مقایسه اثر ضد قارچ زینک اکساید اوژنول،Metapex و Sealapex بر روی کاندیداآلبیکانس Comparison of antifungal effect of ZOE, Metapex and Sealapex on Candida Albicans 1 1 زمینه و هدف: اثر ضدمیکروبی مواد پرکننده کانال در طی درمان پالپکتومی به منظور حذف پاتوژنهای باقی مانده در کانال ریشه مهم و ضروری به نظر می رسد. هدف از این مطالعه آزمایشگاهی مقایسه فعالیت ضد قارچ زینک اکساید اوژنول (ZOE)با ترکیبات حاوی کلسیم هیدروکساید (Metapex وSealapex ) بود. روش بررسی: یک مطالعه آزمایشگاهی، جهت ارزیابی فعالیت ضد قارچ طراحی و از تست مهاری انتشار در آگار استفاده گردید. برای این منظور از 30 پلیت به قطر 10 سانتیمتر که محتوی آگاری به ضخامت چهار میلیمتر و حاوی قارچ کاندیداآلبیکانس بود استفاده شد. در هر ظرف، چهار حفره با فواصل یکسان از هم و به قطر پنج میلیمتر در آگار ایجاد گردید. در سه حفره، مواد مورد آزمایش (Metapex و Sealapex و ZOE) و در یک حفره، آب مقطر به عنوان کنترل منفی ریخته شد. پلیت ها در دمای 37 درجه سانتی گراد و به مدت 48 ساعت انکوبه شدند. سپس قطر هاله عدم رشد توسط کولیس برحسب میلیمتر اندازه گیری شد. از تست کروسکال_والیس جهت آنالیزهای آماری استفاده شد و حد معنی داری کمتر از 0.05 برای تعیین معناداری اختلاف، در نظر گرفته شد. یافته ها: تست کروسکال_والیس اختلاف معنی داری را بین میانه قطر هاله عدم رشد سه ماده مورد بررسی نشان داد )001/0 .(p< میانگین قطر منطقه ممانعت از رشد قارچ به طور معناداری درZOE بیشتر از Metapex و Sealapex بود. نتیجه گیری: براساس یافته های این مطالعه، ZOE از خاصیت ضدقارچ بیشتری نسبت به Metapex وSealapex برخوردار می باشد. 2 Background & Aim: The antiseptic characteristic of root canal filling materials seems very critical in pulpectomy procedure to eliminate residual pathogens of root canals. The aim of this laboratory study was to compare the antifungal activity against Candida albicans of ZOE with calcium hydroxide root canal filling pastes (Sealapex and Metapex). Methods: An exprimental study was conducted and agar diffusion inhibitory test was used to assess antifungal activity. Thirty 10-cm-diameter dishes with four mm thickness of agar inoculated with Candida albicans were used and four five-mm-diameter wells per dish at equidistant points were filled with the three test root canal filling pastes (ZOE, Sealapex and Metapex) and distilled water as a negative control. After incubation of the plates at 37oC for 48 h, the diameter of the zones of fungal growth inhibition produced around the wells was measured (in mm) with a caliper. Kruskall-Wallis test was used to analyse the data. Level of significancy was less than 0.05. Results: Kruskall-Wallis test indicated that there were statistically significant differences (p<0.001) among median of the zones of fungal growth inhibition produced by the 3 different materials. Median diameter of inhibition zones of fungal growth was significantly higher in ZOE than both Metapex (p<0.001) and Sealapex (p<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it appears that ZOE has more antifungal activity than Metapex and Sealapex. 7 16 2017/08/20 1396/5/29 2017/08/20 1396/5/29 سمیه خرمیان طوسی somayeh khoramiyan tousi iran iran : Pulpectomy Candida Albicans Root canal filling materials پالپکتومی کاندیداآلبیکانس مواد پرکننده کانال ریشه Reddy S, Ramakrishna Y. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Various Root Canal Filling Materials Used in Primary Teeth: A Microbiological Study. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2007; 31(3): 195-9.##Fuks AB. Pulp therapy in primary teeth. In: Pinkham JR, Casamassimo PS, Mc Tigue DJ, Fields HW, Nowak AJ. Pediatric dentistry: Infancy through adolescence. 4th ed, St. Louis, Elsevier Saunders 2005; 375-93.##Siqueira JF, Rocas IN. Endodontic microbiology. In: Torabinejad M, Walton RE. Endodontics: principles and practice. 4th ed, St. Louis, Saunders Elsevier 2009; 38-48.##Siqueira JF, Rocas IN. Microbiology and treatment of endodontic infections. In: Hargreaves KM, Cohen S. Cohen's pathwayes of the pulp. 10th ed, Philadelphia, Mosby Elsevier, 2011; 559-600.##Baumagartner CJ, Siqueria JF, Dedgley CM, Kishen A. Microbiology of endodontic disease. In: Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumagartner JC. Ingle's endodontics6. 6th ed, Hamilton, BC Decker Inc, 2008; 221-308.##Siqueira JF, Sen BH. Fungi in endodontic infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004; 97(5): 632-41.##Baumagartner JC, Watts CM, Xia T. Occurence of Candida albicans in infections of endodontic origin. J Endod 2000; 26(12): 695-8.##Siqueira JF, Rocas IN. Polymerase chain reaction–based analysis of microorganisms associated with failed endodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004; 97(1): 85-94.##Al-shwaimi E. Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of root canal sealers. Pakistan oral & Dent J 2011; 31(2): 432-5.##Saha S, Samadi F, Jaiswal JN, Ghoshal U. Antimicrobial activity of different endodontic sealers: An in vitro evaluation. J Indian Society Pedod Prev Dent 2010; 28(4): 251-7.##Lai CC, Huang FM, Yang HW, Chan Y, Huang MS, Chou MY, et al. Antimicrobial activity of four root canal sealers against endodontic pathogens. Clin Oral Invest 2001; 5(4): 236–9.##Praveen P, Anantharaj A, Venkataragahavan K, Prathibha S, Sudhir R, Jaya AR. A review of obturating materials for primary teeth. Streamdent 2011; 2(1): 42-4.##Ozalp N, Saroglu I, Sonmez H. Evaluation of various root canal filling materials in primary molar pulpectomies: an in vivo study. Am J Dent 2005; 18(6): 347–50.##Mortazavi M, Mesbahi M. Comparison of zinc oxide and eugenol, and Vitapex for root canal treatment of necrotic primary teeth. Int J Paed Dent 2004; 14(6): 417–24.##Desai SH, Chandler N. Calcium Hydroxide–Based Root Canal Sealers: A Review. J Endod 2009; 35(4): 475–80.##Sipert CR, Hussne RP, Nishiyama CK, Torres SA. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Fill Canal, Sealapex, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Portland cement and EndoRez. Int Endod J 2005; 38(8): 539–43.##Mickel A, Nguyen T, Chogle S. Antimicrobial activity of endodontic sealers on Enterococcus faecalis. J Endod 2003; 29(4): 257–8.##Fuss Z, Weiss E, Shalhav M. Antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide containing endodontic sealers on Enterococcus faecalis in vitro. Int Endod J 1997; 30(6): 397–402.##Gautam, S, and B Rajkumar. Antimicrobial efficacy of Metapex (Calcium hydroxide with Iodoform formulation) at different concentrations against selected microorganisms-An in vitro study. Nepal Med Coll 2011: 13(4); 297-300.##Rafiei N, Eftekhar B, Rafiei A, Pourmahdi Borujeni M, Zarrin M. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Iranian and Korean Injectable Intracanal Calcium Hydroxide on Candida albicans, In vitro. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2012; 5(3): 470-3.(persian)##Kayaoglu G, Erten H, Alac am T, Ørstavik D. Short-term antibacterial activity of root canal sealers towards Enterococcus faecalis. Int Endod J 2005; 38(10): 483-88.##Himel VT, Mcspadden JT, Goodis HE. Instruments, materials, and devices. In: Cohen S, Hargreaves KM. Cohen's pathways of the pulp. 10th ed, Philadelphia, Elsevier Saunders, 2011; 269-82.##Al-Nazhan S, Al-Obaida M. Effectiveness of a 2 % chlorhexidine so lution mixed with calcium hydroxide against Candida albicans. Aust Endod J, 2008; 34(3):133-5.##Kaplan AE, Picca M, Gonzalez MI, Macchi RL, Molgatini SL. Antimicrobial effect of six endodontic sealers: an in vitro evaluation. Endod Dent Traumatol 1999; 15(1): 42-5.##Siqueira JF, Goncalves R. Antibacterial activities of root canal sealers against selected anaerobic bacteria. J Endod 1996; 22(2): 79-80.##Harini Priya M, Sham SB, Sundeep Hegde K. Comparative evaluation of bactericidal potential of four root canal filling materials against microflora of infected non vital primary teeth. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2010; 35(1): 23–30.##Miyagak DC, de Carvalho EM, Robazza CR, Chavasco JK, Levorato GL. In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of endodontic sealers. Braz Oral Res 2006; 20(4): 303-6.##Reddy S, Ramakrishna Y. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Various Root Canal Filling Materials Used in Primary Teeth: A Microbiological Study. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2007; 31(3): 195-9.##Fuks AB. Pulp therapy in primary teeth. In: Pinkham JR, Casamassimo PS, Mc Tigue DJ, Fields HW, Nowak AJ. Pediatric dentistry: Infancy through adolescence. 4th ed, St. Louis, Elsevier Saunders 2005; 375-93.##Siqueira JF, Rocas IN. Endodontic microbiology. In: Torabinejad M, Walton RE. Endodontics: principles and practice. 4th ed, St. Louis, Saunders Elsevier 2009; 38-48.##Siqueira JF, Rocas IN. Microbiology and treatment of endodontic infections. In: Hargreaves KM, Cohen S. Cohen's pathwayes of the pulp. 10th ed, Philadelphia, Mosby Elsevier, 2011; 559-600.##Baumagartner CJ, Siqueria JF, Dedgley CM, Kishen A. Microbiology of endodontic disease. In: Ingle JI, Bakland LK, Baumagartner JC. Ingle's endodontics6. 6th ed, Hamilton, BC Decker Inc, 2008; 221-308.##Siqueira JF, Sen BH. Fungi in endodontic infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004; 97(5): 632-41.##Baumagartner JC, Watts CM, Xia T. Occurence of Candida albicans in infections of endodontic origin. J Endod 2000; 26(12): 695-8.##Siqueira JF, Rocas IN. Polymerase chain reaction–based analysis of microorganisms associated with failed endodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004; 97(1): 85-94.##Al-shwaimi E. Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of root canal sealers. Pakistan oral & Dent J 2011; 31(2): 432-5.##Saha S, Samadi F, Jaiswal JN, Ghoshal U. Antimicrobial activity of different endodontic sealers: An in vitro evaluation. J Indian Society Pedod Prev Dent 2010; 28(4): 251-7.##Lai CC, Huang FM, Yang HW, Chan Y, Huang MS, Chou MY, et al. Antimicrobial activity of four root canal sealers against endodontic pathogens. Clin Oral Invest 2001; 5(4): 236–9.##Praveen P, Anantharaj A, Venkataragahavan K, Prathibha S, Sudhir R, Jaya AR. A review of obturating materials for primary teeth. Streamdent 2011; 2(1): 42-4.##Ozalp N, Saroglu I, Sonmez H. Evaluation of various root canal filling materials in primary molar pulpectomies: an in vivo study. Am J Dent 2005; 18(6): 347–50.##Mortazavi M, Mesbahi M. Comparison of zinc oxide and eugenol, and Vitapex for root canal treatment of necrotic primary teeth. Int J Paed Dent 2004; 14(6): 417–24.##Desai SH, Chandler N. Calcium Hydroxide–Based Root Canal Sealers: A Review. J Endod 2009; 35(4): 475–80.##Sipert CR, Hussne RP, Nishiyama CK, Torres SA. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Fill Canal, Sealapex, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Portland cement and EndoRez. Int Endod J 2005; 38(8): 539–43.##Mickel A, Nguyen T, Chogle S. Antimicrobial activity of endodontic sealers on Enterococcus faecalis. J Endod 2003; 29(4): 257–8.##Fuss Z, Weiss E, Shalhav M. Antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide containing endodontic sealers on Enterococcus faecalis in vitro. Int Endod J 1997; 30(6): 397–402.##Gautam, S, and B Rajkumar. Antimicrobial efficacy of Metapex (Calcium hydroxide with Iodoform formulation) at different concentrations against selected microorganisms-An in vitro study. Nepal Med Coll 2011: 13(4); 297-300.##Rafiei N, Eftekhar B, Rafiei A, Pourmahdi Borujeni M, Zarrin M. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Iranian and Korean Injectable Intracanal Calcium Hydroxide on Candida albicans, In vitro. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2012; 5(3): 470-3.(persian)##Kayaoglu G, Erten H, Alac am T, Ørstavik D. Short-term antibacterial activity of root canal sealers towards Enterococcus faecalis. Int Endod J 2005; 38(10): 483-88.##Himel VT, Mcspadden JT, Goodis HE. Instruments, materials, and devices. In: Cohen S, Hargreaves KM. Cohen's pathways of the pulp. 10th ed, Philadelphia, Elsevier Saunders, 2011; 269-82.##Al-Nazhan S, Al-Obaida M. Effectiveness of a 2 % chlorhexidine so lution mixed with calcium hydroxide against Candida albicans. Aust Endod J, 2008; 34(3):133-5.##Kaplan AE, Picca M, Gonzalez MI, Macchi RL, Molgatini SL. Antimicrobial effect of six endodontic sealers: an in vitro evaluation. Endod Dent Traumatol 1999; 15(1): 42-5.##Siqueira JF, Goncalves R. Antibacterial activities of root canal sealers against selected anaerobic bacteria. J Endod 1996; 22(2): 79-80.##Harini Priya M, Sham SB, Sundeep Hegde K. Comparative evaluation of bactericidal potential of four root canal filling materials against microflora of infected non vital primary teeth. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2010; 35(1): 23–30.##Miyagak DC, de Carvalho EM, Robazza CR, Chavasco JK, Levorato GL. In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of endodontic sealers. Braz Oral Res 2006; 20(4): 303-6.## ##

مقایسه میزان جذب سه نوع وارنیش‌ سدیم فلوراید در مینای دندان‌های شیری Comparison of fluoride uptake of three fluoride varnishes on primary teeth enamel 1 1 زمینه و هدف: میزان جذب فلوراید از جمله فاکتورهای مهم برای بکارگیری وارنیش فلوراید میباشد. هدف از انجام این مطالعه مقایسه میزان جذب سه نوع وارنیش فلوراید (آریادنت، ووکو، و سلطان) در دندان های شیری است. روش‌ بررسی: یک مطالعه آزمایشگاهی طراحی و در آن از سه نوع وارنیش سدیم فلوراید آریادنت، سلطان و ووکو استفاده شد. در هر گروه آزمایشی، 25 دندان آسیای شیری مورد آزمایش قرار گرفت. هر دندان دو نیمهشده، درگروه‌های آزمایش و شاهد قرار گرفته، ریشهها قطع گردید.سطوح غیر مینا با لاک پوشانده شد. نمونه‌های مورد آزمایش وارنیش زده شد. نمونهها به مدت ۲۴ ساعت در 10 سیسی آب مقطر قرارگرفت. سپس در محلول KOH2/0 مولار به مدت سی ثانیه قرارگرفته، بعدا در محلول اسید پرکلریک 5/0 مولار به مدت سی ثانیه قرار دادهشد. در پایان نمونه‌ها هضم ومیزان جذب فلوراید مینا با دستگاه اسپکتروفتومتر خوانده شد.از آنالیزهای آماری پارامتریک با روش آنالیز واریانس، آنالیز واریانس یکطرفه، آنالیز Games Howell test استفاده شد. حد معنی‌دار آماری، کمتر از 01/0 درنظر گرفته شد. یافتهها: یافته های این مطالعه نشان داد که میزان فلوراید جذب شده در سه گروه یکسان نبود. میزان جذب فلوراید بین وارنیش‌های سلطان و آریادنت و نیز بین وارنیش‌های ووکو و آریادنت تفاوت آماری معنی‌دار بود(مقدار p-Value به ترتیب 014/0 و 016/0). بین وارنیش ووکو و سلطان از نظر میزان جذب فلوراید تفاوت معنی‌دار دیده نشد. نتیجه‌گیری: میزان جذب فلوراید یکی از فاکتورهای انتخاب وارنیش می باشد. سهولت کاربرد، رنگ، طعم، بسته بندی، ماندگاری آن بر دندان، از جمله فاکتورهایی است که میتواند د راثربخشی وارنیش موثرباشد. وارنیش سلطان میزان جذب بالاتری را نشان داد. 2 Background: The amount of fluoride uptake is an important factor of varnish fluoride to choose it for use. The purpose of this study was to compare of primary teeth’s fluoride uptake among three kinds of sodium fluoride varnishes (Ariadent, Voccu and Soltan). Materials and Methods:An experimental study was done on three kinds of sodium fluoride varnishe (including Ariadent, Soltan and Vocco ones). Twenty-five extracted primary molar were set in each groups. Amount of fluoride uptake and efficacy among these three varnish models were evaluated. Each tooth was devided in halfs in mesiodistal direction while each half was randomly selected in case and experimental subgroups. Roots were also removed. All surfaces; except enamel, was covered by polish and then varnishefluoride was applied on enamel surface. For 24 hours followed by inserting to 10 cc deionized water. Two steps of adding KOH 0.2 mol and percloric acid (HClO4) 0.5 mol each one for 30 seconds were performed. All specimens were soluted in 10 cc deionized double washed water and shaked with shaker. Next all samples were prepared by Acid Etch Enamel Biopsy method for determining fluoride concentrations with spectrophotometer. Data was analyzed by variance, one way variance and Games-Howell test. The level of significancy was less than 0.01. Results:The results showed that fluoride uptake was different for studied varnishes while applicating Sultan varnish showed highest fluoride amount in teeth. Comparison between Vocco and Ariadent showed significant difference as well as Sultan and Ariadent varnish (p-value 0.014 and 0.016 consequenly), but there was no significant difference between Vocco and Soltan varnishes. Conclusion: Fluoride uptake could help us to choose varnish beside with other characteristics like easily applying, the color remaining on teeth, packing, flavor, durability. The results and findings proved that among three evaluated sodium fluoride varnishes, the Sultan showed better efficacy and potency in aspect of tooth uptaking fluoride. 17 26 2017/08/202017/08/20 1396/5/29 2017/08/202017/08/20 1396/5/29 قاسم میقانی GH Mighani Iran Iran پرویز شفق P SHafagh Iran Iran : Fluoride uptake Oral health Varnishes Tooth : میزان جذب فلوراید سلامت دهان وارنیش دندان Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ, Ritter AV. Sturdevant's art & science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014 Mar 12.:Chap3##Mehrdad K. Dental caries and prevention. Shahid Beheshti Universitu of Medical Sciences publication. 1992:chapter 7 pages 53-117.##Axelsson P. An introduction to risk prediction and preventive dentistry. Quintessence Publishing (IL); 1999.:Chap 3##McDonald RE, Avery DR. Dentistry for the child and adolescent. 9 Ed MosbyCo2011. 2011:;Chap 10: 177—98.##Casamassimo PS, Fields Jr HW, McTigue DJ, Nowak A. Pediatric dentistry: infancy through adolescence. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013 Nov 28.##Murray JJ, World Health Organization. Appropriate use of fluorides for human health. Geneva: WHO. 1986:5-26.##Andlaw, RJ andW.P. Rock, A Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. 4th Edn, Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1996. 1996:chap 4: 43 53.##Yeung CA, Chong LY, Glenny AM. Fluoridated milk for preventing dental caries. status and date: New search for studies and content updated (no change to conclusions), The Cochrane Library. 2015 Jan 1##Koh R, Pukallus ML, Newman B, Foley M, Walsh LJ, Seow WK. Effects of Water Fluoridation on Caries Experience in the Primary Dentition in a High Caries Risk Community in Queensland, Australia. Caries Res. 2015;49(2):184-91.##Newbrun E. Current regulations and recommendations concerning water fluoridation, fluoride supplements, and topical fluoride agents. J Dent Res. 1992;71(5):1255-65.##VOCo G. VOCO Profluoride Varnish Germany,2011 [cited 2012]. Available from: http://www.voco.com/en/products/_products/voco_profluorid_varnish/Folder_Profluorid_Varnish_GB_079.pdf.##Company PDS. TOPEX® DURASHIELD® 5% SODIUM FLUORIDE VARNISH (Sultan) 2012 [cited 2012]. Available from: http://www.pearsondental.com/catalog/product.asp?majcatid=37&catid=3794&pid=44176&subcatid=10290&dpt=0&mysort=&cat_link=&subcat_link=&mart=.##Mathewson RJ, Primosch RE, Robertson D. Fundamentals of pediatric dentistry: Quintessence; 1995 Jan.##US department of health and human services, Agency for healthcare research and quality, National guideline clearinghouse, Guideline summary NGC-8080. 2015:4.Available on: www.aapd.org/assets/1/7/G_InfantOralHealthCare.pdf##Xhemnica L, Sulo D, Rroco R, Hysi D. Fluoride varnish application: a new prophylactic method in Albania. Effect on enamel carious lesions in permanent dentition. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2008;9(2):93-6.##Adams SH, Hyde S, Gansky SA. Caregiver acceptability and preferences for early childhood caries preventive treatments for Hispanic children. J Public Health Dent. 2009;69(4):217-24.##Navabi B, Ansari G, Khan Z, Kheirieh P, Najafi B. Fluoride uptake level of the enamel by a fluoride varnish and a fluoride gel (APF). Journal of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 2011;12(3):214-20.##Rolnick SJ, Jackson JM, DeFor TA, Flottemesch TJ. Fluoride Varnish Application in the Primary Care Setting. A Clinical Study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2015;39(4):311-4.##Llena C LA, Forner L.Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2015 Sep;16(3):181-6. CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP versus fluoride varnish in remineralisation of early caries lesions. A prospective study. J Paediatr Dent 2015 Sep;16(3):181-6.##Chu C-H, Gao SS, Li SK, Wong MC, Lo EC. The effectiveness of the biannual application of silver nitrate solution followed by sodium fluoride varnish in arresting early childhood caries in preschool children: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2015;16(1):426.##Danelon M, Pessan JP, Neto FN, de Camargo ER, Delbem AC. Effect of toothpaste with nano-sized trimetaphosphate on dental caries: In situ study. J Dent. 2015;43(7):806-13.##Souza B, Comar L, Vertuan M, Fernandes Neto C, Buzalaf M, Magalhães A. Effect of an Experimental Paste with Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles and Fluoride on Dental Demineralisation and Remineralisation in situ. Caries Res. 2015;49(5):499-507.##Patil VH, Anegundi RT. An in vitro assessment of fluoride uptake by tooth enamel from four different fluoride dentifrices. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2014;15(5):347-51.##da Camara DM, Pessan JP, Francati TM, Santos Souza JA, Danelon M, Delbem AC. Synergistic effect of fluoride and sodium hexametaphosphate in toothpaste on enamel demineralization in situ. J Dent. 2015;43(10):1249-54.##Baglar S, Nalcaci A, Tastekin M. The effect of temperature change on fluoride uptake from a mouthrinse by enamel specimens. Eur J Dent. 2012;6(4):361-9.##Bolis C, Hartli GP, Lendenmann U. Fluoride Varnishes - Is There a Correlation Between Fluoride Release and Deposition on Enamel? Oral Health Prev Dent. 2015.##Heymann HO, Swift Jr EJ, Ritter AV. Sturdevant's art & science of operative dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014 Mar 12.:Chap3##Mehrdad K. Dental caries and prevention. Shahid Beheshti Universitu of Medical Sciences publication. 1992:chapter 7 pages 53-117.##Axelsson P. An introduction to risk prediction and preventive dentistry. Quintessence Publishing (IL); 1999.:Chap 3##McDonald RE, Avery DR. Dentistry for the child and adolescent. 9 Ed MosbyCo2011. 2011:;Chap 10: 177—98.##Casamassimo PS, Fields Jr HW, McTigue DJ, Nowak A. Pediatric dentistry: infancy through adolescence. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013 Nov 28.##Murray JJ, World Health Organization. Appropriate use of fluorides for human health. Geneva: WHO. 1986:5-26.##Andlaw, RJ andW.P. Rock, A Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. 4th Edn, Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1996. 1996:chap 4: 43 53.##Yeung CA, Chong LY, Glenny AM. Fluoridated milk for preventing dental caries. status and date: New search for studies and content updated (no change to conclusions), The Cochrane Library. 2015 Jan 1##Koh R, Pukallus ML, Newman B, Foley M, Walsh LJ, Seow WK. Effects of Water Fluoridation on Caries Experience in the Primary Dentition in a High Caries Risk Community in Queensland, Australia. Caries Res. 2015;49(2):184-91.##Newbrun E. Current regulations and recommendations concerning water fluoridation, fluoride supplements, and topical fluoride agents. J Dent Res. 1992;71(5):1255-65.##VOCo G. VOCO Profluoride Varnish Germany,2011 [cited 2012]. Available from: http://www.voco.com/en/products/_products/voco_profluorid_varnish/Folder_Profluorid_Varnish_GB_079.pdf.##Company PDS. TOPEX® DURASHIELD® 5% SODIUM FLUORIDE VARNISH (Sultan) 2012 [cited 2012]. Available from: http://www.pearsondental.com/catalog/product.asp?majcatid=37&catid=3794&pid=44176&subcatid=10290&dpt=0&mysort=&cat_link=&subcat_link=&mart=.##Mathewson RJ, Primosch RE, Robertson D. Fundamentals of pediatric dentistry: Quintessence; 1995 Jan.##US department of health and human services, Agency for healthcare research and quality, National guideline clearinghouse, Guideline summary NGC-8080. 2015:4.Available on: www.aapd.org/assets/1/7/G_InfantOralHealthCare.pdf##Xhemnica L, Sulo D, Rroco R, Hysi D. Fluoride varnish application: a new prophylactic method in Albania. Effect on enamel carious lesions in permanent dentition. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2008;9(2):93-6.##Adams SH, Hyde S, Gansky SA. Caregiver acceptability and preferences for early childhood caries preventive treatments for Hispanic children. J Public Health Dent. 2009;69(4):217-24.##Navabi B, Ansari G, Khan Z, Kheirieh P, Najafi B. Fluoride uptake level of the enamel by a fluoride varnish and a fluoride gel (APF). Journal of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 2011;12(3):214-20.##Rolnick SJ, Jackson JM, DeFor TA, Flottemesch TJ. Fluoride Varnish Application in the Primary Care Setting. A Clinical Study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2015;39(4):311-4.##Llena C LA, Forner L.Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2015 Sep;16(3):181-6. CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP versus fluoride varnish in remineralisation of early caries lesions. A prospective study. J Paediatr Dent 2015 Sep;16(3):181-6.##Chu C-H, Gao SS, Li SK, Wong MC, Lo EC. The effectiveness of the biannual application of silver nitrate solution followed by sodium fluoride varnish in arresting early childhood caries in preschool children: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2015;16(1):426.##Danelon M, Pessan JP, Neto FN, de Camargo ER, Delbem AC. Effect of toothpaste with nano-sized trimetaphosphate on dental caries: In situ study. J Dent. 2015;43(7):806-13.##Souza B, Comar L, Vertuan M, Fernandes Neto C, Buzalaf M, Magalhães A. Effect of an Experimental Paste with Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles and Fluoride on Dental Demineralisation and Remineralisation in situ. Caries Res. 2015;49(5):499-507.##Patil VH, Anegundi RT. An in vitro assessment of fluoride uptake by tooth enamel from four different fluoride dentifrices. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2014;15(5):347-51.##da Camara DM, Pessan JP, Francati TM, Santos Souza JA, Danelon M, Delbem AC. Synergistic effect of fluoride and sodium hexametaphosphate in toothpaste on enamel demineralization in situ. J Dent. 2015;43(10):1249-54.##Baglar S, Nalcaci A, Tastekin M. The effect of temperature change on fluoride uptake from a mouthrinse by enamel specimens. Eur J Dent. 2012;6(4):361-9.##Bolis C, Hartli GP, Lendenmann U. Fluoride Varnishes - Is There a Correlation Between Fluoride Release and Deposition on Enamel? Oral Health Prev Dent. 2015.## ##

درماتوگلیفیک وهیپودنشیا Dermatoglyphics and Hypodontia 1 1 مقدمه: در سالهای اخیر مطالعات متعددی در رابطه با درماتوگلیفیک با برخی موضوعات در دندانپزشکی صورت گرفته است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی رابطه بین دندانهای غایب و نوع خطوط پوستی در گروهی از افراد مبتلا به هیپودنشیای مادرزادی می باشد. مواد و روشها : در این مطالعه توصیفی - مقطعی، 20 فرد دارای دندان غایب و 20 نمونه به عنوان گروه کنترل از افراد مراجعه کننده به دانشکده دندانپزشکی مشهد، انتخاب شدند. در انجام این تحقیق از روش ثبت خطوط پوستی با مرکب استفاده شد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل از نرم افزار SPSS استفاده گردید و سپس با استفاده از آزمون T به آنالیز اطلاعات پرداختیم. در این مطالعه از سطح معنی داری 5% استفاده شد. یافته ها: T-Test نشان داد که فراوانی اثرانگشت loop در دو گروه اختلاف معنی‌داری با یکدیگر دارند (P=0.01). همچنین اختلاف معنی داری در رابطه با فراوانی اثرات انگشت arch و whorl در دو گروه تحت مطالعه مشاهده نشد. نتیجه گیری: نیاز به انجام تحقیقات درماتوگلیفیک در جمعیتهای بزرگتر بخصوص بر اساس خصوصیات کیفی خطوط پوستی افراد دندان غایب احساس می شود. 2 Introduction: There are several studies in relation to dermatoglyphics with some fields in dentistry. The objective of this study is evaluation of relation between dermatoglyphics and hypodontia in cases with congenital hypodontia. Materials & Methods: In this case-control study, 20 cases with hypodontia and 20 cases as control group were selected from those referred to Mashhad Dental School. Ink method was used in this study.Data analyzed with SPSS, and T-test with significancy of 0.05 was used for statistical analyses. Results: T-test showed no significant difference between the mean number of ridge count in the left and right hands of the subjects. .T-test showed significant difference between both groups in frequency of loop pattern type of the finger tips. (P=0.01). Also there is no significant difference between both study groups in frequency of types of arch and whorl patterns of the finger tips. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphics may be considered in diagnosis of hypodontia; however further researches in large groups especially according to dermatoglyphics' qualitative characteristics in cases with congenital hypodontia is needed. 27 34 2017/08/202017/08/202017/08/20 1396/5/29 2017/08/202017/08/202017/08/20 1396/5/29 بهجت الملوک عجمی B Ajami Iran Iran ناصر مهدوی شهری N Mahdavi shahri Iran Iran معصومه ابراهیمی M Ebrahimi Iran Iran نرگس قویدل N GHavide Iran Iran Hypodontia Dermatoglyphics Prevalence درماتوگلیفیک هیپودنشیا شیوع MacDonald R, Avery DR:Dentistry for the child and adolescent. 11th Ed. St.Luis: Mosby Co.2011; 41.##Larmour CJ, Mossey PA, Thind BS, Forgie AH, Stirrups DR. Hypodontia-a retrospective review of prevalance and etiology.Part1. Quintessence international 2005;36: 263-70.##کمالیم ش،فرهود د.خطوط پوستی (انگشت نگاری)،چاپ اول،1366.مؤسسه خدمات فرهنگی رسا. تهران ،137،105،36،35،13 .##تامپسون م، تامپسون ج.کتاب ژنتیک در پزشکی،ترجمه :علی فرازمند.چاپ دوم، مؤسسه انتشارات باورداران،1370.تهران،421-426.##Atasu M, DumluA, Ozbayrak S. Multiple supernumerary teeth in association with cleidocranial dysplasia. J ClinPediatr Dent 1996;21: 85-91.##Tanboga I, Kargul B, Ergeneli S, AydinMY, Atasu M. Clinical features of incontinentiapigmenti with emphasis on dermatoglyphic findings. J ClinPediatr Dent 2001;25: 161-5.##Atasu M. Down's syndrome and dermatoglyphics. Turk J Pediatr 1970;12: 106-15.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in rubinstein-taybi syndrome. J MentDefic Res 1979;23: 111-21.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in laurence-moon-biedl syndrome. J Med Genet 1980;17: 75-6.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in poland's syndrome. J Med Genet 1980;17: 50-2.##Atasu M, Akesi S, Elcioglu N, YatmazPI ,Ertas EB. A rapp-hodgkin like syndrome in three sibs: Clinical, dental and dermatoglyphic study.ClinDysmorphol 1999;8: 101-10.##AtasuM, Biren S. Ellis-van creveld syndrome: Dental, clinical, genetic and dermatoglyphic findings of a case. J ClinPediatr Dent 2000;24: 141-5.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in dental caries: A preliminary report. J ClinPediatr Dent 1998;22: 147-9.##Atasu M, GencA, Ercalik S. Enamel hypoplasia and essential staining of teeth from erythroblastosisfetalis. J ClinPediatr Dent 1998;22: 249-52.##Atasu M, GencA, Namdar F. Local, hypoplastic type of amelogenesisimperfecta: A clinical, genetic, radiological and dermatoglyphic study. J ClinPediatr Dent 1996;20: 337-42.##Atasu M, AtalayT, Eryilmaz A. Macrodontia: A tooth clinical, genetic and dermatoglyphic study of a case and his family members. J ClinPediatr Dent 1994;18: 223-6.##AtasuM, Orguneser A. Inverted impaction of a mesiodens: A case report. J ClinPediatr Dent 1999;23: 143-5.##AtasuM, Cimilli H. Fusion of the permanent maxillary right incisorto a supernumerary tooth in association with a gemination of permanent maxillary left central incisor: A dental, genetic and dermatoglyphic study. J ClinPediatr Dent 2000;24: 329-33.##Sharma A, Somani R. Dermatoglyphic interpretation of dental cariesand its correlation to salivary bacteria interactions: An in vivo study. J Indian SocPedodPrev Dent 2009;27: 17-21.##Tikare S, Rajesh G, Prasad KW, ThippeswamyV, Javali SB. Dermatoglyphics--a marker for malocclusion?Int Dent J;60: 300-4.##AtasuM, Akyuz S. Congenital hypodontia: A pedigree and dermatoglyphic study. J ClinPediatr Dent 1995;19: 215-24.##Mathew L, HegdeAM, Rai K. Dermatoglyphic peculiarities in children with oral clefts. J Indian SocPedodPrev Dent 2005;23: 179-82.##Neiswanger K, Cooper ME, Liu YE, Hu DN, Melnick M, Weinberg SM, et al. Bilateral asymmetry in chinese families with cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2005;42: 192-6.##Neiswanger K, Cooper ME, Weinberg SM, Flodman P, Keglovits AB, Liu Y, et al. Cleft lip with or without cleft palate and dermatoglyphic asymmetry: Evaluation of a chinese population.OrthodCraniofac Res 2002;5: 140-6.##Scott NM, Weinberg SM, Neiswanger K, Brandon CA, Daack-Hirsch S, Murray JC, et al. Dermatoglyphic fingerprint heterogeneity among individuals with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and their unaffected relatives in china and the philippines. Hum Biol 2005;77: 257-66.##Scott NM, Weinberg SM, Neiswanger K, Daack-Hirsch S, O'Brien S, Murray JC, etal. Dermatoglyphic pattern types in subjects with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (cl/p) and their unaffected relatives in the philippines. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2005;42: 362-6.##Weinberg SM, Neiswanger K, Martin RA, Mooney MP, Kane AA, Wenger SL, et al. The pittsburgh oral-facial cleft study: Expanding the cleft phenotype. Background and justification. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2006;43: 7-20.##Polat MH, Azak A, Evlioglu G, MalkonduOK, Atasu M. The relation of bruxism and dermatoglyphics. J ClinPediatr Dent 2000;24: 191-4.##MacDonald R, Avery DR:Dentistry for the child and adolescent. 11th Ed. St.Luis: Mosby Co.2011; 41.##Larmour CJ, Mossey PA, Thind BS, Forgie AH, Stirrups DR. Hypodontia-a retrospective review of prevalance and etiology.Part1. Quintessence international 2005;36: 263-70.##کمالیم ش،فرهود د.خطوط پوستی (انگشت نگاری)،چاپ اول،1366.مؤسسه خدمات فرهنگی رسا. تهران ،137،105،36،35،13 .##تامپسون م، تامپسون ج.کتاب ژنتیک در پزشکی،ترجمه :علی فرازمند.چاپ دوم، مؤسسه انتشارات باورداران،1370.تهران،421-426.##Atasu M, DumluA, Ozbayrak S. Multiple supernumerary teeth in association with cleidocranial dysplasia. J ClinPediatr Dent 1996;21: 85-91.##Tanboga I, Kargul B, Ergeneli S, AydinMY, Atasu M. Clinical features of incontinentiapigmenti with emphasis on dermatoglyphic findings. J ClinPediatr Dent 2001;25: 161-5.##Atasu M. Down's syndrome and dermatoglyphics. Turk J Pediatr 1970;12: 106-15.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in rubinstein-taybi syndrome. J MentDefic Res 1979;23: 111-21.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in laurence-moon-biedl syndrome. J Med Genet 1980;17: 75-6.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in poland's syndrome. J Med Genet 1980;17: 50-2.##Atasu M, Akesi S, Elcioglu N, YatmazPI ,Ertas EB. A rapp-hodgkin like syndrome in three sibs: Clinical, dental and dermatoglyphic study.ClinDysmorphol 1999;8: 101-10.##AtasuM, Biren S. Ellis-van creveld syndrome: Dental, clinical, genetic and dermatoglyphic findings of a case. J ClinPediatr Dent 2000;24: 141-5.##Atasu M. Dermatoglyphic findings in dental caries: A preliminary report. J ClinPediatr Dent 1998;22: 147-9.##Atasu M, GencA, Ercalik S. Enamel hypoplasia and essential staining of teeth from erythroblastosisfetalis. J ClinPediatr Dent 1998;22: 249-52.##Atasu M, GencA, Namdar F. Local, hypoplastic type of amelogenesisimperfecta: A clinical, genetic, radiological and dermatoglyphic study. J ClinPediatr Dent 1996;20: 337-42.##Atasu M, AtalayT, Eryilmaz A. Macrodontia: A tooth clinical, genetic and dermatoglyphic study of a case and his family members. J ClinPediatr Dent 1994;18: 223-6.##AtasuM, Orguneser A. Inverted impaction of a mesiodens: A case report. J ClinPediatr Dent 1999;23: 143-5.##AtasuM, Cimilli H. Fusion of the permanent maxillary right incisorto a supernumerary tooth in association with a gemination of permanent maxillary left central incisor: A dental, genetic and dermatoglyphic study. J ClinPediatr Dent 2000;24: 329-33.##Sharma A, Somani R. Dermatoglyphic interpretation of dental cariesand its correlation to salivary bacteria interactions: An in vivo study. J Indian SocPedodPrev Dent 2009;27: 17-21.##Tikare S, Rajesh G, Prasad KW, ThippeswamyV, Javali SB. Dermatoglyphics--a marker for malocclusion?Int Dent J;60: 300-4.##AtasuM, Akyuz S. Congenital hypodontia: A pedigree and dermatoglyphic study. J ClinPediatr Dent 1995;19: 215-24.##Mathew L, HegdeAM, Rai K. Dermatoglyphic peculiarities in children with oral clefts. J Indian SocPedodPrev Dent 2005;23: 179-82.##Neiswanger K, Cooper ME, Liu YE, Hu DN, Melnick M, Weinberg SM, et al. Bilateral asymmetry in chinese families with cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2005;42: 192-6.##Neiswanger K, Cooper ME, Weinberg SM, Flodman P, Keglovits AB, Liu Y, et al. Cleft lip with or without cleft palate and dermatoglyphic asymmetry: Evaluation of a chinese population.OrthodCraniofac Res 2002;5: 140-6.##Scott NM, Weinberg SM, Neiswanger K, Brandon CA, Daack-Hirsch S, Murray JC, et al. Dermatoglyphic fingerprint heterogeneity among individuals with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and their unaffected relatives in china and the philippines. Hum Biol 2005;77: 257-66.##Scott NM, Weinberg SM, Neiswanger K, Daack-Hirsch S, O'Brien S, Murray JC, etal. Dermatoglyphic pattern types in subjects with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (cl/p) and their unaffected relatives in the philippines. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2005;42: 362-6.##Weinberg SM, Neiswanger K, Martin RA, Mooney MP, Kane AA, Wenger SL, et al. The pittsburgh oral-facial cleft study: Expanding the cleft phenotype. Background and justification. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2006;43: 7-20.##Polat MH, Azak A, Evlioglu G, MalkonduOK, Atasu M. The relation of bruxism and dermatoglyphics. J ClinPediatr Dent 2000;24: 191-4.## ##

وضعیت سلامت دهان دانش آموزان توانخواه در یک مدرسه ابتدایی Evaluation of oral health status of disabled students in a primary school 1 1 زمینه و هدف: معلولیت طیف وسیعی از جمعیت جهان را در همه سنین و طبقات اجتماعی درگیر کرده است، امّا شیوع آن در مناطق مختلف متفاوت است. افراد توانخواه بسته به جنس، سن، شرایط اجتماعی-اقتصادی و قومیت، تفاوتهای فردی و پاسخهای متفاوتی به معلولیت دارند. مطالعات نشان داده است معلولیت در جنس مونث آسیبهای بیشتری به همراه دارد. همچنین معلولین ذهنی از معلولین فیزیکی آسیبپذیرترند. بنظر میرسد کودکان و نوجوانان دارای معلولیت، سلامت دهان ضعیفتری از میانگین جامعه دارند که این اختلاف عمدتاً بدلیل دسترسی کمتر به مراقبتهای دندانی، بهداشت نامناسب دهان و مشکلات ناشی از خود معلولیت این افراد میباشد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی وضعیت سلامت دهان دانش آموزان توانخواه بود. روش اجرا: این مطالعه یک مطالعهی توصیفی است که در یک دبستان استثنایی کودکان توانخواه شهر تهران، منطقه 18 انجام گرفت. 51 دانش آموز دختر توانخواه ذهنی 6-17 ساله در مطالعه شرکت کردند. معاینات کلینیکی توسط دندانپزشک و با ابزارهای آینه یکبار مصرف، پروب پریودنتال و زیر نور فلوئورسنت اتاق، در محل مدرسه انجام گرفت و برای هر دانش آموز شاخصهای پلاک (Plaque Index) و خونریزی لثه (Gingival Bleeding Index)، میزان جرم (Calculus Index) و DMFT/dmft ثبت شد. یافته ها: شاخص پلاک در معاینات برابر با 0.66± 1.74، شاخص خونریزی لثه در معاینات برابر با 0.28، CI برابر با 0.06 ، میانگین DMFT کل دانشآموزان برابر با 4.3±5 و میانگین dmft دانشآموزان برابر با 4.9±2.3 گزارش شد. نتیجه گیری: نتایج حاصل از این مطالعات نشان میدهد سطح بهداشت دهان و دندان کودکان معلول بررسی شده نسبت به افراد عادی پایینتر از متوسط بهداشت شهروندان تهرانی است. لذا توجه به مراقبتهای پیشگیری و درمانی در افراد عقبماندهی ذهنی الزامی است. 2 Background and Aims: Disability is a global concern, involving a wide range of world’s population in all ages and social classes. Persons with disabilities have diverse personal factors with differences in gender, age, socioeconomic status, sexuality, ethnicity, or cultural heritage. Women with disabilities experience the combined disadvantages associated with gender as well as disability. People who experience mental health conditions or intellectual impairments appear to be more disadvantage in many settings than those who experience physical or sensory impairments. Children and adolescents with disabilities appear to have poorer oral health than their nondisabled counterparts. Variable access to dental care, inadequate oral hygiene and disability-related factors may account for the differences. Materials and Methods: This observational study includes 51 mentally disabled school children aged 6 to 17 years old, live in Tehran, district18. All patients were examined for Plaque Index, Gingival Bleeding Index, DMFT/DMFT and Calculus Index by a dentist and under fluorescent light, by means of a mirror and a periodontal probe. Results: Average Plaque Index of the students was 1.74±0.66, GBI was 0.28, average of calculus Index was 0.06, DMFT was 5±4.3 and DMFT was 2.3±4.9. Conclusion: Results of this study confirms that disabled children of Tehran have poorer oral and dental condition in comparison with normal children. Therefore preventive oral hygiene programs and easy-access dental services allocating to disabled people are needed. 35 42 2017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/20 1396/5/29 2017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/20 1396/5/29 عاطفه گوهری A Gohari Iran Iran مهدی سروش M Soroush Iran Iran Oral health condition Mentally disabled children School children. بهداشت دهان و دندان کودکان توانخواه ذهنی مدرسه World Health Organization. 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Dentition status and treatment needs among children with impaired hearing attending a special school for the deaf and mute in Udaipur, India. J Oral Sci. 2008;50(2):161-5.##Oredugba F. Oral health condition and treatment needs of a group of Nigerian individuals with Down syndrome. Downs Syndr Res Pract. 2007;12(1):72-6.##National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Oral Condition in Children with Special Needs: A Guide for Health Care Providers. Available on http://wwwnidcrnihgov/OralHealth/OralHealthInformation/ChildrensOralHealth/OralCondistionsChildrenSpecialNeedshtm.##National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Practical Oral Care for People with Down Syndrome. . Available on http://wwwnidcrnihgov/OralHealth/Topics/DevelpmentalDisabilities/PracticalOralCarePeopleDownSyndromehtm.##National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Practical Oral Care for People with Intellectual Disability. Available on: http://wwwnidcrnihgov/OralHealth/Topics/ DevelpmentalDisabilities/PracticalOralCarePeopleIntellectualDisablityhtm.##Ameer N, Palaparthi R, Neerudu M, Palakuru SK, Singam HR, Durvasula S. Oral hygiene and periodontal status of teenagers with special needs in the. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012;16(3):421-5.##Shyama M, Honkala E, Honkala S, Al-Mutawa SA. Effect of xylitol candies on plaque and gingival indices in physically disabled. J Clin Dent. 2006;17(1):17-21.##Bhardwaj VK, Sharma KR, Luthra RP, Jhingta P, Sharma D, Justa A. Impact of school-based oral health education program on oral health of 12 and 15. J Educ Health Promot. 2013;2(33):2277-9531.##Lewis C, Robertson AS, Phelps S. Unmet dental care needs among children with special health care needs: implications for the medical home. Pediatrics. 2005 Sep 1;116(3):e426-31.##World Health Organization. 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Determinants of developmental gain in daily activities in young children with cerebral palsy. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2015;35(3):265-79.##Stiefel DJ, Truelove EL, Persson RS, Chin MM, Mandel LS. A comparison of oral health in spinal cord injury and other disability groups. Spec Care Dent. 1993;13(6):229-35.##Dean JA, Avery DR, McDonald RE. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. Boston: Mosby. 2011.##Stiefel DJ. Dental care considerations for disabled adults. Spec Care Dent. 2002;22(3 Suppl):26S-39S.##Christensen GJ. Special oral hygiene and preventive care for special needs. J Am Dent Assoc. 2005;136(8):1141-3.##Desai SS. Down syndrome: a review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997;84(3):279-85.##Pilcher E. Dental care for the patient with Down syndrome. Downs Syndr Res Pract. 1998;5(3):111-6.##Hennequin M, Faulks D, Veyrune JL, Bourdiol P. Significance of oral health in persons with Down syndrome: a literature review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1999;41(04):275-83.##Gabre P, Gahnberg L. Dental health status of mentally retarded adults with various living arrangements. Spec Care Dent. 1994;14(5):203-7.##Santos MTBR, Nogueira MLG. Infantile reflexes and their effects on dental caries and oral hygiene in cerebral palsy individuals. J Oral Rehabil. 2005;32(12):880-5.##da Rocha Dourado M, Andrade PMO, Ramos-Jorge ML, Moreira RN, Oliveira-Ferreira F. Association between executive/attentional functions and caries in children with cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(9):2493-9.##Jaber MA. Dental caries experience, oral health status and treatment needs of dental patients with autism. J Appl Oral Sci. 2011;19(3):212-7.##Tabatabaii M, Nouraii M, Parsapour P. DMFT evaluation of mentally disabled adults aged 14-20 living in Tehran's North on 1380-1381. Islamic Soc Dent. 34: 1383.##Desai M, Messer LB, Calache H. A study of the dental treatment needs of children with disabilities in Melbourne, Australia. Aust Dent J. 2001;46(1):41-50.##Lancashire P, Janzen J, Zach GA, Addy M. The oral hygiene and gingival health of paraplegic inpatients‐a cross‐sectional survey. J Clin Periodontol. 1997;24(3):198-200.##Scott A, March L, Stokes ML. A survey of oral health in a population of adults with developmental disabilities: comparison with a national oral health survey of the general population. Australian dental journal. 1998;43(4):257-61.##Smith DS. Health care management of adults with Down syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2001;64(6):1031-44.##Roizen NJ, Patterson D. Down Syndrome. Lancet. 2003;361(9365):1281-9.##Angelillo IF, Nobile CGA, Pavia M, Fazio P, Puca M, Amati A. Dental health and treatment needs in institutionalized psychiatric patients inItaly. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1995;23(6):360-4.##Jain M, Mathur A, Kumar S, Dagli RJ, Duraiswamy P, Kulkarni S. Dentition status and treatment needs among children with impaired hearing attending a special school for the deaf and mute in Udaipur, India. J Oral Sci. 2008;50(2):161-5.##Oredugba F. Oral health condition and treatment needs of a group of Nigerian individuals with Down syndrome. Downs Syndr Res Pract. 2007;12(1):72-6.##National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Oral Condition in Children with Special Needs: A Guide for Health Care Providers. Available on http://wwwnidcrnihgov/OralHealth/OralHealthInformation/ChildrensOralHealth/OralCondistionsChildrenSpecialNeedshtm.##National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Practical Oral Care for People with Down Syndrome. . Available on http://wwwnidcrnihgov/OralHealth/Topics/DevelpmentalDisabilities/PracticalOralCarePeopleDownSyndromehtm.##National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Practical Oral Care for People with Intellectual Disability. Available on: http://wwwnidcrnihgov/OralHealth/Topics/ DevelpmentalDisabilities/PracticalOralCarePeopleIntellectualDisablityhtm.##Ameer N, Palaparthi R, Neerudu M, Palakuru SK, Singam HR, Durvasula S. Oral hygiene and periodontal status of teenagers with special needs in the. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012;16(3):421-5.##Shyama M, Honkala E, Honkala S, Al-Mutawa SA. Effect of xylitol candies on plaque and gingival indices in physically disabled. J Clin Dent. 2006;17(1):17-21.##Bhardwaj VK, Sharma KR, Luthra RP, Jhingta P, Sharma D, Justa A. Impact of school-based oral health education program on oral health of 12 and 15. J Educ Health Promot. 2013;2(33):2277-9531.##Lewis C, Robertson AS, Phelps S. Unmet dental care needs among children with special health care needs: implications for the medical home. Pediatrics. 2005 Sep 1;116(3):e426-31.## ##

شیوع آنومالی های زبان در کودکان مراجعه کننده به دانشکده دندانپزشکی شهر رشت Prevalence of tongue anomalies in children referred to Guilan Faculty of Dentistry, Rasht 1 1 مقدمه: مخاط دهان می تواند دچار تغییرات متعددی گردد و این اختلالات به دفعات تکرار می شوند و در پاره ای از موارد باعث درد و سوزش و اختلال در عملکرد می شوند. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین فراوانی برخی از ضایعات زبان از جمله زبان جغرافیایی، زبان شیاردار، چسبندگی زبان و ... در کودکان مراجعه کننده به دانشکده دندانپزشکی رشت می باشد. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه توصیفی- مقطعی، 185 کودک طی سال های 95-94 از لحاظ وجود ضایعات زبانی از جمله زبان جغرافیایی، زبان شیاردار، چسبندگی زبان مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. اطلاعات جمع آوری شده با استفاده از آزمون های آماری در نرم افزار SPSS21 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج: نتایج به دست آمده نشان داده است که شیوع زبان جغرافیایی 4/5 %، زبان شیاردار 3/4 %، انکیلوگلوسیای کامل 8/3 %، انکیلوگلوسیای پارسیل 2/3 % و گلوسیت رومبوئید میانی 5/0 % می باشد. همچنین بین بروز زبان شیاردار ، زبان جغرافیایی و انکیلوگلوسیای پارسیل همزمان با یکدیگر و نمایش آن در والدین و وجود رابطه ی خویشاوندی والدین در این مطالعه ارتباط معنی داری یافت شد (05/0p<.) نتیجه گیری: همراهی زبان جغرافیایی، زبان شیاردار و چسبندگی زبان در اغلب مطالعات پیگیری شده است و انتقال اکتسابی آنها پایه های اتیولوژیک این ضایعات را می تواند پررنگ نماید. 2 Introduction: Oral mucosa frequently reveal different appearance, in some way they resulted in complain with pain and sensation. The aim of this study was determining the frequency of tongue variation composed of Geographic Tongue, Fissure Tongue, Ankyloglossia in children who was seeking for dental treatment in Guilan faculty of dentistry (2015-2016). Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out by 185 outpatients who recruited in this study. Their mouth was examined and tongue anomalies were noted. Demographic information was recorded. Their parent’s tongues were examined too. Data’s performed in SpSS V21 and statistical analysis was provided by χ2 test. Result: prevalence of tongue anomalies was 7% Ankyloglossia (3.8%complete, 3.2% partial), 5.4% geographic tongue, 4.3% fissure, 0.5% Median rhomboid glossitis as respectively. Occurrence of fissure tongue & geographic tongue simultaneously, geographic tongue with ankyloglosia, present of variation in their parents, and Consanguineous marriage were significantly in these subjects (P<0.05). Conclusion: along with geographic tongue, fissure tongue and Ankyloglossia association which pointed in most studies this study magnify that it may etiologically inherited congenital. 43 50 2017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/20 1396/5/29 2017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/20 1396/5/29 مریم ربیعی maryam rabiee iran ایران سید احمد موسوی seyed ahmad mousavi iran ایران صبا نجفی saba najafi iran iran Child- Tongue Tongue Fissured زبان(عضو بدن) – زبان شیاردار – کودکان Seiden AM, Tami TA, Pensak ML, Cotton RT, Gluckman JL. Otolaryngology. First ed. New York: Thieme; 2002.##Khozeimeh F, Rasti G.The Prevalence of Tongue Abnormalities among the School Children in Borazjan, Iran. Dental Research Journal 2006; 3(1).##lynch MA, Brightman VJ, Greenberg MS. Burket's Oral Medicine Diagnosis and treatment. 9 th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1994:240-298.##Jahanbani J, Sandvi L, Lyberg3 T, Ahlfors E. Evaluation of Oral Mucosal Lesions in 598 Referred Iranian Patients. Open Dent J. 2009; 3: 42–47.##Reamy BV, Derby R, Bunt CW. Common tongue conditions in primary care. American Family Physician. 2010; 81(5): 627-634.##Ugar-Cankal D, Denizci S, Hocaoglu T. Prevalence of tongue lesions among Turkish schoolchildren. Saudi Medical Journal. 2005; 26(12): 1962-7.##Davies S, Ananthanarayan C, Castro C. Asymptomatic lingual tonsillar hypertrophy and difficult airway management: a report of three cases. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia. 2001; 48(10): 1020-1024.##Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004.##Rioboo-Crespo MR, Planells-del Pozo P, Rioboo-Garcia R. Epidemiology of the most common oral mucosal diseases in children. Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 2005; 10: 376-87.##Babai N, Matlabnejad M, Ghorbanpoor M. The effect of smoking on Coated tongue and black hairy tongue. Babol University Medical Journal. 2007; 9(5): 45-49.##Ajami B, Ebrahimi M, Mohammadzadeh A, Mozaffar Moghaddam S. Frequency of Oral Lesions in Newborns at Mashhad Imam Reza Hospital, in 2001. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2005; 29(1,2): 91-96##Javadzadeh A, Rouhani M. Prevalence of Oral Physiologic and Pathologic Mucosal Changes in Junior High School Boys in Mashhad. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2004; 28(1,2): 15-22.##Fuster V, Colantonio SE. Inbreeding coefficients and degree of consanguineous marriages in Spain: a review. Am J Hum Biol. 2003; 15(5):709-16.##Nussbaum RL, McInnes RR, Willard HF. Thompson and Thompson Genetics in Medicine. 7th edition. Philadelphia: Saundres Elsevier; 2007;##Rabiei M, Mohtashame Amiri Z, Masoodi Rad H, Niazi M, Niazi H. Frequency of Tongue Anomalies in Primary School of Lahidjan. 2003; 45: 36-42.##Akhavi Rad MB, Moin A, Khodakarim S, shahmir H. The prevalence of congenital and acquired tongue disorders in children referred to pediatrics clinic of Mostafa Khomeini hospital during the years 2012-13. Scientific-Research Journal of Shahed University. 2014; 113:21-29.##Razmpa E, Azimi C, Soltan Sanjarei M, Ghasempoure A, Yousefi M. Prevalence of head and neck abnormalities among people with consanguineous parents. Tehran University Medical journal. 2008; 7:512-20.##Rabiei M, Mohtashamamiri Z, Amigh S, Ghotbirad S, Ahsani Tehrani S. Prevalence of geographic tongue, fissure tongue and partial ankyloglossia among students of three stages of school in Rasht in 2003. The Journal of Islamic Dental Association of IRAN (JIDA). 2006; 18 (1):30-36.##Voros-Balog T, Vincze N, Banoczy J. Prevalence of tongue lesions in Hungarian children. Oral Diseases. 2003; 9, 84-87##Darwazeh AM, Almelaih AA. Tongue lesions in a Jordanian population. Prevalence, symptoms, subject's knowledge and treatment provided. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 sep 1; 16(6):e745-9##Mojarrad F, Bakianian Vaziri P. Prevalence of Tongue Anomalies in Hamadan, Iran. Iranian J Publ Health 2008; 23(2):101-105.##Bessa C.F.N, P. J. B. Santos, M. C. F. Agular, M. A. V. do Carmo. Prevalence of oral mucosal alterations in children from 0 to 12 years old. J Oral Pathol Med. 2004; 33:17-22##Byahatti SM, Ingafou MSH. The prevalence of tongue lesions in Libyan adult patients. J Clin Dent. 2010; 2(4):e163-8##Patil S, Kaswan S, Rahman F, Doni B . Prevalence of tongue lesions in the Indian population. J Clin Exp Dent. 2013; 5(3):e128-32##Redman RS. Prevalence of geographic tongue, fissured tongue, median rhomboid glossitis, and hairy tongue among 3,611 Minnesota schoolchildren. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1970; 30(3):390-5.##Ambika L, Vaishali Keluskar, Shivayogi Hugar , Sudha Patil. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and variations in Indian public school children. Braz j Oral Sci. 2011;10(4):288-293##Madera AMV et al. Prevalence of tongue alterations and related factors in children attending the University of Cartagena, Colombia. Revista Odontologica Mexicana. 2013; 17(4): 231-5.##Ghanaei F, Joukar F, Rabiei M, Dadashzadeh A, Kord Valeshabad A. Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in an Adult Iranian Population. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013; 15(7): 600–604.##Schaumann BF, Peagler FD, Gorlin RJ. Minor craniofacial anomalies among a Negro population. II. Prevalence of tongue anomalies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1970; 29(5):729-34.##Shulman J.D. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in children and youths in the USA. International Journal of Pediatric Dentistry.2005; 15:89-97##Rezaei F, Safarzadeh M, Mozafari H, Tavakoli P. Prevalence of Geographic tongue and Related Predisposing Factors in 7-18 Year-Old Students in Kermanshah, Iran 2014.2015;7(5):91-95.##Rabiei M, Kazemnezhad E, Masoudi rad H. Shakiba M, Pourkay H. Prevalence of oral and dental disorders in institutionalised elderly people in Rasht, Iran. Gerodontology.2010; 27(3):174-7.##dos Santos PJ, Bessa CF, de Aguiar MC, do Carmo MA. Cross-sectional study of oral mucosal conditions among a central Amazonian Indian community, Brazil. J Oral Pathol Med. 2004; 33:7-12##Kullaa-Mikkonen A, Mikkonen M, Kotilainen R. Prevalence of different morphologic forms of the human tongue in young Finns. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1982; 53(2):152-6.##Seiden AM, Tami TA, Pensak ML, Cotton RT, Gluckman JL. Otolaryngology. First ed. New York: Thieme; 2002.##Khozeimeh F, Rasti G.The Prevalence of Tongue Abnormalities among the School Children in Borazjan, Iran. Dental Research Journal 2006; 3(1).##lynch MA, Brightman VJ, Greenberg MS. Burket's Oral Medicine Diagnosis and treatment. 9 th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1994:240-298.##Jahanbani J, Sandvi L, Lyberg3 T, Ahlfors E. Evaluation of Oral Mucosal Lesions in 598 Referred Iranian Patients. Open Dent J. 2009; 3: 42–47.##Reamy BV, Derby R, Bunt CW. Common tongue conditions in primary care. American Family Physician. 2010; 81(5): 627-634.##Ugar-Cankal D, Denizci S, Hocaoglu T. Prevalence of tongue lesions among Turkish schoolchildren. Saudi Medical Journal. 2005; 26(12): 1962-7.##Davies S, Ananthanarayan C, Castro C. Asymptomatic lingual tonsillar hypertrophy and difficult airway management: a report of three cases. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia. 2001; 48(10): 1020-1024.##Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004.##Rioboo-Crespo MR, Planells-del Pozo P, Rioboo-Garcia R. Epidemiology of the most common oral mucosal diseases in children. Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 2005; 10: 376-87.##Babai N, Matlabnejad M, Ghorbanpoor M. The effect of smoking on Coated tongue and black hairy tongue. Babol University Medical Journal. 2007; 9(5): 45-49.##Ajami B, Ebrahimi M, Mohammadzadeh A, Mozaffar Moghaddam S. Frequency of Oral Lesions in Newborns at Mashhad Imam Reza Hospital, in 2001. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2005; 29(1,2): 91-96##Javadzadeh A, Rouhani M. Prevalence of Oral Physiologic and Pathologic Mucosal Changes in Junior High School Boys in Mashhad. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2004; 28(1,2): 15-22.##Fuster V, Colantonio SE. Inbreeding coefficients and degree of consanguineous marriages in Spain: a review. Am J Hum Biol. 2003; 15(5):709-16.##Nussbaum RL, McInnes RR, Willard HF. Thompson and Thompson Genetics in Medicine. 7th edition. Philadelphia: Saundres Elsevier; 2007;##Rabiei M, Mohtashame Amiri Z, Masoodi Rad H, Niazi M, Niazi H. Frequency of Tongue Anomalies in Primary School of Lahidjan. 2003; 45: 36-42.##Akhavi Rad MB, Moin A, Khodakarim S, shahmir H. The prevalence of congenital and acquired tongue disorders in children referred to pediatrics clinic of Mostafa Khomeini hospital during the years 2012-13. Scientific-Research Journal of Shahed University. 2014; 113:21-29.##Razmpa E, Azimi C, Soltan Sanjarei M, Ghasempoure A, Yousefi M. Prevalence of head and neck abnormalities among people with consanguineous parents. Tehran University Medical journal. 2008; 7:512-20.##Rabiei M, Mohtashamamiri Z, Amigh S, Ghotbirad S, Ahsani Tehrani S. Prevalence of geographic tongue, fissure tongue and partial ankyloglossia among students of three stages of school in Rasht in 2003. The Journal of Islamic Dental Association of IRAN (JIDA). 2006; 18 (1):30-36.##Voros-Balog T, Vincze N, Banoczy J. Prevalence of tongue lesions in Hungarian children. Oral Diseases. 2003; 9, 84-87##Darwazeh AM, Almelaih AA. Tongue lesions in a Jordanian population. Prevalence, symptoms, subject's knowledge and treatment provided. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 sep 1; 16(6):e745-9##Mojarrad F, Bakianian Vaziri P. Prevalence of Tongue Anomalies in Hamadan, Iran. Iranian J Publ Health 2008; 23(2):101-105.##Bessa C.F.N, P. J. B. Santos, M. C. F. Agular, M. A. V. do Carmo. Prevalence of oral mucosal alterations in children from 0 to 12 years old. J Oral Pathol Med. 2004; 33:17-22##Byahatti SM, Ingafou MSH. The prevalence of tongue lesions in Libyan adult patients. J Clin Dent. 2010; 2(4):e163-8##Patil S, Kaswan S, Rahman F, Doni B . Prevalence of tongue lesions in the Indian population. J Clin Exp Dent. 2013; 5(3):e128-32##Redman RS. Prevalence of geographic tongue, fissured tongue, median rhomboid glossitis, and hairy tongue among 3,611 Minnesota schoolchildren. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1970; 30(3):390-5.##Ambika L, Vaishali Keluskar, Shivayogi Hugar , Sudha Patil. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions and variations in Indian public school children. Braz j Oral Sci. 2011;10(4):288-293##Madera AMV et al. Prevalence of tongue alterations and related factors in children attending the University of Cartagena, Colombia. Revista Odontologica Mexicana. 2013; 17(4): 231-5.##Ghanaei F, Joukar F, Rabiei M, Dadashzadeh A, Kord Valeshabad A. Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in an Adult Iranian Population. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013; 15(7): 600–604.##Schaumann BF, Peagler FD, Gorlin RJ. Minor craniofacial anomalies among a Negro population. II. Prevalence of tongue anomalies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1970; 29(5):729-34.##Shulman J.D. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in children and youths in the USA. International Journal of Pediatric Dentistry.2005; 15:89-97##Rezaei F, Safarzadeh M, Mozafari H, Tavakoli P. Prevalence of Geographic tongue and Related Predisposing Factors in 7-18 Year-Old Students in Kermanshah, Iran 2014.2015;7(5):91-95.##Rabiei M, Kazemnezhad E, Masoudi rad H. Shakiba M, Pourkay H. Prevalence of oral and dental disorders in institutionalised elderly people in Rasht, Iran. Gerodontology.2010; 27(3):174-7.##dos Santos PJ, Bessa CF, de Aguiar MC, do Carmo MA. Cross-sectional study of oral mucosal conditions among a central Amazonian Indian community, Brazil. J Oral Pathol Med. 2004; 33:7-12##Kullaa-Mikkonen A, Mikkonen M, Kotilainen R. Prevalence of different morphologic forms of the human tongue in young Finns. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1982; 53(2):152-6.## ##

تاثیر مداخلات آموزشی بر کاهش میزان پلاک کودکان پیش‌دبستانی Efficacy of educational intervention on plaque index among pre-school children 1 1 مقدمه:پلاک میکروبی عامل اتیولوژیک پوسیدگی و بیماریهای لثه به ویژه در دوران کودکی و پیش دبستانی بوده، با آموزش بهداشت، بخش قابل توجهی از بار این بیماری‌ها قابل پیشگیری می‌باشد. ما اثربخشی چند روش آموزشی را مطالعه کردیم. روش بررسی: تعداد 126 کودک 5-3 ساله مهدکودکهای فعال در شهرستان آمل در یک مطالعه کارآزمایی بالینی تصادفی از 10 مهد کودک شرکت دادهشدند. عدم ابتلا به بیماری‌های سیستمیک یا مصرف داروهای خاص، نبود کراودینگ شدید در فرد، عدم استفاده از دستگاه‌های ثابت و متحرک ارتودنسی در دهان از فاکتورهای موثر در ورود به طرح بود. میزان پلاک دندانی با استفاده از شاخص Silness and Loe اندازهگیری شد. گروههای آموزشی شامل 1- آموزش مسواک زدن به خود کودکان، 2- آموزش مسواک زدن به خود کودکان با جایزه، 3- آموزش بهداشت به مادران و مسواک زدن توسط خود کودک و نظارت والدین، 4- آموزش بهداشت به مادران و مسواک زدن توسط والدین، و 5- آموزش بهداشت بهمربیکودکوعملمسواکزدنتوسطکودک، بود. معاینات دندانی در زمانهای صفر، یک هفته، یک و سه ماه بعد هنگام صبح، پیش از خوردن صبحانه انجام شد. یافته ها: آموزش به مربی به همراه مسواک زدن توسط کودک، آموزش به مادر و مسواک زدن توسط مادر، مسواک زدن توسط کودک با جایزه، آموزش به مادر و مسواک زدن توسط کودک و آموزش به کودک به ترتیب کاهش پلاک دندانی بیشتر تا کمتر را نشان داد. نتیجه گیری: مربیان مهد کودکها با تواناییهایی که درباره مباحث آموزشی دارند، یا با تکیه بر اطلاعات قبلی خویش می‌توانند آموزش را به خوبی با استفاده از تکنیکهای مناسب آموزشی که از آن برخوردار هستند، به دانشآموزان انتقال دهند. 2 Introduction: Dental plaque is the main factor of tooth caries and periodontal diseases, especially in childhood which is preventable by oral health education. We studied on efficacy of some interventional methods. Materials & Methods: Ten kindergartens With 126 three till five year-old kids randomly were participated in a randomized clinical trial in Amol, a city in the North of Iran. Effective factors in attending in study were no systematic diseases, not using medicines, no heavy crowding or no wearing appliances. Plaque was measured by Silness and Leo index. Groups are: 1.Tooth brushing instructions to children themselves, 2. tooth brushing instructions to children with a gift, 3. tooth brushing instructions to mothers and brushing under supervision of parents, 4.health instruction to mothers and brushing by parents, 5.health instruction to trainers and brushing by children. Dental visit was done 0, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months later in the morning, before having breakfast. Results: Groups 5, 4, 2, and 3 had more reduction in plaque index respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that kindergarten trainers have more ability to teach children with various teaching techniques. 51 60 2017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/20 1396/5/29 2017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/20 1396/5/29 حسین افشار H Afshar Iran Iran رعنا اعظمی R Aezami Iran Iran بنت الهدی قندهاری مطلق H GHandhari motlagh Iran Iran مهدی قندهاری مطلق M GHandhari motlagh Iran Iran Plaque index Educational intervention Clinical trial شاخص پلاک مداخله آموزشی کارآزمایی بالینی Glasgow RE, Gustafson C. Predicting level of preventive dental behaviors. J Am Dent Assoc 1985;111:601-605.##Taani DS, WahadniAM, Omarim MC. The effect of frequency of toothbrushing on oral health of 14-16 years old. J Ir Dent Assoc 2003;49:15-2w0.##SatuA ,Raiji M. Early plaque accumulation a sign for caries risk in young children.Com Dent and Oral Epidemiology 1994;22:273-276.##Saied Moalemi Z, Virtanen JI, Murtomma H. Disparities in oral health of children in Tehran, Iran. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2006;25:152-157.##Alm A. On Dental carries and carries related factor in children. Swed Dent J Supple 2008.##St Leger L. Schools, health literacy and public health: possibilities and challenges. Health PromotInt 2001;16:167-205.##Maes L, lievens J. Can schools make a diffrevce? A multilevel analysis of children's risk and health behavior.SocSci Med 2003;56:517-529.##Ferrazzani GF, Cantile T, Sangianantoni G, Ingenito A. Effectiveness of a motivation method on the oral hygiene of children. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2008 Dec; 9(4):183-187.##صفوی، سید داوود، آیرملو، بهرام. شناخت و روش‌های پیشگیری در بیماری‌های پریودنتال. چاپ اول، انتشارات ساعد، تهران، 140-146.##حاجی میری، خدیجه، شریفی راد، غلامرضا، حسن‌زاده، اکبر. بررسی تاثیر آموزش سلامت دهان و دندان در مادران بر کاهش پلاک دندانی کودکان 3 تا 6 ساله بر اساس الگوی باور سلامت در شهرستان زنجان. مجله عتمی پژوهشی علوم پزشکی زنجان، پاییز 1389; دوره 18 (شماره 72): 86-77.##Basson WJ. Oral health education provided by oral hygienist in private practice. SADJ 1999;54:53-57.##Leal SC, Bezerra AC, de Toledo OA. Effectiveness of teaching methods for tooth brushing in preschool children.Braz Dent J 2002;13:133-136.##Glasgow RE, Gustafson C. Predicting level of preventive dental behaviors. J Am Dent Assoc 1985;111:601-605.##Taani DS, WahadniAM, Omarim MC. The effect of frequency of toothbrushing on oral health of 14-16 years old. J Ir Dent Assoc 2003;49:15-2w0.##SatuA ,Raiji M. Early plaque accumulation a sign for caries risk in young children.Com Dent and Oral Epidemiology 1994;22:273-276.##Saied Moalemi Z, Virtanen JI, Murtomma H. Disparities in oral health of children in Tehran, Iran. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2006;25:152-157.##Alm A. On Dental carries and carries related factor in children. Swed Dent J Supple 2008.##St Leger L. Schools, health literacy and public health: possibilities and challenges. Health PromotInt 2001;16:167-205.##Maes L, lievens J. Can schools make a diffrevce? A multilevel analysis of children's risk and health behavior.SocSci Med 2003;56:517-529.##Ferrazzani GF, Cantile T, Sangianantoni G, Ingenito A. Effectiveness of a motivation method on the oral hygiene of children. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2008 Dec; 9(4):183-187.##صفوی، سید داوود، آیرملو، بهرام. شناخت و روش‌های پیشگیری در بیماری‌های پریودنتال. چاپ اول، انتشارات ساعد، تهران، 140-146.##حاجی میری، خدیجه، شریفی راد، غلامرضا، حسن‌زاده، اکبر. بررسی تاثیر آموزش سلامت دهان و دندان در مادران بر کاهش پلاک دندانی کودکان 3 تا 6 ساله بر اساس الگوی باور سلامت در شهرستان زنجان. مجله عتمی پژوهشی علوم پزشکی زنجان، پاییز 1389; دوره 18 (شماره 72): 86-77.##Basson WJ. Oral health education provided by oral hygienist in private practice. SADJ 1999;54:53-57.##Leal SC, Bezerra AC, de Toledo OA. Effectiveness of teaching methods for tooth brushing in preschool children.Braz Dent J 2002;13:133-136.## ##

هیپومینرالیزاسیون دندان های مولر و انسیزور در مناطق روستایی شهرستان ماسال و شاندرمن گیلان 1 1 زمینه و هدف: هدف از انجام این مطالعه بررسی شیوع هیپومینرالیزاسیون مولر انسیزور ((Molar- Incisor-Hypomineralization (MIH در بین کودکان ۱۳-۶ ساله روستایی شهرستان ماسال و شاندرمن و نیز بررسی عوامل احتمالی پیش بینی کننده آن بود. روش بررسی:شرکت کنندگان در این مطالعه شامل ۵۵۳ کودک از دبستانهای دولتی بودند.در مرحله اول فراوانیMIH بر اساس معاینه بالینی بر اساس شاخص معرفی شده توسط Weerheijm تعیین گردید وسپس 204 نفر در دو گروه مورد و شاهد جهت تعیین عوامل احتمالی ایجادکننده مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. برای جمع آوری اطلاعات از یک پرسشنامه شامل سوالاتی درباره مشکلات اواخر دوران بارداری، هنگام تولد و بیماری های سه سال اول نوزادی، استفاده شد. آنالیز داده ها توسط نرم افزار آماریSPSS19انجام شد. برای بررسی رابطه بین عوامل مختلف از تست آماریChi-square و T-test و رگرشن استفاده شد. یافته ها: شیوعMIH 13.5% بدست آمد. از بین فاکتورهای مورد بررسی:کاهش مدت زمان شیردهی با شیر مادر به کمتر از یکسال دارای ارتباط معنی دار و معکوسی با MIH بود که خطر نسبی ابتلا به ضایعات را 1.4 برابر افزایش می داد. بیشترین موارد ضایعه مربوط به مولرهای پایین و ثنایای میانی بالا و شیوع در گروههای سنی مختلف تفاوت معنی داری با یکدیگر نشان نمی دادند. از نظر شدت ضایعات نیز بیشترین موارد از نوع خفیف بودند.نوع شدید (یا درجه ۳) اغلب در دندان مولرهای مندیبل مشاهده می شد.میزان پوسیدگی در گروه MIH تفاوت معنی داری با گروه شاهد نداشت. نتیجه گیری: شیوعMIH در شهرستان ماسال و شاندرمن از میزان بالایی برخوردار است. بررسی مدت زمان شیردهی توسط به عنوان عوامل خطر در تاریخچه پزشکی، می تواند منجر به معاینه دقیقتر دندانهای مولر اول و ثنایا پس از رویش و بررسی دورهای آنهاجهت مداخله زودرس گردد. 2 Background and Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of molar incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in 6-13year old rural children in Masal and Shanderman (Guilan, Iran) and also the possible predictive factors. Materials and Methods: Participants in the study included 553 children from public primary schools. In the first stage the frequency of MIH was determined based on clinical examination according to the introduced index by Weerheijm and then 204 children were divided into case and control groups for evaluation of possible causative factors. A questionnaire was used to collect data such as late pregnancy problems, problems at birth and neonatal diseases in the first three years. Data analysis was performed by SPSS-19. Chi-square test, t-test and regression were used to examine the relationship between different factors. Results:The prevalence of MIH among the study population was 13.5%. Among factors examined, “increasedbreastfeeding duration” had a significant impact on MIH. No significant difference was observed between the pattern of lesions of and the prevalence of MIH in different age groups. Most lesions were mild. The severe type (grade 3) was often observed in mandibular molars. The dental caries in MIH group was not significantly different from the control group. Conclusion: The prevalence of MIH is high in Masal and Shanderman. Breastfeeding duration may be considered as a risk factor in medical history, to seek an early examination of the first molars and incisors for early intervention. 61 76 2017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/20 1396/5/29 2017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/20 1396/5/29 کتایون سالم K Salem Iran Iran داریوش عزیزی D Azizi Iran Iran مرتضی اسدی M Asadi Iran Iran Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) Prevalence Etiology Molar-Incisor-Hypomineralization(MIH) شیوع اتیولوژی Ahmadi R, Ramazani N, Nourinasab R. Molar incisor hypomineralization: a study of prevalence and etiology in a group of Iranian children. Iran J Pediatr. 2012 Jun; 22(2):245-51.##Weerheijm K.L. Molar Incisor Hypopmineralization (MIH): Clinical Presentation, Aetiology and Management. Paedodontology. 2001; 31: 9-12##Chawla N, Messer LB, Silva M. Clinical studies on molar-incisor-hypomineralisation part distribution and putative associations.Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2008 Dec;9(4):180-90##Lygidakis NA, Dimou G, Marinou D. Molar-incisor-hypomineralisation (MIH). A retrospective clinical study in Greek children. II. Possible medical aetiological factors. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2008; 9(4): 207-17.##Preusser SE, Ferring V, Wleklinski C, Wetzel W. Prevalence and Severity of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in a region of Germany- A Brief Communication. Int J Paed Dent. 2010;67 (3): 148-50.##6. Phipps KR. No Evidence to support the claim that Amoxicillin causes Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization.J Evid base Dent Pract 2010;10 (1):112-4.##مهران م، جلایر نادری ن، حسینی م. شیوع نقایص مینایی دندانهای اینسایزور و مولر اول دائمی و عوامل موثر بر آن در کودکان 9-8 ساله شهر تهران در سال 1382. مجله دندانپزشکی جامعه اسلامی دندانپزشکان. 1384؛ 17 (4): 20-114##Ghanim A, Bagheri R, Golkari A, Manton D. Molar–incisor hypomineralisation: a prevalence study amongst primary schoolchildren of Shiraz, Iran. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2014; 24:14–22##Parikh D.R, Ganesh M, Bhaskar V. Prevalence and characteristics of molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) in the child population residing in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, February 2012, Volume 13, Issue 1, pp 21-26.##Balmer R,Toumba J,Godson J,Duggal M. The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralisation in Northern England and its relationship to socioeconomic status and water fluoridation.International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 250–257.##Sönmez H, Yıldırım G, Bezgin T. Sonmez. The prevalkence and severity of molar incisor hypomineralization in a group of children living in Ankara turkey. Clin Dent & Res 2013; 37(1): 35-41##D3 Group - Developmental Dental Defects - - Prevalence,www.thed3group.org/prevelance.html##Da Costa-Silva C.M ,Jeremias F, Feltrin JS,Cordeiro R, Santos-Pinto L, Zuanon A Int J Paediatr Dent. Molar incisor hypomineralization: prevalence, severity and clinical consequences in Brazilian children. 2010; 20(6):426-34.##Biondi AM, López Jordi Mdel C, Cortese SG, Alvarez L, Salveraglio I, Ortolani AM. Prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in children seeking dental care at the Schools of Dentistry of the University of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and University of la Republica (Uruguay). Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2012;25(2):224-30.##Muratbegovic A, Markovic N, Ganibegovic Selimovic M. Molar incisor hypomineralisation in Bosnia and Herzegovina: aetiology and clinical consequences in medium caries activity population. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2007 Dec;8(4):189-94.##Zawaideh FI, Al-Jundi SH, Al-Jaljoli MH. Molar incisor hypomineralisation: prevalence in Jordanian children and clinical characteristics. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2011; 12(1): 31-6.##Xie z,Kilpatrick NM, Swain MV, Munroe PR, Hoffman M. Transmission electron microscope characterisation of molar-incisor-hypomineralisation. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2008; 19(10): 3187-92.##Dang SN and Yan H (2007). [Optimistic factors affecting nutritional status among children during early childhood in rural areas of western China]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 41 Suppl: 108-14.##Fagrell TG, Ludvigsson J, Ullbro C, Lundin SA, Koch G. Aetiology of severe demarcated enamel opacities—an evaluation based on prospective medical and social data from 17,000 children. Swed Dent J 2011; 35(2): 57-67.##Alaluusua S, Lukinmaa P-L, Torppa J, Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans via mother's milk may cause developmental defects in the child's teeth. Environ toxicol pharmacol. 1996a;1:193–197.##William V, Messer LB, Burrow FB, Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Review and Recommendations for Clinical Management; Pediatric Dentistry – 28:3 2006##Whatling R, Fearne JM. Molar incisor hypomineralization: a study of aetiological factors in a group of UK children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2008 May;18(3):155-62##Crombie F, Manton D, Kilpatrick N. Aetiology of molar-incisor hypomineralization: a critical review. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2009 Mar;19(2):73-83.##Jalevik B, Noren JG, Klingberg G, Barregard L. Etiologic factors influencing the prevalence of demarcated opacities in permanent first molars in a group of Swedish children. Eur J Oral Sci 2001; 109(4): 230-4.##Fagrell TG, Salmon P, Melin L, Norén JG. Onset of molar incisor hypomineralization . (MIH). Swed Dent J. 2013;37(2):61-70.##Kühnisch J, Thiering E, Heitmüller D, Tiesler CM, Grallert H, Heinrich-Weltzien R, Hickel R, Heinrich J; The GINI-10 plus study group; The LISA-10 plus study group Genome-wide association study (GWAS) for molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH). Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Aug 7.##Ahmadi R, Ramazani N, Nourinasab R. Molar incisor hypomineralization: a study of prevalence and etiology in a group of Iranian children. Iran J Pediatr. 2012 Jun; 22(2):245-51.##Weerheijm K.L. Molar Incisor Hypopmineralization (MIH): Clinical Presentation, Aetiology and Management. Paedodontology. 2001; 31: 9-12##Chawla N, Messer LB, Silva M. Clinical studies on molar-incisor-hypomineralisation part distribution and putative associations.Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2008 Dec;9(4):180-90##Lygidakis NA, Dimou G, Marinou D. Molar-incisor-hypomineralisation (MIH). A retrospective clinical study in Greek children. II. Possible medical aetiological factors. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2008; 9(4): 207-17.##Preusser SE, Ferring V, Wleklinski C, Wetzel W. Prevalence and Severity of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in a region of Germany- A Brief Communication. Int J Paed Dent. 2010;67 (3): 148-50.##6. Phipps KR. No Evidence to support the claim that Amoxicillin causes Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization.J Evid base Dent Pract 2010;10 (1):112-4.##مهران م، جلایر نادری ن، حسینی م. شیوع نقایص مینایی دندانهای اینسایزور و مولر اول دائمی و عوامل موثر بر آن در کودکان 9-8 ساله شهر تهران در سال 1382. مجله دندانپزشکی جامعه اسلامی دندانپزشکان. 1384؛ 17 (4): 20-114##Ghanim A, Bagheri R, Golkari A, Manton D. Molar–incisor hypomineralisation: a prevalence study amongst primary schoolchildren of Shiraz, Iran. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2014; 24:14–22##Parikh D.R, Ganesh M, Bhaskar V. Prevalence and characteristics of molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) in the child population residing in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, February 2012, Volume 13, Issue 1, pp 21-26.##Balmer R,Toumba J,Godson J,Duggal M. The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralisation in Northern England and its relationship to socioeconomic status and water fluoridation.International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 250–257.##Sönmez H, Yıldırım G, Bezgin T. Sonmez. The prevalkence and severity of molar incisor hypomineralization in a group of children living in Ankara turkey. Clin Dent & Res 2013; 37(1): 35-41##D3 Group - Developmental Dental Defects - - Prevalence,www.thed3group.org/prevelance.html##Da Costa-Silva C.M ,Jeremias F, Feltrin JS,Cordeiro R, Santos-Pinto L, Zuanon A Int J Paediatr Dent. Molar incisor hypomineralization: prevalence, severity and clinical consequences in Brazilian children. 2010; 20(6):426-34.##Biondi AM, López Jordi Mdel C, Cortese SG, Alvarez L, Salveraglio I, Ortolani AM. Prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in children seeking dental care at the Schools of Dentistry of the University of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and University of la Republica (Uruguay). Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2012;25(2):224-30.##Muratbegovic A, Markovic N, Ganibegovic Selimovic M. Molar incisor hypomineralisation in Bosnia and Herzegovina: aetiology and clinical consequences in medium caries activity population. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2007 Dec;8(4):189-94.##Zawaideh FI, Al-Jundi SH, Al-Jaljoli MH. Molar incisor hypomineralisation: prevalence in Jordanian children and clinical characteristics. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2011; 12(1): 31-6.##Xie z,Kilpatrick NM, Swain MV, Munroe PR, Hoffman M. Transmission electron microscope characterisation of molar-incisor-hypomineralisation. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2008; 19(10): 3187-92.##Dang SN and Yan H (2007). [Optimistic factors affecting nutritional status among children during early childhood in rural areas of western China]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 41 Suppl: 108-14.##Fagrell TG, Ludvigsson J, Ullbro C, Lundin SA, Koch G. Aetiology of severe demarcated enamel opacities—an evaluation based on prospective medical and social data from 17,000 children. Swed Dent J 2011; 35(2): 57-67.##Alaluusua S, Lukinmaa P-L, Torppa J, Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans via mother's milk may cause developmental defects in the child's teeth. Environ toxicol pharmacol. 1996a;1:193–197.##William V, Messer LB, Burrow FB, Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Review and Recommendations for Clinical Management; Pediatric Dentistry – 28:3 2006##Whatling R, Fearne JM. Molar incisor hypomineralization: a study of aetiological factors in a group of UK children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2008 May;18(3):155-62##Crombie F, Manton D, Kilpatrick N. Aetiology of molar-incisor hypomineralization: a critical review. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2009 Mar;19(2):73-83.##Jalevik B, Noren JG, Klingberg G, Barregard L. Etiologic factors influencing the prevalence of demarcated opacities in permanent first molars in a group of Swedish children. Eur J Oral Sci 2001; 109(4): 230-4.##Fagrell TG, Salmon P, Melin L, Norén JG. Onset of molar incisor hypomineralization . (MIH). Swed Dent J. 2013;37(2):61-70.##Kühnisch J, Thiering E, Heitmüller D, Tiesler CM, Grallert H, Heinrich-Weltzien R, Hickel R, Heinrich J; The GINI-10 plus study group; The LISA-10 plus study group Genome-wide association study (GWAS) for molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH). Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Aug 7.## ##

بازسازی دهانی در هیپوهیدروتیک اکتودرمال دیسپلازی: گزارش مورد Dental reconstruction in hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia: case report 1 1 مقدمه: اکتودرمال دیسپلازی یک نوع بیماری ارثی، با درگیری ساختار اکتودرم جنینی در دندان ها، پوست، مو، ناخن و غدد بزاقی و اشکی و غدد عرق است. هیپوهیدروتیک اکتودرمال دیسپلازی، شایعترین شکل این بیماری با وراثت وابسته به جنس مغلوب میباشد. مهمترین علائم کلینیکی این بیماری شامل پوست خشک، موی نازک و کم پشت، ناخن های کوچک و شکننده، هایپرکراتوز کف دست و پا، فقدان کامل یا ناقص غدد عرق در نوع هیپوهیدروتیک و هیپودونشیا یا الیگودونشیا می گردد. معرفی مورد: بیماردختربچه ٦ساله مبتلا به هیپوهیدروتیک اکتودرمال دیسپلازی با تاریخچه خانوادگی مثبت و با شکایت از مشکل در جویدن، بود. در بررسی بالینی داخل دهانی و رادیوگرافی؛ دندان های کوچک و مخروطی، هیپودونشیا، افزایش اوربایت، آتروفی ریج آلوئول فکین مشاهده شد. بازسازی دهانی توسط اوردنچر متحرک دو فک صورت گرفت. درنتیجه عملکرد جویدن، صحبت کردن، وزیبایی کودک تا حد زیادی بهبود یافت. 2 Background and aim: Ectodermaldysplasia is a hereditary disorder of ectodermthat involvesteeth, skin, and hair, nails, salivary, lacrimal and sweat glands. The most common type of diseaseishypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia that is inherited as recessive x-linked trait. The main clinical symptoms are dry skin, sparse thinhair, small brittle nails, hyperkeratosis of palms and soles, complete or partial missing of sweat glands, hypodontia and oligodontia. Case report:The patient was a six years oldfemalewith hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia with the chief complaint of difficult eating. The clinical and radiographic examinations showed conical teeth and microdontia, hypodontia, increased overbite, and atrophic alveolar ridge. The oral rehabilitation was performed by constructing overdentures on both jaws.The oral functions including mastication, speaking and esthetics were improved to a large extent. 77 82 2017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/20 1396/5/29 2017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/202017/08/20 1396/5/29 کتایون سالم K Salem Iran Iran فاطمه معظمی F Moazami Iran Iran HypohydroticEctodermal dysplasia Oral rehabilitation Removable denture اکتودرمال دیسپلازی هیپوهیدروتیک هیپودونشیا بازسازی دهان پروتز متحرک Visinoni A.F, Lisboa-Costa T, Pagnan N.A, etc. Ectodermal dysplasias: clinical and molecular review. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2009;149A:1980–2002. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32864.##Freire-Maia N. Ectodermal dysplasias. Hum. Hered. 1971;21:309–312. doi: 10.1159/000152419.##Nguyen-Nielsen M, Skovbo S, Svaneby D, Pedersen L, etc. The prevalence of X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED) in Denmark, 1995–2010. Eur J Med Genet. 2013 May;56(5):236-42.##Vieira K.A, Teixeira M.S, Guirado C.G, etc. Prosthodontic treatment of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with complete anodontia: Case report. Quintessence Int. 2007;38:75–80.##De Aquino S.N, Paranaiba L.M, Swerts M.S, Martelli D.R, de Barros L.M, Martelli Junior H. Orofacial features of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Head Neck Pathol. 2012 Dec;6(4):460-6.##Kutkowska-Kaźmierczak A, Niepokój K, Wertheim-Tysarowska K. et al. J Appl Genetics. 2015; 56: 329. doi:10.1007/s13353-014-0266-1.##Tarjan I, Gabris K, Rozsa N. Early prosthetic treatment of patients with ectodermal dysplasia: a clinical report. jprosthet dent. 2005;93:419–24.##Nunn J.H, Carter N, Gillgrass T, etc. The interdisciplinary management of hypodontia: background and role of paediatric dentistry. br dent j. 2003;194:245–51.##Pagnan N.A., Visinoni A.F. Update on ectodermal dysplasias clinical classification. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2014;164A:2415–2423. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36616.##Osborn J.F. Die alveolar extensions plastik. Teil I. Quintessence. 1985;36:9–16.##Zeng B, Lu H, Xiao X, etc. Novel EDA mutation in X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and genotype-phenotype correlation. Oral Dis. 2015;21:994–1000. doi: 10.1111/odi.12376.##Deshmukh S., Prashanth S. Ectodermal dysplasia: a genetic review. Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 2012;5:197–202. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1165.##Lo muzio l, Bucci P, Carile F, et al. Prosthetic rehabilitation of a child affected from anhydrotic ectodermal dysplasia: a case report. jcontemp dent pract. 2005;6:120–6.##Buyse M.L. Birth defects encyclopedia. pp 597–8. Chicago-St Louis: Mosby, 1990.##VasconcelosCarvalho M, Romero Souto de Sousa J, Paiva Correa de Melo F, et al. Hypohidrotic and hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: A report of two cases. Dermatol Online J. 2013;19:18985.##Koyuncuoglu C.Z, Metin S, Saylan I, etc. Full-mouth rehabilitation of a patient with ectodermal dysplasia with dental implants. J Oral Implantol. 2014;6:714–21.##Carvalho M.V, De Sousa J.R.S, De Melo F. P. C. et al. Hypohidrotic and hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: a report of two cases. Dermatology Online J. 2013;19:18985.##Derbanne M.A, Sitbon M.C, Landru M.M, etc. Case report: Early prosthetic treatment in children with ectodermal dysplasia. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2010 Dec;11(6):301-5.##Kearns G, Sharma A, Perrott D, etc. Placement of endosseous implants in children and adolescents with hereditary ectodermal dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEndod. 1999 Jul;88(1):5-10.##Sweeney I.P, Ferguson J.W, Heggie A.A, etc. Treatment outcomes for adolescent ectodermal dysplasia patients treated with dental implants. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2005 Jul;15(4):241-8.##De Alencar N.A, Reis K.R, Antonio A.G, etc. Influence of oral rehabilitation on the oral health-related quality of life of a child with ectodermal dysplasia. J Dent Child (Chic). 2015 Jan-Apr;82(1):36-40.##Imirzalioglu P, Uckan S, Haydar S.G. Surgical and prosthodontic treatment alternatives for children and adolescents with ectodermal dysplasia: a clinical report. jprosthet dent. 2002;88:569–72.##Rad A.S, Siadat H, Monzavi A, Mangoli A.A. Full mouth rehabilitation of a hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia patient with dental implants: a clinical report. jprosthodont. 2007;16:209–13.##Murdock S, Lee J.Y, Guckes A, etc. A costs analysis of dental treatment for ectodermal dysplasia. J am dent assoc. 2005;136:1273–6.##Ramos V, Giebink D.L, Fisher J.G, Christensen L.C. Complete dentures for a child with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: a clinical report. jprosthet dent. 1995;74:329–31.##Shaw R.M. Prosthetic management of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with anodontia case report. aust dent j. 1990;35:113–6.##Franchi L, Branchi R, Tollaro I. Craniofacial changes following early prosthetic treatment in a case of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with complete anodontia. asdc j dent child. 1998;65:116–21.##Visinoni A.F, Lisboa-Costa T, Pagnan N.A, etc. Ectodermal dysplasias: clinical and molecular review. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2009;149A:1980–2002. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32864.##Freire-Maia N. Ectodermal dysplasias. Hum. Hered. 1971;21:309–312. doi: 10.1159/000152419.##Nguyen-Nielsen M, Skovbo S, Svaneby D, Pedersen L, etc. The prevalence of X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED) in Denmark, 1995–2010. Eur J Med Genet. 2013 May;56(5):236-42.##Vieira K.A, Teixeira M.S, Guirado C.G, etc. Prosthodontic treatment of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with complete anodontia: Case report. Quintessence Int. 2007;38:75–80.##De Aquino S.N, Paranaiba L.M, Swerts M.S, Martelli D.R, de Barros L.M, Martelli Junior H. Orofacial features of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Head Neck Pathol. 2012 Dec;6(4):460-6.##Kutkowska-Kaźmierczak A, Niepokój K, Wertheim-Tysarowska K. et al. J Appl Genetics. 2015; 56: 329. doi:10.1007/s13353-014-0266-1.##Tarjan I, Gabris K, Rozsa N. Early prosthetic treatment of patients with ectodermal dysplasia: a clinical report. jprosthet dent. 2005;93:419–24.##Nunn J.H, Carter N, Gillgrass T, etc. The interdisciplinary management of hypodontia: background and role of paediatric dentistry. br dent j. 2003;194:245–51.##Pagnan N.A., Visinoni A.F. Update on ectodermal dysplasias clinical classification. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2014;164A:2415–2423. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36616.##Osborn J.F. Die alveolar extensions plastik. Teil I. Quintessence. 1985;36:9–16.##Zeng B, Lu H, Xiao X, etc. Novel EDA mutation in X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and genotype-phenotype correlation. Oral Dis. 2015;21:994–1000. doi: 10.1111/odi.12376.##Deshmukh S., Prashanth S. Ectodermal dysplasia: a genetic review. Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 2012;5:197–202. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1165.##Lo muzio l, Bucci P, Carile F, et al. Prosthetic rehabilitation of a child affected from anhydrotic ectodermal dysplasia: a case report. jcontemp dent pract. 2005;6:120–6.##Buyse M.L. Birth defects encyclopedia. pp 597–8. Chicago-St Louis: Mosby, 1990.##VasconcelosCarvalho M, Romero Souto de Sousa J, Paiva Correa de Melo F, et al. Hypohidrotic and hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: A report of two cases. Dermatol Online J. 2013;19:18985.##Koyuncuoglu C.Z, Metin S, Saylan I, etc. Full-mouth rehabilitation of a patient with ectodermal dysplasia with dental implants. J Oral Implantol. 2014;6:714–21.##Carvalho M.V, De Sousa J.R.S, De Melo F. P. C. et al. Hypohidrotic and hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: a report of two cases. Dermatology Online J. 2013;19:18985.##Derbanne M.A, Sitbon M.C, Landru M.M, etc. Case report: Early prosthetic treatment in children with ectodermal dysplasia. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2010 Dec;11(6):301-5.##Kearns G, Sharma A, Perrott D, etc. Placement of endosseous implants in children and adolescents with hereditary ectodermal dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEndod. 1999 Jul;88(1):5-10.##Sweeney I.P, Ferguson J.W, Heggie A.A, etc. Treatment outcomes for adolescent ectodermal dysplasia patients treated with dental implants. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2005 Jul;15(4):241-8.##De Alencar N.A, Reis K.R, Antonio A.G, etc. Influence of oral rehabilitation on the oral health-related quality of life of a child with ectodermal dysplasia. J Dent Child (Chic). 2015 Jan-Apr;82(1):36-40.##Imirzalioglu P, Uckan S, Haydar S.G. Surgical and prosthodontic treatment alternatives for children and adolescents with ectodermal dysplasia: a clinical report. jprosthet dent. 2002;88:569–72.##Rad A.S, Siadat H, Monzavi A, Mangoli A.A. Full mouth rehabilitation of a hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia patient with dental implants: a clinical report. jprosthodont. 2007;16:209–13.##Murdock S, Lee J.Y, Guckes A, etc. A costs analysis of dental treatment for ectodermal dysplasia. J am dent assoc. 2005;136:1273–6.##Ramos V, Giebink D.L, Fisher J.G, Christensen L.C. Complete dentures for a child with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: a clinical report. jprosthet dent. 1995;74:329–31.##Shaw R.M. Prosthetic management of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with anodontia case report. aust dent j. 1990;35:113–6.##Franchi L, Branchi R, Tollaro I. Craniofacial changes following early prosthetic treatment in a case of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with complete anodontia. asdc j dent child. 1998;65:116–21.## ##