North American population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEndod 2001;91:579-586.##31) Heath CH, Blackmore TK, Gordon DL. Emerging resistance in Enterococcus spp. Med J Aust 1996;164: 116-120.##Atienza, Angelina A., Dianne Angeli A. Austria, and Hannah Mae M. Navarro. Prevalence of Common Oral Diseases Among Children Aged 3-5 years in San Juan, Batangas Province, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Health Research and Development 19.2 (2015): 11.##Grund K, Goddon I, Schüler I M, Lehmann T, Heinrich-Weltzien R. Clinical consequences of untreated dental caries in German 5-and 8-year-olds. BMC oral health 15.1 (2015): 140.##Ansari G, Tabari M, Kazemi B. Assessment of pathogens microorganisms of periapical abscess in primary teeth. Beheshti Univ. Dent. J. 2005; 22(4):567-573 (Abstract in English)##Zehnder, Matthias, and Georgios N. Belibasakis. On the dynamics of root canal infections—what we understand and what we don't. Virulence 6.3 (2015): 216-222.##Punathil, Sameer, et al. Microbiolgical analysis of root canal flora of failed pulpectomy in primary teeth. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci 3.9 (2014): 241-246.##Javidi M, Behravan J, Goodarzi M, Bagherpoor Z. An In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of NaClO and Chlorhexidine as IntracanalIrrigants on Streptococcus Faecalis. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. Spring 2007;31(3):177-182 (Abstract in English)##Nair PN, Sjögren U, Krey G, Kahnberg KE, Sundqvist G. Intra-radicular bacteria and fungi in root filled asymptomatic human teeth with therapy resistant periapical lesions: a long term light and electron microscope follow-up study. J Endod. 1990 Dec;16(12):580-588.##Ahangari Z, Samiee M, Yalmeh MA, Kosedghi H. Comparison of antimicrobial effect of washing solutions of root canals on extracted teeth. Journal of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. 2009; 13(2):95-100 (Abstract in English)##9) Behnan MJ, West LA, leiver FR, Buxton BT. Antimicrobial activity of several calcium hydroxide preparation in root canal dentin. J Endod 2001; 27(12):165-7.##10)Sjogren U, Hagglund B, Sundqvist G, Wing K. Factors affecting the long-term results of endodontic treatment. J Endod 1990;16(10):498-504.##Ahmed, H. M. A. Anatomical challenges, electronic working length determination and current developments in root canal preparation of primary molar teeth. International endodontic journal 46.11 (2013): 1011-1022.##12) Mcdonald RE, Avery DR. Dentistry for child and adolescent. 9th ed. Mosby, 2011.##Thomas AM, Chandra S, Chandra S, Pandey RK. Elimination of infection in pulectomized deciduous teeth: A short-term study using iodoform paste. J. Endod 1994;20:233-5.##Hasheminiya S, Havaee S, Rajabi M. Antibacterial and substantivity evaluation of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, 0.2% cholorhexidine and distilled water as root canal irrigants (In - vitro). The Journal of Islamic Dental Association of IRAN (JIDA). 2005;17(5):38-45 (Abstract in English)##15) Haapasalo M, Endul U, Zandi H, Coil LM. Eradication of endodontic infection by instrumentation and irrigation solutions. Endod Topics 2005;10:63.##16) Zhang W, Torabinejad M, Li Y. Evaluation of cytotoxicity of MTAD using the MTT tetrazolium. J Endod 2003; 29:654-657.##Shakeri MS, Shahidi F, Beiraghi-ToosiSh, Bahrami A. Antimicrobial activity of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil incorporated with whey protein based films on pathogenic and probiotic bacteria. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2011, 46, 549–554##18)Almyroudi A, Mackenzie D, Mcitugh S, Saunders WP. The Effectiveness of various Disinfectants used as endodontic intracanal medications: An in vitro study. J Endod 2002;28:163-167.##19)Lynne RE, Liewehr FR, West LA, Patton WR, Buxton TB, Mcpherson JC. In vitro antimicrobial activity of various medication preparations on E. faecalis in root canal dentin. J Endod 2003;29:187-190.##20) Torabinejad M, Khademi AA, Babagoli J. A new solution for the removal of the smear layer. J Endod 2003;29:170-175.##21) Oncag O, Hosgor M, Hilmioglu S, Zekioglu O, Eronet C. Comparison of antimicrobial and toxic effects of various root canal irrigants. IntEndod J 2003;36(6):423-432.##Ravanshad S, Basiri E, Mohammadzadeh M. In vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Zataria multiflora as an Irrigant in Infected Root Canals with Enterococcus faecalis. Journal of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 2009;10(2):92-98 (Abstract in English)##23) Leonardo MR, Silveria LAB, Tanomarufilho M, Utrilla LS. Calcium hydroxide root canal dressing, histopathological evaluation of periapical repair at different time periods. Braz Dent J 2002; 13(1):17-22.##24) Türkün M, Gökay N, Özdemir N. Comparative investigation of the toxic and necrotic tissue dissolving effects of different endodontic irrigants. Istanbul UnivDishekimFakDerg 1998;32:87-94.##25) Marais JT. Cleaning efficacy of a new root canal irrigation solution: a preliminary evaluation. IntEndod J 2000; 33: 320-325.##26) Zehnder M. Root canal irrigants. JOE 2006;32(5):389-398.##A. Khayat, S. Sahebi, F. Moazami. Antimicrobial Effect of Naocl, Hydrated Ca(OH 2 ), Thyme oil and Normal Saline as Irrigating Solutions on Black Pigmented and Strep Viridance. Journal of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 2003;4(3):19-28 (Abstract in English)##28) Hill, Ira D. "Oral care composition coated gum." U.S. Patent No. 5,380,530. 10 Jan. 1995.##29) Da silva LAB, Nelson-Filho P. Bacterial profile in primary teeth with necrotic pulpand periapical lesions. Braz Dent J 2006;17(2):144-##30) Hancock HH, Sigurdsson A, Trope M, Moiseiwitsch J. Bacteria isolated after unsuccessful endodontic treatment in a North American population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEndod 2001;91:579-586.##31) Heath CH, Blackmore TK, Gordon DL. Emerging resistance in Enterococcus spp. Med J Aust 1996;164: 116-120.## ##

موانع درک شده مادران در زمینه رفتار مسواک زدن کودکان 6-3 سال Perceived barriers of mothers in brushing the teeth of their 3-6 years old children, a qualitative study 1 1 زمینه و هدف:مسواک زدن حداقل دو بار در شبانه‌روز مهم‌ترین عامل مرتبط در کاهش خطر ابتلا به پوسیدگی زودرس دندان‌ها در دوران کودکی است، با وجود اهمیت آن، رعایت این رفتار با موانعی همراه است. موانع درک شده مهم‌ترین بعد در بیان یا پیش‌بینی رفتارهای محافظت‌کننده سلامتی هستند. تعیین موانع بهداشت دهان و دندان، محققین را در طراحی مداخلات موثرتر و بهتر برای ارتقاء این رفتار بهداشتی یاری می‌کند. این مطالعه باهدف شناسایی موانع درک شده مادران در زمینه رفتار مسواک زدن کودکان 6-3 سال طراحی شده است روشاجرا:مطالعه حاضر در سال 93 با روش کیفی در شهر کامیارانانجام شد. نمونه‌گیری مبتنی بر هدف و با حداکثر تنوع صورت گرفت.40 مادر دارای کودک 6-3 ساله با شرکت در مصاحبه‌های عمیق نیمه ساختار یافته تجارب خود را بیان نمودند. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با روش تحلیل درون‌مایه‌ای انجام شد. یافته‌ها:موانع درک شدهمادران در دو دسته کلی شامل «موانع درک شده مربوط به مادر و اعضای خانواده» و «موانع درک شده مربوط به کودک» طبقه‌بندی شدند. از مهم‌ترین موانع درک شده می‌توان به موانع نگرشی اشاره نمود. نتیجهگیری:شناخت موانع و برنامه‌ریزی جهت رفع آن از مهم‌ترین اقدامات پیش‌نیاز تغییر رفتار و موفقیت در آموزش بهداشت است. یافته‌های این مطالعه بر اهمیت نقش نگرش مادر و سایر اعضای خانواده بر سلامت دهان‌ودندان کودکان تاکید می‌کند و لذا می‌تواند به طراحی بهتر برنامه‌های ارتقاء سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان 6- 3 ساله کمک کند. واژگانکلیدی:موانع درک شده، مسواک، کودکان   وصول مقاله : 2/11/1392پذیرش مقاله:25/04/1393 نویسنده مسئول: دکتر نسترن کشاورز محمدیe.mail:n_keshavars@yahoo.com 2 Introduction: Brushing teeth at least twice a day is the most important factor in reducing the risk of dental decay. However, there are barriers in conducting this behavior. Perceived barriers are most important dimensions in anticipating protective behavior for health. Identifying barriers of oral health can help researchers in designing better and more effective intervention t promote this behavior. Aim of study reported here was identifying perceived barriers of mothers in brushing teeth of their 3- 6 years old children.  Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in Kamyaran in 2014. Purposeful sampling with highest diversity was conducted. 40 mothers of 3-6 years old children were interviews using deep semi structure interview technique. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis method.  Results: Barriers were categorized in two main groups including “perceived barriers related to mother and family members “and “barriers related to child”. Most important barrier was the attitudinal factors of mothers.  Discussion and Conclusion: Identifying barriers for practicing healthy behaviors and planning to tackle these barriers are important prerequisite of changing behavior and success of health education programs. Findings of this study emphasize on the role of attitude of mothers and family members on oral health of children. Hence, it can contribute to better oral health promotion for children of 3-6 years old.  45 62 2016/07/272016/07/272016/07/292016/07/29 1395/5/8 2016/07/272016/07/272016/07/292016/07/29 1395/5/8 پروانه صحرایی P Sahrayi Iran Iran نسترن کشاورز محمدی N Keshavarz Mohammadi Iran Iran هادی قاسمی H Ghasemi Iran Iran Perceived barriers Children Tooth Brush موانع درک شده مسواک کودکان Naderifar M, Akbarsharifi T, Pairovi H, Haghani H. Mothers' Awareness, regarding Orodental Health of their Children at age of 1-6 Years old. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2006; 19(46):15-27. (In Persian).##Greens pan D. Oral health is global health. J Dent Res 2007; 86: 485.##Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century–the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2003; 31(s1):3-24.##Suprabha BS, Rao A, Shenoy R, Khanal S. Utility of knowledge, attitude, and practice survey, and prevalence of dental caries among 11-to 13-year-old children in an urban community in India. Global health action. 2013; 6.##ADA. Tooth Eruption: The Permanent Teeth. American Dental Association; 2006. Available from:www.ada.org/sections/scienceAndResearch/pdfs/patient_58.pdf. Accessed March, 2012.##Canadian Pediatric Society. Healthy teeth for children; March 2013. Available from:http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/healthy_teeth_for_children. Accessed June, 2013.##Fallahinejad M, Mirshekar Z, Razavi Sh. (Knowledge and attitude toward oral and dental health among Zahedan's guidance school students). J Dent Sch. 2006; 24(4): 492-498. (Persian)##Van Der Weijden F, Slot DE. Oral hygiene in the prevention of periodontal diseases: the evidence. Periodontology. 2011; 55(1):104-23.##Gussy MG, Waters EG, Walsh O, Kilpatrick NM. Early childhood caries: current evidence for aetiology and prevention. J Pediatric Child Health. 2006; 42(1‐2):37-43.##Pine C, McGoldrick P, Burnside G, Curnow M, Chesters R, Nicholson J, et al. An intervention programme to establish regular tooth brushing: understanding parents' beliefs and motivating children. International Dental Journal. 2000; 50(S6_Part1):312-23.##Mohebbi SZ, Virtanen JI, Murtomaa H, Vahid - Golpayegani M, Vehkalahti MM. Mothers as facilitators of oral hygiene in early childhood. International Journal of Pediatric Dentistry. 2008; 18(1):48-55.##Castilho ARFd, Mialhe FL, Barbosa TdS, Puppin-Rontani RM. Influence of family environment on children's oral health: a systematic review. Journal de Pediatric (Versao en Portugues). 2013; 89(2):116-23.##AGD. Family plays vital role in children's oral health: General Dentistry: Academy of General Dentistry; 2010. Available from: http://www.news medical.net/news/20100518/Family-plays-vital-role-in-childrens-oral-health-General-Dentistry.aspx. Accessed March 2013.##Kumar G, Singh DK, Jalaluddin M, Dileep C, Rout P, Mohanty R. Oral Health of Pre-School Aged Children in Dhanbad District, Jharkhand, India-A Peek into their Mother's Attitude. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2013; 7(9):2060-2062.##Naderifar M, Peyrovi H, Galgay F. Mothers´ Attitude Towards Orodental Health of Their 1-6 Years Old Children Referred To Medical Centers of Zahedan City, 2006. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2008; 20(52):75-86. (In Persian).##American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD). (January 28, 2014). America's Pediatric Dentists Bite Into Problem of Rampant Tooth Decay In Little Teeth and Encourage Parents to Join the Monster-Free Mouths Movement. Available at: http://www.multivu.com/mnr/64715-american-academy-of-pediatric-dentistry-aapd-fights-tooth-decay. Accessed May 8, 2013.##Douglass J, Li Y, Tinanoff N. Association of mutans streptococci between caregivers and their children. Pediatric dent. 2008; 29(5):375-87.##Finlayson TL, Siefert K, Ismail AI, Sohn W. Maternal self‐efficacy and 1–5‐year‐old children's brushing habits. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2007; 35(4):272-81.##Maes L, Vereecken C, Vanobbergen J, Honkala S. Tooth brushing and social characteristics of families in 32 countries. International dental journal. 2006; 56(3):159-67.##Galloway RD. Health promotion: causes, beliefs and measurements. Clin Med Res 2003; 1(3): 249-58.##Pender NJ, Murdaugh CL & Parsons MA. Health promotion in nursing practice. 6th ed. USA: Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall; 2010: 15-20.##Shamsi M, Heidarnia A, Niknami Sh. Assessment of Oral health care behavior in pregnancy in Arak: An Application of the Health Belief Model. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2012; 22(89):104-115. (In Persian).##Badri Gargari R, Salek Hadadian N. The role of self-efficacy and health behavior factors HBM brushing and flossing in clients to private clinics in Tabriz. Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. 2011; 9 (3):0. (In Persian).##Tol A, Shahmirzadi SE, Shojaeizadeh D, Eshraghian MR, Mohebbi B. Determination Of Perceived Barriers And Benefits Of Adopting Health-Promoting Behaviors In Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention: Application Of Preventative Behavior Model. Payavard Salamat. 2012; 6(3):204-14. (In Persian).##Nilchian F, Skini M, Jabbarifar SE, Soheilipour S. Identification of educational needs to promote oral health from the standpoint of patients referring to Shariati dental clinic in Isfahan: a qualitative research. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2012; 7(5):790-7. (In Persian).##Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in psychology 2006; 3(2): 77-101.##Pickard AJ. Research methods in information. London, UK: Facet Publishing; 2007.##Bracksley S, Dickson-Swift V, Anderson K, Gussy M. An Exploration of Mothers' Perceptions About Dental Health. Journal of Theory and Practice of Dental Public Health. 2013; 1(1):9-14.##Huebner CE, Riedy CA. Behavioral determinants of brushing young children's teeth: implications for anticipatory guidance. Pediatric dentistry. 2010; 32(1):48-55.##Karimi Shahanjarini A, Makvandi Z, Faradmal J, Bashirian S, Hazavehei S. Assessing the tooth decay status of 2-5 years children and the role of their mothers' caring behaviors. 3. 2014; 21 (4):41-50. (In Persian).##Hajimiri KH, Sharifirad GH, Hasanzade A. The Effect of Oral Health Education Based on Health Belief Model in Mothers Who Had 3-6 Year Old Children on Decreasing Dental Plaque Index in Zanjan. Scientific Journal. 2010; 18(72): 77-86. (In Persian)##Pakpour A, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E, Kumar S, Fridlund B. Why Iranian adolescents do not brush their teeth: a qualitative study. Int J Dent Hygiene 2012; 10: 86-90.##Zare MS, Noroozi A, Tahmasebi R. Factors Influencing Tooth Brushing Behaviour based on Health Belief Model among Bushehr Primary School 5th & 6th grade Students. Hayat. 2013; 19(2):67-78.##Naderifar M, Akbarsharifi T, Pairovi H, Haghani H. Mothers' Awareness, regarding Orodental Health of their Children at age of 1-6 Years old. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2006; 19(46):15-27. (In Persian).##Greens pan D. Oral health is global health. J Dent Res 2007; 86: 485.##Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century–the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2003; 31(s1):3-24.##Suprabha BS, Rao A, Shenoy R, Khanal S. Utility of knowledge, attitude, and practice survey, and prevalence of dental caries among 11-to 13-year-old children in an urban community in India. Global health action. 2013; 6.##ADA. Tooth Eruption: The Permanent Teeth. American Dental Association; 2006. Available from:www.ada.org/sections/scienceAndResearch/pdfs/patient_58.pdf. Accessed March, 2012.##Canadian Pediatric Society. Healthy teeth for children; March 2013. Available from:http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/healthy_teeth_for_children. Accessed June, 2013.##Fallahinejad M, Mirshekar Z, Razavi Sh. (Knowledge and attitude toward oral and dental health among Zahedan's guidance school students). J Dent Sch. 2006; 24(4): 492-498. (Persian)##Van Der Weijden F, Slot DE. Oral hygiene in the prevention of periodontal diseases: the evidence. Periodontology. 2011; 55(1):104-23.##Gussy MG, Waters EG, Walsh O, Kilpatrick NM. Early childhood caries: current evidence for aetiology and prevention. J Pediatric Child Health. 2006; 42(1‐2):37-43.##Pine C, McGoldrick P, Burnside G, Curnow M, Chesters R, Nicholson J, et al. An intervention programme to establish regular tooth brushing: understanding parents' beliefs and motivating children. International Dental Journal. 2000; 50(S6_Part1):312-23.##Mohebbi SZ, Virtanen JI, Murtomaa H, Vahid - Golpayegani M, Vehkalahti MM. Mothers as facilitators of oral hygiene in early childhood. International Journal of Pediatric Dentistry. 2008; 18(1):48-55.##Castilho ARFd, Mialhe FL, Barbosa TdS, Puppin-Rontani RM. Influence of family environment on children's oral health: a systematic review. Journal de Pediatric (Versao en Portugues). 2013; 89(2):116-23.##AGD. Family plays vital role in children's oral health: General Dentistry: Academy of General Dentistry; 2010. Available from: http://www.news medical.net/news/20100518/Family-plays-vital-role-in-childrens-oral-health-General-Dentistry.aspx. Accessed March 2013.##Kumar G, Singh DK, Jalaluddin M, Dileep C, Rout P, Mohanty R. Oral Health of Pre-School Aged Children in Dhanbad District, Jharkhand, India-A Peek into their Mother's Attitude. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2013; 7(9):2060-2062.##Naderifar M, Peyrovi H, Galgay F. Mothers´ Attitude Towards Orodental Health of Their 1-6 Years Old Children Referred To Medical Centers of Zahedan City, 2006. Iran Journal of Nursing. 2008; 20(52):75-86. (In Persian).##American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD). (January 28, 2014). America's Pediatric Dentists Bite Into Problem of Rampant Tooth Decay In Little Teeth and Encourage Parents to Join the Monster-Free Mouths Movement. Available at: http://www.multivu.com/mnr/64715-american-academy-of-pediatric-dentistry-aapd-fights-tooth-decay. Accessed May 8, 2013.##Douglass J, Li Y, Tinanoff N. Association of mutans streptococci between caregivers and their children. Pediatric dent. 2008; 29(5):375-87.##Finlayson TL, Siefert K, Ismail AI, Sohn W. Maternal self‐efficacy and 1–5‐year‐old children's brushing habits. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2007; 35(4):272-81.##Maes L, Vereecken C, Vanobbergen J, Honkala S. Tooth brushing and social characteristics of families in 32 countries. International dental journal. 2006; 56(3):159-67.##Galloway RD. Health promotion: causes, beliefs and measurements. Clin Med Res 2003; 1(3): 249-58.##Pender NJ, Murdaugh CL & Parsons MA. Health promotion in nursing practice. 6th ed. USA: Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall; 2010: 15-20.##Shamsi M, Heidarnia A, Niknami Sh. Assessment of Oral health care behavior in pregnancy in Arak: An Application of the Health Belief Model. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2012; 22(89):104-115. (In Persian).##Badri Gargari R, Salek Hadadian N. The role of self-efficacy and health behavior factors HBM brushing and flossing in clients to private clinics in Tabriz. Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. 2011; 9 (3):0. (In Persian).##Tol A, Shahmirzadi SE, Shojaeizadeh D, Eshraghian MR, Mohebbi B. Determination Of Perceived Barriers And Benefits Of Adopting Health-Promoting Behaviors In Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention: Application Of Preventative Behavior Model. Payavard Salamat. 2012; 6(3):204-14. (In Persian).##Nilchian F, Skini M, Jabbarifar SE, Soheilipour S. Identification of educational needs to promote oral health from the standpoint of patients referring to Shariati dental clinic in Isfahan: a qualitative research. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2012; 7(5):790-7. (In Persian).##Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in psychology 2006; 3(2): 77-101.##Pickard AJ. Research methods in information. London, UK: Facet Publishing; 2007.##Bracksley S, Dickson-Swift V, Anderson K, Gussy M. An Exploration of Mothers' Perceptions About Dental Health. Journal of Theory and Practice of Dental Public Health. 2013; 1(1):9-14.##Huebner CE, Riedy CA. Behavioral determinants of brushing young children's teeth: implications for anticipatory guidance. Pediatric dentistry. 2010; 32(1):48-55.##Karimi Shahanjarini A, Makvandi Z, Faradmal J, Bashirian S, Hazavehei S. Assessing the tooth decay status of 2-5 years children and the role of their mothers' caring behaviors. 3. 2014; 21 (4):41-50. (In Persian).##Hajimiri KH, Sharifirad GH, Hasanzade A. The Effect of Oral Health Education Based on Health Belief Model in Mothers Who Had 3-6 Year Old Children on Decreasing Dental Plaque Index in Zanjan. Scientific Journal. 2010; 18(72): 77-86. (In Persian)##Pakpour A, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E, Kumar S, Fridlund B. Why Iranian adolescents do not brush their teeth: a qualitative study. Int J Dent Hygiene 2012; 10: 86-90.##Zare MS, Noroozi A, Tahmasebi R. Factors Influencing Tooth Brushing Behaviour based on Health Belief Model among Bushehr Primary School 5th & 6th grade Students. Hayat. 2013; 19(2):67-78.## ##

ارزیابی میزان آگاهی مادران کودکان 7-10 سال از روشهای پیشگیری از پوسیدگی دندان Perceived barriers of mothers in brushing the teeth of their 3-6 years old children, a qualitative study 1 1 زمینه و هدف:اجرای روش های پیشگیری از پوسیدگی برای کودکان دبستانی از برنامه های ملی ایران است. لذا نیاز است آگاهی والدین نسبت به این روش ها ارزیابی و ارتقا یابد.هدف از این مطالعه بررسی میزان آگاهی مادران کودکان 7 تا 10 ساله از روش های پیشگیری از پوسیدگی دندان در شهر زنجان در سال 93-1392است روشاجرا:در این مطالعه ی مقطعی و توصیفی- تحلیلی،281 نفر از کودکان7تا 10 ساله شهر زنجان جهت بررسی به صورت تصادفی، خوشه ای در دو منطقه شهری انتخاب شدند. اطلاعات کلی و آگاهی مادران از طریق پرسشنامه بررسی شد . سپس داده های حاصل  با آزمون آماری کایدو تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها:آگاهی مادران از دفعات مسواک زدن روزانه (2/76)، استفاده از دهان شویه فلوراید (3/67)، نخ دندان (9/77)، دریافت مواد قندی کمتر (0/90)، نقش فلوراید در آب (2/66)و فیشور سیلنت (3/31)، آدامس زایلیتول (2/55) درصد بود.رابطه معنی داری بین آگاهی مادران و میزان تحصیلات آنها و منطقه سکونت شهری مشاهده شد (005p<) نتیجهگیری:میزان آگاهی مادران از روش های استفاده از فلوراید و فیشور سیلنت پایین بود. والدین باید به مراجعه مستقیم به دندانپزشکی تشویق شوند و دندانپزشکان به ارایه آموزش های لازم به مراجعین ترغیب گردند. مدارس نیز می توانند نقش مهمی در ارتقاء آگاهی والدین ایفا کنند. واژگانکلیدی:مادران، آگاهی، پوسیدگی دندان، پیشگیری، کودکان   وصول مقاله : 27/04/1393پذیرش مقاله:23/11/1393 نویسنده مسئول: دکتر ندا غلامی dr.gholami.n@zums.ac.ir   2 Introduction: Brushing teeth at least twice a day is the most important factor in reducing the risk of dental decay. However, there are barriers in conducting this behavior. Perceived barriers are most important dimensions in anticipating protective behavior for health. Identifying barriers of oral health can help researchers in designing better and more effective intervention t promote this behavior. Aim of study reported here was identifying perceived barriers of mothers in brushing teeth of their 3- 6 years old children.  Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in Kamyaran in 2014. Purposeful sampling with highest diversity was conducted. 40 mothers of 3-6 years old children were interviews using deep semi structure interview technique. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis method.  Results: Barriers were categorized in two main groups including “perceived barriers related to mother and family members “and “barriers related to child”. Most important barrier was the attitudinal factors of mothers.  Discussion and Conclusion: Identifying barriers for practicing healthy behaviors and planning to tackle these barriers are important prerequisite of changing behavior and success of health education programs. Findings of this study emphasize on the role of attitude of mothers and family members on oral health of children. Hence, it can contribute to better oral health promotion for children of 3-6 years old.  73 80 2016/07/272016/07/272016/07/292016/07/292016/07/29 1395/5/8 2016/07/272016/07/272016/07/292016/07/292016/07/29 1395/5/8 الهام زاجکانی E Zajkani Iran Iran ندا غلامی N Gholami Iran Iran سمانه بدخش S Badakhsh Iran Iran سقراط فقیه زاده S Faghihzadeh Iran Iran سعید اجلی Iran Iran Perceived barriers Children Tooth Brush مادران آگاهی پوسیدگی دندان پیشگیری کودکان Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. Lancet 2007; 369: 51-9.##Skeie MS, Raadal M, Strand GV, Espelid I. The relationship between caries in the primary dentition at 5 years of age and permanent dentition at 10 years of age – a longitudinal study. Int J Paediatr Dent 2006; 16: 152-156.##Milsom KM, Tickle M. Preventing decay in children: dare we risk the 'risk assessment' model in practice? Br Dent J 2010;209: 159-60.##Crall JJ, Edelstein B, Tinanoff N. Relationship of microbiological, social, and environmental variables to caries status in young children. Pediatr Dent 1990; 12: 233-6.##Wendt LK, Svedin CG, Hallonsten AL, Larsson IB. Infants and toddlers with caries. Mental health, family interaction, and life events in infants and toddlers with caries. Swed Dent J 1995; 19: 17-27.##Fisher-Owens SA, Gansky SA, Platt LJ, Weintraub JA, Soobader MJ, Bramlett MD, et al. Influences on children's oral health: a conceptual model. Pediatrics 2007; 120: 510-20.##Eriksen HM, Bjertness E. Concepts of health and disease and caries prediction: a literature review. Scand J Dent Res 1991; 99: 476-83.##Pakshir HR. Oral health in Iran. Int Dent J.2004;54:367-72##SAKAI VT, Oliveira TM, Silva Tc, Moretti A, Palti d, Machado M.. Knowledge and attitude of parents or caretakers regarding transmissibility os caries disease. J. Appl. Oral Sci. [online]. 2008, vol.16, n.2, pp. 150-154. ISSN 1678-7765.##جعفری احمد، امیر سلطا نی مصطفی، گلستان بنفشه، بهرامی نغمه. بررسی میزان آگاهی و نگرش و عملکرد والدین دانش آموزان کلاس سوم پسرانه شهر تهران درباره شیار پوش . مجله دندانپزشکی دانشگاه تهران، دوره 23، شماره 4، زمستان 1389، صفحه 248-242##پور هاشمی سید جلال. بررسی میزان آگاهی و نگرش کار کنان بهداشت استا ن قم درباره روشهای بهداشتی. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران. دوره 17، شماره 3 ، سال 1385. صفحه 82-77##Thakib A. Al-Shalan. Saudi parents knowledge of and attitude toward the prevention##of dental caries. Saudi Dental Journal, 2003 ; 15: 27-32.##Shani Ann Mani, Jacob John, Wei Yen Ping and Noorliza Mastura Ismail (2012). Early Childhood Caries: Parent's Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Its Prevention in Malaysia, Oral Health Care - Pediatric, Research, Epidemiology and Clinical Practices, Prof. Mandeep Virdi (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0133-8, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/33898. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/oral-health-care-pediatric-research-epidemiology-and-clinical-practices/early-childhood-caries-parent-s-knowledge-attitude-and-practice-towards-its-prevention-in-malaysia##Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. Lancet 2007; 369: 51-9.##Skeie MS, Raadal M, Strand GV, Espelid I. The relationship between caries in the primary dentition at 5 years of age and permanent dentition at 10 years of age – a longitudinal study. Int J Paediatr Dent 2006; 16: 152-156.##Milsom KM, Tickle M. Preventing decay in children: dare we risk the 'risk assessment' model in practice? Br Dent J 2010;209: 159-60.##Crall JJ, Edelstein B, Tinanoff N. Relationship of microbiological, social, and environmental variables to caries status in young children. Pediatr Dent 1990; 12: 233-6.##Wendt LK, Svedin CG, Hallonsten AL, Larsson IB. Infants and toddlers with caries. Mental health, family interaction, and life events in infants and toddlers with caries. Swed Dent J 1995; 19: 17-27.##Fisher-Owens SA, Gansky SA, Platt LJ, Weintraub JA, Soobader MJ, Bramlett MD, et al. Influences on children's oral health: a conceptual model. Pediatrics 2007; 120: 510-20.##Eriksen HM, Bjertness E. Concepts of health and disease and caries prediction: a literature review. Scand J Dent Res 1991; 99: 476-83.##Pakshir HR. Oral health in Iran. Int Dent J.2004;54:367-72##SAKAI VT, Oliveira TM, Silva Tc, Moretti A, Palti d, Machado M.. Knowledge and attitude of parents or caretakers regarding transmissibility os caries disease. J. Appl. Oral Sci. [online]. 2008, vol.16, n.2, pp. 150-154. ISSN 1678-7765.##جعفری احمد، امیر سلطا نی مصطفی، گلستان بنفشه، بهرامی نغمه. بررسی میزان آگاهی و نگرش و عملکرد والدین دانش آموزان کلاس سوم پسرانه شهر تهران درباره شیار پوش . مجله دندانپزشکی دانشگاه تهران، دوره 23، شماره 4، زمستان 1389، صفحه 248-242##پور هاشمی سید جلال. بررسی میزان آگاهی و نگرش کار کنان بهداشت استا ن قم درباره روشهای بهداشتی. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران. دوره 17، شماره 3 ، سال 1385. صفحه 82-77##Thakib A. Al-Shalan. Saudi parents knowledge of and attitude toward the prevention##of dental caries. Saudi Dental Journal, 2003 ; 15: 27-32.##Shani Ann Mani, Jacob John, Wei Yen Ping and Noorliza Mastura Ismail (2012). Early Childhood Caries: Parent's Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Its Prevention in Malaysia, Oral Health Care - Pediatric, Research, Epidemiology and Clinical Practices, Prof. Mandeep Virdi (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0133-8, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/33898. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/oral-health-care-pediatric-research-epidemiology-and-clinical-practices/early-childhood-caries-parent-s-knowledge-attitude-and-practice-towards-its-prevention-in-malaysia## ##

میزان دستیابی به اهداف عملی در گروه آموزشی دندانپزشکی کودکان Assessment of the clinical skills of dental students in the dept. of pediatric dentistry 1 1 زمینه و هدف:دانشکده­ های دندانپزشکی تا دانش­آموختگان توانمندیبرای ارائه خدمات سلامت دهان تربیت نمایند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی ارزیابی دستیابی به مهارت­های کلینیکی دانشجویان در گروه آموزشی دندانپزشکی کودکان در دانشکده دندانپزشکی تهران بود. روش بررسی: یک مطالعه مقطعی- توصیفی بر روی کلیه 55 نفر دانشجویان سال ششم به صورت سرشماری و گردید. داده­ها توسط پرسشنامه­ای روا و پایا براساس توانمندی­های بالینی مورد انتظار تهیه گردید. قضاوت دانشجویان از سطح مهارت­های عملی خودشان نمره­دهی براساس طیف لیکرت از یک تا پنج، به صورت خیلی کم، کم، متوسط، زیاد و خیلی زیاد سنجیده شد. داده­­ها به وسیله روش­های آماری توصیفی میانگین هر مهارت گزارش شد، از آنالیز رگرسیون برای آنالیز تاثیر فاکتورهای جنس، سن و سهمیه پذیرش استفاده شد. یافته­ها:تمامی دانشجوی سال ششم ورودی از آزمون سراسری در این تحقیق شرکت کردند (میزان مشارکت 100%). تعداد هشت مهارت از هفده مهارت مورد بررسی به عنوان کسب توانمندی زیاد یا خیلی زیاد، از سوی دانشجویان ارزیابی شد. توانایی درمدیریت دندان­های ضربه خورده از سوی بیش از 70% دانشجویان کم یا خیلی کم ارزیابی شد. نتیجه گیری: بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده، دانشجویان سطح قابل قبولی از کسب مهارتهای عملی را به صورت خود ارزیابی بیان کردند، اما برنامه آموزشی نتوانسته بود به ایده­آل­های آموزشی خود برسد. تغییراتی در آموزش به منظور ارتقاء سطح توانمندی­هایی که امتیاز پایینی را کسب کرده بودند، مورد نیاز می­باشد. واژگان کلیدی: دندانپزشکی کودکان، مراقبتهای دندانی، دسترسی به خدمات، آموزش دندانپزشکی. وصول مقاله : 05/03/1393پذیرش مقاله:24/11/1393 نویسنده مسئول: دکتر احمد جعفریajafari@tums.ac.ir 2 Background and Aim: Dental schools try to train skilled and competent dentist to promote oral health services. This study assesses the clinical skills of pediatric dentistry among dental students in the Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study by census sampling evaluates all of the 55 senior dental students. The data were obtained by a valid and reliable questionnaire. The students’ judgments about their level of dental practical skills were assessed using a 5-scaled lickert device and scoring from 1 to 5 respectively from very low, low, moderate, high and very high. The data were reported by mean of descriptive statistical method for each educational department. The effect of related factors like gender, age, and scantling to enter the dental school, was analyzed by a mean of regression coefficient. Results: All senior students participated in the study (response rate was 100%). Eight items of practical skills out of seventeen were assessed as high or very high by more than 60% of students. Management of traumatized teeth was presented by more than 70% as low or very low.  Conclusion: Regarding the results, the studied dental students showed an acceptable level of dental practical skills, however; curriculum was not successfully achieved its own ideal objectives, then, some modifications are necessary to be performed considering the skills with the lowest scores. 81 88 2016/07/272016/07/272016/07/292016/07/292016/07/292016/07/29 1395/5/8 2016/07/272016/07/272016/07/292016/07/292016/07/292016/07/29 1395/5/8 احمد سوداگر A Sodagar Iran Iran احمد جعفری A Jafari Iran Iran لیلا صدیق پور L Sedighpour Iran Iran هادی قهرمانی گل H Ghahremani Gol Iran Iran Pediatric patients Children Dental care Access to care Dental education دندانپزشکی کودکان مراقبتهای دندانی دسترسی به خدمات آموزش دندانپزشکی. American Dental Association Commission on Dental Accreditation. Accreditation standards for advanced specialty education programs in pediatric dentistry. Chicago, Ill; 2013. Available on: "http://www.ada.org/sections/ educationAndCareers/pdfs/revised_ped_2013.pdf". Ac- cessed June 20, 2013.##Ravaghi V. Sadr AR. Borzabadi Farahani N. The motivation of dental students to enter the dental school, 2003. Beheshti Univ. Dent. J. 2005; 22(4):597-604 (Abstract in English)##Borhan Mojabi K. Evaluation of clinical skills in Qazvin Faculty of Dentistry through the students and teachers' points of view. The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. 2002;6(2):48-55 (Abstract in English)##Ahangari Z, Rahmani M, Sohrabi Z, Kharazifard M. Dental curriculum according to views of the graduates of dental schools of the country during the last 5 years. Beheshti Univ. Dent. J. 2010;28(2): 80-87 (Abstract in English)##Kassebaum DK, Hendricson W, Taft T, Haden NK. The dental curriculum at North Americal Dental Institutions in 2003: a survey of current structure, recent innovations, and planned changes. J Dent Educ. 2004 Sep;68(9):914-31.##Scott J. Dental education in Europe: The challenges of variety. J Dent Educ. 2003 Jan;67(1):69-78.##Pakshir HR. Dental education and dentistry system in Iran. Med Princ Pract. 2003;12 Suppl 1:56-60.##Martinez A, Sanz M, Berthold P. Basic science education in the dental curriculum in southern Europe. Eur. J Dent Edu. 2001 May; 5 (2): 63-66.##Gray SA, Deem LP. Predicting student performance in preclinical technique courses using the theory of ability determinants of skilled performance. J Dent Educ 2002 Jun;66(6):721-727.##Henzi D, Davis E, Jasinevicius R, Hendricson W. North American dental students' perspectives about their clinical education. J Dent Educ 2006 Apr;70(4):361-377.##Porte MC, Xeroulis G, Reznick RK, Dubrowski A. Verbal feedback from an expert is more effective than self-accessed feedback about motion efficiency in learning new surgical skills. Am J Surg. 2007 Jan;193(1):105-10.##Syed Amin Tabish. Assessment Methods in Medical Education. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2008 July; 2(2): 3–7.##Torabi K, Bazrafkan L, Sepehri S, Hashemi M. The effect of logbook as a study guide in dentistry training. J. Adv Med&Prof. 2013;1(3):81-84##Yousefy A, Shayan S, Mosavi A. Developing a clinical performance logbook for nursing students receiving cardiac care field training. J Edu Health Promot 2012;1:7##The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD). Policy on the Role of Pediatric Dentists as Both Primary and Specialty Care Providers. Available on www.aapd.org/media/Policies_Guidelines/P_PrimarySpecialty.pdf##John P. Rich, loyd Straffon, Marita Rohr Inglehart. General Dentists and Pediatric Dental Patients: The Role of Dental Education. Journal of Dental Education.2006; 70(12):1308-15##Wyne AH, Chohan AN, Al-Dosari K, Al-Dokheil M. Oral health knowledge and sources of information among male Saudi school children. Odontostomatol Trop. 2004 Jun;27(106):22-6.##Marinho V, Higgins J, Logan S, Sheiham A. Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Revs. 2003;(4):CD002782.##American Dental Association Commission on Dental Accreditation. Accreditation standards for advanced specialty education programs in pediatric dentistry. Chicago, Ill; 2013. Available on: "http://www.ada.org/sections/ educationAndCareers/pdfs/revised_ped_2013.pdf". Ac- cessed June 20, 2013.##Ravaghi V. Sadr AR. Borzabadi Farahani N. The motivation of dental students to enter the dental school, 2003. Beheshti Univ. Dent. J. 2005; 22(4):597-604 (Abstract in English)##Borhan Mojabi K. Evaluation of clinical skills in Qazvin Faculty of Dentistry through the students and teachers' points of view. The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. 2002;6(2):48-55 (Abstract in English)##Ahangari Z, Rahmani M, Sohrabi Z, Kharazifard M. Dental curriculum according to views of the graduates of dental schools of the country during the last 5 years. Beheshti Univ. Dent. J. 2010;28(2): 80-87 (Abstract in English)##Kassebaum DK, Hendricson W, Taft T, Haden NK. The dental curriculum at North Americal Dental Institutions in 2003: a survey of current structure, recent innovations, and planned changes. J Dent Educ. 2004 Sep;68(9):914-31.##Scott J. Dental education in Europe: The challenges of variety. J Dent Educ. 2003 Jan;67(1):69-78.##Pakshir HR. Dental education and dentistry system in Iran. Med Princ Pract. 2003;12 Suppl 1:56-60.##Martinez A, Sanz M, Berthold P. Basic science education in the dental curriculum in southern Europe. Eur. J Dent Edu. 2001 May; 5 (2): 63-66.##Gray SA, Deem LP. Predicting student performance in preclinical technique courses using the theory of ability determinants of skilled performance. J Dent Educ 2002 Jun;66(6):721-727.##Henzi D, Davis E, Jasinevicius R, Hendricson W. North American dental students' perspectives about their clinical education. J Dent Educ 2006 Apr;70(4):361-377.##Porte MC, Xeroulis G, Reznick RK, Dubrowski A. Verbal feedback from an expert is more effective than self-accessed feedback about motion efficiency in learning new surgical skills. Am J Surg. 2007 Jan;193(1):105-10.##Syed Amin Tabish. Assessment Methods in Medical Education. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2008 July; 2(2): 3–7.##Torabi K, Bazrafkan L, Sepehri S, Hashemi M. The effect of logbook as a study guide in dentistry training. J. Adv Med&Prof. 2013;1(3):81-84##Yousefy A, Shayan S, Mosavi A. Developing a clinical performance logbook for nursing students receiving cardiac care field training. J Edu Health Promot 2012;1:7##The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD). Policy on the Role of Pediatric Dentists as Both Primary and Specialty Care Providers. Available on www.aapd.org/media/Policies_Guidelines/P_PrimarySpecialty.pdf##John P. Rich, loyd Straffon, Marita Rohr Inglehart. General Dentists and Pediatric Dental Patients: The Role of Dental Education. Journal of Dental Education.2006; 70(12):1308-15##Wyne AH, Chohan AN, Al-Dosari K, Al-Dokheil M. Oral health knowledge and sources of information among male Saudi school children. Odontostomatol Trop. 2004 Jun;27(106):22-6.##Marinho V, Higgins J, Logan S, Sheiham A. Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Revs. 2003;(4):CD002782.## ##

بررسی وضعیت آگاهی و منابع دریافت اطلاعات مادران در رابطه با سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان پیش دبستانی در یک منطقه کمتر برخوردار Oral health awareness and information sources in mothers of preschoolers in a non-affluent area 1 1 زمینه و هدف: پوسیدگی درکودکان زیر 6 سال عوارض جسمی و روحی و اجتماعی زیادی برای کودک خردسال مبتلا و خانواده اش بوجود می آورد. در این تحقیق برآن شدیم که وضعیت آگاهی و منابع دریافت اطلاعات مادران دررابطه با سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان پیش دبستانی در یک منطقه کمتر برخوردار شهر تهران مورد بررسی قرار دهیم. روش بررسی: جامعه مورد بررسی 100 مادر از مراجعه کنندگان به 6 خانه ی سلامت شهری در منطقه 11 تهران بود. مادران پرسشنامه ای در رابطه باعوامل دموگرافیک ، آگاهی (7 سوال) و منابع دریافت اطلاعات مادر(7 منبع) در رابطه با سلامت دهان کودکان را پرکردند. آنالیز تحلیلی با استفاده از آزمون هایT-TestوRegression انجام شد. یافته ها: میانگین متغیر آگاهی مادران1/5 از حداکثر قابل کسب 7 بود. کمترین پاسخ صحیح (15%) مربوط به گزینه "باکتری که باعث ایجاد پوسیدگی می شود،معمولااز مادر به فرزند منتقل می شود" و بیشترین پاسخ صحیح (88%) مربوط به سوال "فلوراید به چه دلیل به خمیر دندان اضافه می شود" بود. رایجترین منابع دریافت اطلاعات درمیان مادران تلویزیون ودررتبه بعدی دندانپزشک بود. سطح آگاهی درمادرانی که سطح تحصیلات بالاتر داشتند یا کودکانشان نوبت تولد دوم یا سوم بودند، بالاتر بود. نتیجه گیری: مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که سطح اگاهی مادران علیرغم استفاده از منابع اطلاعاتی متعدد در رابطه با سلامت دهان کودکان پیش دبستانی پائین است. با درگیر کردن ایشان در برنامه های پیشگیرانه می توان سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان پیش دبستانی را در سطح جامعه بالاخص در مناطق کمتر برخوردار راافزایش داد. واژگان کلیدی: مادران، پیش دبستان، سلامت دهان، آگاهی وصول مقاله : 09/03/1393پذیرش مقاله:02/12/1393 نویسنده مسئول: دکتر سمانه رازقیs-razeghi@tums.ac.ir 2 Title: Oral health awareness and information sources in mothers of preschoolers in a non-affluent area in Tehran. Background and Aim: Dental caries of the under 6-year-olds may involve them with mental, physical and social problems. We aimed to study oral health awareness and information sources in mothers of preschoolers in a non-affluent area in Tehran. Materials and Methods: Participants were composed of 100 mothers referring to 6 urban health houses of the region 11 in Tehran. Mothers filled a questionnaire on demographics, knowledge (7 questions) and sources of information (7 sources) regarding children’s oral health. Linear regression served for statistical analysis. Results: The mean for mothers’ awareness score was 5.1 out of 7. The lowest number of mothers’ correctly answering was for “bacterial transition from mother to child” and highest was for the “role of fluoride toothpaste”. Their most common sources were TV and dentist, respectively. Mothers’ knowledge was higher in those with higher educational level and those whose children were second or third child in the family. Conclusion: The results revealed that despite using diverse information sources, mothers’ awareness was low. Involving them in oral health promotion programs may improve children’s oral health in non-affluent areas. 89 94 2016/07/272016/07/272016/07/292016/07/292016/07/292016/07/292016/07/29 1395/5/8 2016/07/272016/07/272016/07/292016/07/292016/07/292016/07/292016/07/29 1395/5/8 سیمین زهرا محبی S Zahra Mohebi Iran Iran سمانه رازقی S Razeghi Iran Iran حمیده سلیمان نژاد H Soleimannejad Iran Iran Mothers Preschool Oral health Knowledge مادران پیش دبستان سلامت دهان آگاهی ⦁ Daly B, Batchelor P, Treasure E, Watt R. Essential dental public health: OUP Oxford; 2013.##⦁ Petersen PE. World Health Organization global policy for improvement of oral health‐World Health Assembly 2007. International dental journal. 2008;58(3):115-21.##⦁ Newman MG, Takei H, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA. Carranza's clinical periodontology: Elsevier health sciences; 2011.##⦁ Ministry of Health in Iranian children in 1377. Tehran: Jaber; 1998. 35-47 [In Persian].##⦁ Askarizadeh N, Siyonat P. The prevalence and pattern of nursing caries in preschool children of Tehran. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2004 Sep; 22 (3): 92-5.##⦁ Rosenblatt A, Zarzar P. Breast- feeding and early childhood caries: an assessment among Brazilian infants. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2004 Nov; 14 (6): 439-45.##⦁ Vachirarojpisan T, Shinada K, Kawaguchi Y, et al. Early childhood caries in children aged 6-19 months. Community Dent Oral Epidmiol. 2004 Apr; 32 (2): 133-42.##⦁ Mizoguchi K, Kurumado K, Tango T, Minowa M. Study on factors for caries and infant feeding characteristics in children aged 1.5-3 years in a Kanto urban area. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 2003 Sep; 50 (9): 867-78.##⦁ Burket LW. Burket's oral medicine: diagnosis and treatment: PMPH-USA; 2003.##⦁ Condylis B, Le Borgne H, Demoersman J, Campard G, Philippe H, Soueidan A. Interest of periodontitis screening and treatment in pregnancy: systematic review. Journal de gynecologie, obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction. 2013;42(6):511-7.##⦁ Mohebbi SZ, Virtanen JI, Murtomaa H, Vahid-Golpayegani, M, Vehkalahti MM. Mothers as facilitators of oral hygiene in early childhood. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2008;18(1):48-55.##⦁ Wamala S, Merlo J, Boström G. Inequity in access to dental care services explains current socioeconomic disparities in oral health: the Swedish National Surveys of Public Health 2004–2005. Journal of epidemiology and community health. 2006;60(12):1027-33.##⦁ Thomson W, Poulton R, Milne B, Caspi A, Broughton J, Ayers K. Socioeconomic inequalities in oral health in childhood and adulthood in a birth cohort. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2004;32(5):345-53.##⦁ Saied-Moallemi Z, Virtanen J, Ghofranipour F, Murtomaa H. Influence of mothers' oral health knowledge and attitudes on their children's dental health. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 2008;9(2):79-83.##⦁ Okunseri C, Szabo A, Jackson S, Pajewski NM, Garcia RI. Increased children's access to fluoride varnish treatment by involving medical care providers: effect of a Medicaid policy change. Health Serv Res. 2009 Aug; 44(4): 1144-56.##⦁ Daly B, Batchelor P, Treasure E, Watt R. Essential dental public health: OUP Oxford; 2013.##⦁ Petersen PE. World Health Organization global policy for improvement of oral health‐World Health Assembly 2007. International dental journal. 2008;58(3):115-21.##⦁ Newman MG, Takei H, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA. Carranza's clinical periodontology: Elsevier health sciences; 2011.##⦁ Ministry of Health in Iranian children in 1377. Tehran: Jaber; 1998. 35-47 [In Persian].##⦁ Askarizadeh N, Siyonat P. The prevalence and pattern of nursing caries in preschool children of Tehran. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2004 Sep; 22 (3): 92-5.##⦁ Rosenblatt A, Zarzar P. Breast- feeding and early childhood caries: an assessment among Brazilian infants. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2004 Nov; 14 (6): 439-45.##⦁ Vachirarojpisan T, Shinada K, Kawaguchi Y, et al. Early childhood caries in children aged 6-19 months. Community Dent Oral Epidmiol. 2004 Apr; 32 (2): 133-42.##⦁ Mizoguchi K, Kurumado K, Tango T, Minowa M. Study on factors for caries and infant feeding characteristics in children aged 1.5-3 years in a Kanto urban area. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 2003 Sep; 50 (9): 867-78.##⦁ Burket LW. Burket's oral medicine: diagnosis and treatment: PMPH-USA; 2003.##⦁ Condylis B, Le Borgne H, Demoersman J, Campard G, Philippe H, Soueidan A. Interest of periodontitis screening and treatment in pregnancy: systematic review. Journal de gynecologie, obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction. 2013;42(6):511-7.##⦁ Mohebbi SZ, Virtanen JI, Murtomaa H, Vahid-Golpayegani, M, Vehkalahti MM. Mothers as facilitators of oral hygiene in early childhood. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 2008;18(1):48-55.##⦁ Wamala S, Merlo J, Boström G. Inequity in access to dental care services explains current socioeconomic disparities in oral health: the Swedish National Surveys of Public Health 2004–2005. Journal of epidemiology and community health. 2006;60(12):1027-33.##⦁ Thomson W, Poulton R, Milne B, Caspi A, Broughton J, Ayers K. Socioeconomic inequalities in oral health in childhood and adulthood in a birth cohort. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 2004;32(5):345-53.##⦁ Saied-Moallemi Z, Virtanen J, Ghofranipour F, Murtomaa H. Influence of mothers' oral health knowledge and attitudes on their children's dental health. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 2008;9(2):79-83.##⦁ Okunseri C, Szabo A, Jackson S, Pajewski NM, Garcia RI. Increased children's access to fluoride varnish treatment by involving medical care providers: effect of a Medicaid policy change. Health Serv Res. 2009 Aug; 44(4): 1144-56.## ##

درمان پالپ دندانهای شیری و دندانهای دائمی جوان در کودکان Pulp Therapy for Primary and Immature Permanent Teeth in Children: Review of Literature 1 1 زمینه و هدف: حفظ صحت و یکپارچگی قوس دندانی در دوره دندانی شیری و مختلط جهت برقراری اکلوژن وفانکشن در دوره دندانهای دائمی جزء لازم و ضروری می باشد.دلایل اولیه از دست رفتن زودرس دندانها در کودکان می تواند مربوط به پوسیدگی های دندانی وتروما باشد. مجاورت پوسیدگی وتروما به بافت پالپ ممکن است منجر به  التهاب پالپ و یا حتی نکروز آن گردد.در این مقاله مروری به پروسیژرهای درمان پالپ که به طور شایعی در دندانپزشکی کودکان استفاده می شوند و همچنین به اندیکاسیون ها و مواد درمانی شایع مربوط به درمان پالپ پرداخته خواهد شد. روش بررسی:با واژه های کلیدی نظیردرمان پالپ،دندانهای شیری،دندانهای دائمی جوان وکودکان در سایتهای Pubmed,Google,Scopus,Medline جستجو از سال 1975تا2016 انجام شد. یافته ها:هدف اصلی درمان حفظ حیات پالپ دندانی است که تحت تاثیر پوسیدگی, تروما وسایر موارد قرار گرفته است. باید تلاش هر چه بیشتر در جهت حفظ حیات پالپ دندانهای شیری و به خصوص در دندانهای دائمی نابالغ گردد. حیات پالپ منجربه تکامل مطلوب نسبت تاج به ریشه، بسته شدنآپکس ریشه و تشکیل عاج رادیکولار ثانویه می گردد. نتیجه گیری:هدف ازدرمان پالپ حفظ حیات پالپ دندانی است که در اثر پوسیدگی، تروما وبه علل دیگر تحت تاثیر قرار گرفته است. در صورت رعایت دقیق اصول درمان و نیز پوشاندن آن با یک ماده زیست سازگار امکان ترمیم پالپ وجود دارد. واژگان کلیدی: درمان پالپ،دندانهای شیری،دندانهای دائمی جوان،کودکان وصول مقاله : 12/02/1393پذیرش مقاله:11/09/1393 نویسنده مسئول: دکتر فاطمه جهانی مقدمFatemehjahani4@gmail.com 2 Introduction: Maintaining the integrity of the dental arch in the primary and mixed dentition is important for establishing occlusion and function in the permanent dentition. The primary reasons for premature loss of teeth in children are either dental caries or trauma. Proximity of caries or trauma to pulp tissue may lead to pulpitis or even pulp necrosis.. This review article presents the pulp therapy techniques commonly used in pediatric dentistry, their indications and the common therapeutic agents. Method &Material: A search through PubMed, Google, Scopus and Medline during 1984-2013, a total of 42 original research papers with key words such as pulp therapy, primary teeth, and immature permanent teeth and pediatric was performed. Furthermore, references books were used. Results &Conclusion: It is a treatment objective to maintain the vitality of the pulp of a tooth affected by caries, traumatic injury, or other causes. Whenever possible, dental treatment should attempt to maintain pulp vitality, particularly in immature permanent teeth. Pulp vitality leads to development of a favorable crown-root ratio, apical closure and formation of secondary dentin. 96 106 2016/07/272016/07/272016/07/292016/07/292016/07/292016/07/292016/07/292016/07/29 1395/5/8 2016/07/272016/07/272016/07/292016/07/292016/07/292016/07/292016/07/292016/07/29 1395/5/8 فاطمه جهانی مقدم F Jahani Moghadam Iran Iran pulp therapy primary teeth immature permanent teeth pediatric درمان پالپ دندانهای شیری دندانهای دائمی جوان کودکان Ritwik P.A review of pulp therapy for primary and immature permanent teeth.CDA Journal 2013; 41(8):585-95.##Fuks AB. Pulp therapy for the primary dentition. In: Pinkham JR, Casamassimo PS, Fields HW Jr., McTigue DJ, Nowak A, eds. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy Through Adolescence. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders Co; 2013:331-51.##James JE, Kenneth SJ, Ghaeth YH. Management of trauma to the teeth and supporting tissues. In: Dean JA, Avery DR, McDonald RE, eds. McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 10th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier Inc; 2016:563-602.##Petrou MA, Alhamoui FA, Welk A, Altarabulsi MB, Alkilzy M, Splieth CH. A randomized clinical trial on the use of medical Portland cement, MTA and calcium hydroxide in indirect pulp treatment. Clin Oral Investig. 2014;18(5):1383-9.##Casagrande L, Bento LW, Dalpian DM, Garcia-Godoy F, de Araujo FB. Indirect pulp treatment in primary teeth: 4-year results. Am J Dent. 2010;23(1):34-8.##Arizos S, Kotsanos N. Evaluation of a resin modified glass ionomer serving both as indirect pulp therapy and as restorative material for primary molars. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2011;12(3):170-5.##Gruythuysen RJ, van Strijp AJ, Wu MK. Long-term survival of indirect pulp treatment performed in primary and permanent teeth with clinically diagnosed deep carious lesions. J Endod 2010;36(9):1490-3.##Ranly DM, Garcia-Godoy F. Current and potential pulp therapies for primary and young permanent teeth, J Dent 2000; 28:153-61.##Coll JA, Josell S, Nassof S, Shelton P, Richards MA. An evaluation of pulpal therapy in primary incisors. Pediatr Dent 1988; 10:178-84.##Farooq NS, Coll JA, Kuwabara A, Shelton P. Success rates of formocresol pulpotomy and indirect pulp therapy in the treatment of deep dentinal caries in primary teeth. Pediatr Dent2000; 22:278-86.##Al-Zayer MA, Straff on LH, Feigal RJ, Welch KB. Indirect pulptreatment of primary posterior teeth: a retrospective study.Pediatr Dent 2003; 25:29-36.##Vij R, Coll JA, Shelton P, Farooq NS. Caries control and othervariables associated with success of primary molar vital pulptherapy. Pediatr Dent 2004;26:214-20.##Thompson V, Craig RG, Curro FA, Green WS, Ship JA. Treatment of deep carious lesions by complete excavation or partial removal: a critical review. J Am Dent Assoc 2008; 139(6):705-12.15.##Agamy HA, Bakry NS, Mounir MM, Avery DR. Comparison of mineral trioxide aggregate and formocresol as pulp-capping agents in pulpotomized primary teeth. Pediatr Dent 2004; 26(4):302-9.##Kopel HM. The pulp capping procedure in primary teeth "revisited". ASDC J Dent Child 1997; 64(5):327-33.##Sarkar NK, Caicedo R, Ritwik P, Moiseyeva R, Kawashima I. Physiochemical basis of the biologic properties of mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod 2005 ;3:97-100.##Whitherspoon DE. Vital pulp therapy with new materials:New directions and treatment perspectives- permanent teeth.J Endod 2000;.34:S25-8.##Parirokh M, Ttorabinejad M. Mineral trioxide aggregate: acomprehensive literature review- part III: Clinical applications,Drawbacks and mechanism of action. J Endod 2010;36:400-13.##Salako N, Joseph B, Ritwik P, Salonen, John P, Junaid TA.Comparison of bioactive glass, mineral trioxide aggregate,ferric sulphate and formocresol as pulpotomy agents in ratmolar. Dent Traumatol 2003;19:314-20.##Fuks A, Bielak S, Chosak A. Clinical and radiographicassessment of direct pulp capping and pulpotomy in youngpermanent teeth. Pediatr Dent 1982;4:240-4.##Bogen G. Direct pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate:an observational study. J Am Dent Assoc 2008;139:305-15.##Dean JA, Mack RB, Fulkerson BT, Sanders BJ. Comparison of electrosurgical and formocresol pulpotomy procedures in children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2002; 12(3):177-82.##Liu JF, Chen LR, Chao SY. Laser pulpotomy of primary teeth. Pediatr Dent 1999;21(2):128-9.##Lewis B. The obsolescence of formocresol. Br Dent J 2009; 207(11):525-8.##Fuks AB, Bimstein E, Guelmann M, Klein H. Assessment of a 2 percent buffered glutaraldehyde solution in pulpotomized primary teeth of schoolchildren. ASDC J Dent Child 1990; 57(5):371-5.##Ibricevic H, Al-Jame Q. Ferric sulphate and formocresol in pulpotomy of primary molars: long term follow-up study. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2003; 4(1):28-32.##Markovic D, Zivojinovic V, Vucetic M. Evaluation of three pulpotomy medicaments in primary teeth. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2005;6(3):133-8.##Simancas-Pallares MA, Diaz-Caballero AJ, Luna-Ricardo LM. Mineral trioxide aggregate in primary teeth pulpotomy. A systematic literature review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010; 15(6):e942-6.##Fadavi S, Anderson AW. A comparison of the pulpal response to freeze-dried bone, calcium hydroxide, and zinc oxide-eugenol in primary teeth in two cynomolgus monkeys. Pediatr Dent 1996;18(1):52-6.##Nakashima M. Induction of dentin formation on canine amputated pulp by recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2 and -4. J Dent Res 1994; 73(9):1515-22.##Rutherford RB, Wahle J, Tucker M, Rueger D, Charette M. Induction of reparative dentine formation in monkeys by recombinant human osteogenic protein-1. Arch Oral Biol 1993;38(7):571-6.##Vargas KG, Packham B, Lowman D. Preliminary evaluation of sodium hypochlorite for pulpotomies in primary molars. Pediatr Dent 2006; 28(6):511-7.##Asgary S, Ahmadyar M. Vital pulp therapy using calcium enriched mixture: An evidence-based review. J Conserv Dent 2013; 16(2):92-8.##Fuks AB, Michaeli Y, Sofer-Saks B, Shoshan S. Enriched collagen solution as a pulp dressing in pulpotomized teeth in monkeys. Pediatr Dent 1984; 6(4):243-7.##Vargas KG, Packham B. Radiographic success of ferric sulfate and formocresol pulpotomies in relation to early exfoliation. Pediatr Dent2005; 27:233-7.##Morawa A, Straff on LH, Han SS, Corpron RE. Clinical evaluation of pulpotomies using diluted formocresol. J Dent Child 1975; 42:360-3.##Fei AL, Udin RD, Johnson R. A clinical study of ferric sulfate as a pulpotomy agent in primary teeth. Pediatr Dent 1991;13:327-32.##Erdem AP, Guven Y, Balli B, et al. Success rates of mineral trioxide aggregate, ferric sulfate, and formocresol pulpotomies : a 24-month study. Pediatr Dent2011; 33:165-70.##Holan G, Eidelman E, Fuks AB. Long-term evaluation ofpulpotomy in primary molars using mineral trioxide aggregateor formocresol. Pediatr Dent 2005;27:129-36.##Vostatek SF, Kanellis MJ, Weber-Gasparoni K, GregorsokRL. Sodium hypochlorite pulpotomies in primary teeth: Aretrospective assessment. Pediatr Dent 2011; 33:327-32.##Elliott RD, Roberts MW, Burkes J, Philips C. Evaluation ofthe carbon dioxide laser on vital human primary pulp tissue.Pediatr Dent 1999;21:327-31.##Odabas ME, Bodur H, Baris E. Clinical, radiographic and histopathologic evaluation of Nd:YAG laser pulpotomy on human primary teeth. J Endod 2007; 33:415-21.##Lo EC, Holmgren CJ, Hu D, Van Palenstein Helderman W. Six-year follow up of atraumatic restorative treatment restorations placed in Chinese school children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007; 35(5):387-92.##Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN, Paiva SS, Guimarães-Pinto T, Magalhaes KM, Lima KC. Bacteriologic investigation of the effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine during the endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007; 104(1):122-30.##Ercan E, Ozekinci T, Atakul F, Gül K. Antibacterial activity of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in infected root canal: in vivo study. J Endod 2004; 30(2):84-7.##Casas MJ, Kenny DJ, Johnston DH, Judd PL. Long-term outcomes of primary molar ferric sulfate pulpotomy and root canal therapy. Pediatr Dent 2004; 26(1):44-8.##Holan G, Fuks AB. A comparison of pulpectomies using ZOE and KRI paste in primary molars: A retrospective study. Pediatr Dent 1993; 15(6):403-7.##Ozalp N, Saroğlu, I, Sönmez H. Evaluation of various root canal filling materials in primary molar pulpectomies: An in vivo study. Am J Dent 2005; 18(6):347-50.##Coll JA, Sadrian R. Predicting pulpectomy success and its relationship to exfoliation and succedaneous dentition. Pediatr Dent 1996; 18:57-63.##Barr ES, Flaitz CM, Hicks MJ. A retrospective radiographic evaluation of primary molar pulpectomies. Pediatr Dent 1991;13:4-9.##Mortazavi M, Mesbahi M. Comparison of zinc oxide and eugenol, and Vitapex for root canal treatment of necrotic primary teeth. Int J Paediatr Dent2004; 14:417-24.##Nurko C, Ranly DM, Garcia-Godoy F, Lakshmyya KN. Resorption of a calcium hydroxide/iodoform paste (Vitapex) in root canal therapy for primary teeth: a case report. Pediatr Dent 2000; 22:517-20.##Blanco L, Cohen S. Treatment of crown fractures with ex-posed pulps. J Calif Dent Assoc 2002; 30(6):419-25.##Waterhouse PJ, Whitworth JM. Pediatric endodontics: Endodontic treatment for the primary and young permanent dentition. In: Cohen S, Hargreaves KM, Berman LH, Rotstein I, eds. Pathways of the Pulp. 11th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier; 2016:e1-e44.##Chacko V, Kurikose S. Human pulpal response to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA): A histological study. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2006; 30(3):203-10.##Bogen G, Kim JS, Bakland LK. Direct pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate: An observational study. J Am Dent Assoc 2008; 139(3):305-15.##Ferris DM, Baumgartner JC. Perforation repair comparing two types of mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod 2004; 30(6):422-4.##Weiner RS, Weiner LK, Kugel G. Teaching the use of bases and liners: A survey of North American dental schools. J Am Dent Assoc 1996; 127(11):1640-5.##Torabinejad M, Chivian N. Clinical applications of mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod 1999; 25(3):197-205.##Patino MG, Neiders ME, Andreana S, Noble B, Cohen RE. Collagen as an implantable material in medicine and dentistry. J Oral Implantol 2002; 28(5):220-5.##https://doi.org/10.1563/1548-1336(2002)028<0220:CAAIMI>2.3.CO;2##Katebzadeh N, Dalton BC, Trope M. Strengthening immature teeth during and after apexification. J Endod 1998; 24(4):256-9.##Thibodeau B, Trope M. Pulp revascularization of a necrotic infected immature permanent tooth: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Dent 2007; 29:47-50.##Trope M. Treatment of immature tooth with a non-vital pulpand apical periodontitis. Dent Clin N Am 2010;54:314-24.##Jung I, Lee S, Hargreaves KM. Biologically based treatmentof immature permanent teeth with pulpal necrosis: a caseseries, J Endod 2008;34:876-87.##Ritwik P.A review of pulp therapy for primary and immature permanent teeth.CDA Journal 2013; 41(8):585-95.##Fuks AB. Pulp therapy for the primary dentition. In: Pinkham JR, Casamassimo PS, Fields HW Jr., McTigue DJ, Nowak A, eds. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy Through Adolescence. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders Co; 2013:331-51.##James JE, Kenneth SJ, Ghaeth YH. Management of trauma to the teeth and supporting tissues. In: Dean JA, Avery DR, McDonald RE, eds. McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 10th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier Inc; 2016:563-602.##Petrou MA, Alhamoui FA, Welk A, Altarabulsi MB, Alkilzy M, Splieth CH. A randomized clinical trial on the use of medical Portland cement, MTA and calcium hydroxide in indirect pulp treatment. Clin Oral Investig. 2014;18(5):1383-9.##Casagrande L, Bento LW, Dalpian DM, Garcia-Godoy F, de Araujo FB. Indirect pulp treatment in primary teeth: 4-year results. Am J Dent. 2010;23(1):34-8.##Arizos S, Kotsanos N. Evaluation of a resin modified glass ionomer serving both as indirect pulp therapy and as restorative material for primary molars. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2011;12(3):170-5.##Gruythuysen RJ, van Strijp AJ, Wu MK. Long-term survival of indirect pulp treatment performed in primary and permanent teeth with clinically diagnosed deep carious lesions. J Endod 2010;36(9):1490-3.##Ranly DM, Garcia-Godoy F. Current and potential pulp therapies for primary and young permanent teeth, J Dent 2000; 28:153-61.##Coll JA, Josell S, Nassof S, Shelton P, Richards MA. An evaluation of pulpal therapy in primary incisors. Pediatr Dent 1988; 10:178-84.##Farooq NS, Coll JA, Kuwabara A, Shelton P. Success rates of formocresol pulpotomy and indirect pulp therapy in the treatment of deep dentinal caries in primary teeth. Pediatr Dent2000; 22:278-86.##Al-Zayer MA, Straff on LH, Feigal RJ, Welch KB. Indirect pulptreatment of primary posterior teeth: a retrospective study.Pediatr Dent 2003; 25:29-36.##Vij R, Coll JA, Shelton P, Farooq NS. Caries control and othervariables associated with success of primary molar vital pulptherapy. Pediatr Dent 2004;26:214-20.##Thompson V, Craig RG, Curro FA, Green WS, Ship JA. Treatment of deep carious lesions by complete excavation or partial removal: a critical review. J Am Dent Assoc 2008; 139(6):705-12.15.##Agamy HA, Bakry NS, Mounir MM, Avery DR. Comparison of mineral trioxide aggregate and formocresol as pulp-capping agents in pulpotomized primary teeth. Pediatr Dent 2004; 26(4):302-9.##Kopel HM. The pulp capping procedure in primary teeth "revisited". ASDC J Dent Child 1997; 64(5):327-33.##Sarkar NK, Caicedo R, Ritwik P, Moiseyeva R, Kawashima I. Physiochemical basis of the biologic properties of mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod 2005 ;3:97-100.##Whitherspoon DE. Vital pulp therapy with new materials:New directions and treatment perspectives- permanent teeth.J Endod 2000;.34:S25-8.##Parirokh M, Ttorabinejad M. Mineral trioxide aggregate: acomprehensive literature review- part III: Clinical applications,Drawbacks and mechanism of action. J Endod 2010;36:400-13.##Salako N, Joseph B, Ritwik P, Salonen, John P, Junaid TA.Comparison of bioactive glass, mineral trioxide aggregate,ferric sulphate and formocresol as pulpotomy agents in ratmolar. Dent Traumatol 2003;19:314-20.##Fuks A, Bielak S, Chosak A. Clinical and radiographicassessment of direct pulp capping and pulpotomy in youngpermanent teeth. Pediatr Dent 1982;4:240-4.##Bogen G. Direct pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate:an observational study. J Am Dent Assoc 2008;139:305-15.##Dean JA, Mack RB, Fulkerson BT, Sanders BJ. Comparison of electrosurgical and formocresol pulpotomy procedures in children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2002; 12(3):177-82.##Liu JF, Chen LR, Chao SY. Laser pulpotomy of primary teeth. Pediatr Dent 1999;21(2):128-9.##Lewis B. The obsolescence of formocresol. Br Dent J 2009; 207(11):525-8.##Fuks AB, Bimstein E, Guelmann M, Klein H. Assessment of a 2 percent buffered glutaraldehyde solution in pulpotomized primary teeth of schoolchildren. ASDC J Dent Child 1990; 57(5):371-5.##Ibricevic H, Al-Jame Q. Ferric sulphate and formocresol in pulpotomy of primary molars: long term follow-up study. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2003; 4(1):28-32.##Markovic D, Zivojinovic V, Vucetic M. Evaluation of three pulpotomy medicaments in primary teeth. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2005;6(3):133-8.##Simancas-Pallares MA, Diaz-Caballero AJ, Luna-Ricardo LM. Mineral trioxide aggregate in primary teeth pulpotomy. A systematic literature review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010; 15(6):e942-6.##Fadavi S, Anderson AW. A comparison of the pulpal response to freeze-dried bone, calcium hydroxide, and zinc oxide-eugenol in primary teeth in two cynomolgus monkeys. Pediatr Dent 1996;18(1):52-6.##Nakashima M. Induction of dentin formation on canine amputated pulp by recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2 and -4. J Dent Res 1994; 73(9):1515-22.##Rutherford RB, Wahle J, Tucker M, Rueger D, Charette M. Induction of reparative dentine formation in monkeys by recombinant human osteogenic protein-1. Arch Oral Biol 1993;38(7):571-6.##Vargas KG, Packham B, Lowman D. Preliminary evaluation of sodium hypochlorite for pulpotomies in primary molars. Pediatr Dent 2006; 28(6):511-7.##Asgary S, Ahmadyar M. Vital pulp therapy using calcium enriched mixture: An evidence-based review. J Conserv Dent 2013; 16(2):92-8.##Fuks AB, Michaeli Y, Sofer-Saks B, Shoshan S. Enriched collagen solution as a pulp dressing in pulpotomized teeth in monkeys. Pediatr Dent 1984; 6(4):243-7.##Vargas KG, Packham B. Radiographic success of ferric sulfate and formocresol pulpotomies in relation to early exfoliation. Pediatr Dent2005; 27:233-7.##Morawa A, Straff on LH, Han SS, Corpron RE. Clinical evaluation of pulpotomies using diluted formocresol. J Dent Child 1975; 42:360-3.##Fei AL, Udin RD, Johnson R. A clinical study of ferric sulfate as a pulpotomy agent in primary teeth. Pediatr Dent 1991;13:327-32.##Erdem AP, Guven Y, Balli B, et al. Success rates of mineral trioxide aggregate, ferric sulfate, and formocresol pulpotomies : a 24-month study. Pediatr Dent2011; 33:165-70.##Holan G, Eidelman E, Fuks AB. Long-term evaluation ofpulpotomy in primary molars using mineral trioxide aggregateor formocresol. Pediatr Dent 2005;27:129-36.##Vostatek SF, Kanellis MJ, Weber-Gasparoni K, GregorsokRL. Sodium hypochlorite pulpotomies in primary teeth: Aretrospective assessment. Pediatr Dent 2011; 33:327-32.##Elliott RD, Roberts MW, Burkes J, Philips C. Evaluation ofthe carbon dioxide laser on vital human primary pulp tissue.Pediatr Dent 1999;21:327-31.##Odabas ME, Bodur H, Baris E. Clinical, radiographic and histopathologic evaluation of Nd:YAG laser pulpotomy on human primary teeth. J Endod 2007; 33:415-21.##Lo EC, Holmgren CJ, Hu D, Van Palenstein Helderman W. Six-year follow up of atraumatic restorative treatment restorations placed in Chinese school children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007; 35(5):387-92.##Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN, Paiva SS, Guimarães-Pinto T, Magalhaes KM, Lima KC. Bacteriologic investigation of the effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine during the endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007; 104(1):122-30.##Ercan E, Ozekinci T, Atakul F, Gül K. Antibacterial activity of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in infected root canal: in vivo study. J Endod 2004; 30(2):84-7.##Casas MJ, Kenny DJ, Johnston DH, Judd PL. Long-term outcomes of primary molar ferric sulfate pulpotomy and root canal therapy. Pediatr Dent 2004; 26(1):44-8.##Holan G, Fuks AB. A comparison of pulpectomies using ZOE and KRI paste in primary molars: A retrospective study. Pediatr Dent 1993; 15(6):403-7.##Ozalp N, Saroğlu, I, Sönmez H. Evaluation of various root canal filling materials in primary molar pulpectomies: An in vivo study. Am J Dent 2005; 18(6):347-50.##Coll JA, Sadrian R. Predicting pulpectomy success and its relationship to exfoliation and succedaneous dentition. Pediatr Dent 1996; 18:57-63.##Barr ES, Flaitz CM, Hicks MJ. A retrospective radiographic evaluation of primary molar pulpectomies. Pediatr Dent 1991;13:4-9.##Mortazavi M, Mesbahi M. Comparison of zinc oxide and eugenol, and Vitapex for root canal treatment of necrotic primary teeth. Int J Paediatr Dent2004; 14:417-24.##Nurko C, Ranly DM, Garcia-Godoy F, Lakshmyya KN. Resorption of a calcium hydroxide/iodoform paste (Vitapex) in root canal therapy for primary teeth: a case report. Pediatr Dent 2000; 22:517-20.##Blanco L, Cohen S. Treatment of crown fractures with ex-posed pulps. J Calif Dent Assoc 2002; 30(6):419-25.##Waterhouse PJ, Whitworth JM. Pediatric endodontics: Endodontic treatment for the primary and young permanent dentition. In: Cohen S, Hargreaves KM, Berman LH, Rotstein I, eds. Pathways of the Pulp. 11th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier; 2016:e1-e44.##Chacko V, Kurikose S. Human pulpal response to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA): A histological study. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2006; 30(3):203-10.##Bogen G, Kim JS, Bakland LK. Direct pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate: An observational study. J Am Dent Assoc 2008; 139(3):305-15.##Ferris DM, Baumgartner JC. Perforation repair comparing two types of mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod 2004; 30(6):422-4.##Weiner RS, Weiner LK, Kugel G. Teaching the use of bases and liners: A survey of North American dental schools. J Am Dent Assoc 1996; 127(11):1640-5.##Torabinejad M, Chivian N. Clinical applications of mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod 1999; 25(3):197-205.##Patino MG, Neiders ME, Andreana S, Noble B, Cohen RE. Collagen as an implantable material in medicine and dentistry. J Oral Implantol 2002; 28(5):220-5.##https://doi.org/10.1563/1548-1336(2002)028<0220:CAAIMI>2.3.CO;2##Katebzadeh N, Dalton BC, Trope M. Strengthening immature teeth during and after apexification. J Endod 1998; 24(4):256-9.##Thibodeau B, Trope M. Pulp revascularization of a necrotic infected immature permanent tooth: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Dent 2007; 29:47-50.##Trope M. Treatment of immature tooth with a non-vital pulpand apical periodontitis. Dent Clin N Am 2010;54:314-24.##Jung I, Lee S, Hargreaves KM. Biologically based treatmentof immature permanent teeth with pulpal necrosis: a caseseries, J Endod 2008;34:876-87.## ##