1395 12 1 0 94

سلامت دهان و دندان دانش‌آموزان پیش‌دبستانی و ابتدایی شهرستان فسا در سال 1393 Oral health among pre and elementary school children in Fasa at 2013 1 1 از آنجا که هیچ گزارش مدونی در خصوص بهداشت دهان و دندان کودکان شهرستان فسا از سال 1377 به این‌سو وجود ندارد و به ‌منظور آماده ‌سازی زیر ساخت انجام مطالعات و مداخلات عمومی دندانپزشکی، این مطالعه با هدف بررسی شاخص‌های dmft و DMFT(Decayed, Missing, Filling, Teeth) در کودکان شهرستان فسا انجام شد. روش بررسی: این مطالعه مقطعی در سال 1393 روی 4400 نفر از کودکان پیش‌دبستانی و ابتدایی شهرستان فسا که با روش نمونه‌گیری چندمرحله‌ای از مناطق شهری و روستایی انتخاب‌شده بودند، انجام گرفت. معاینات توسط کارشناسان بهداشت تحت نظر دندان‌پزشک در مدارس انجام و تعداد دندان‌های پوسیده، ازدست‌داده و ترمیم‌شده به تفکیک شیری و دائمی تعیین شد. یافته­ها: مقدار شاخص dmft در دانش‌آموزان شهرستان فسا 43/3 ± 45/4 و شاخص DMFT برابر با 64/1 ± 26/1 بود که بین دانش‌آموزان دختر و پسر اختلاف معنادار آماری نداشت (به ترتیب 280/0 P= و 200/0 P=). تعداد دندان‌های پوسیده شیری دانش‌آموزان پسر بیشتر از دختران (015/0 P=) و دندان‌های ترمیم‌شده شیری دختران بیشتر از پسران بود (001/0 P<). هر دو شاخص در مدارس شهری کمتر از مناطق روستایی بود (001/0 P<). شاخص پوسیدگی‌های قابل‌توجه (SiCSignificant Caries) در جامعه موردبررسی 23/2 ± 18/10 بود. نتیجه­گیری: یافته‌ها نشان‌دهنده بالا بودن مقدار شاخص dmft در کودکان زیر 14 سال به‌ویژه در مناطق روستایی بود که برای کنترل این مشکل علاوه بر انجام مداخلات پیشگیرانه و درمانی، افزایش آگاهی در سطوح مختلف جامعه نیز پیشنهاد می‌شود. 2  Because of the lack of written deal with the oral and dental health in city of Fasa from1998 onwards and also to make the infrastructure for related studies and dental public interventions, this study was conducted to study indices of dmft and DMFT (Decayed, Missing, Filling, Teeth) in children of Fasa city. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2014 on 4,400 children of pre-school and primary school in the city of Fasa selected in multistage sampling from urban and rural. Checks were done by health professionals under the supervision of a dentist at schools and the numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth were determined and separated regarding the primary and permanent teeth. Results: The dmft and DMFTindices were 4.45±3.43 and 1.26±1.64, respectively, that showed no significant difference between male and female students (P = 0.280 and P= 0.200 respectively). The number of decayed primary teeth in boys was more than that of girls (P=0.015) and the number of filled primary teeth was more in girls comparing to that of boys (P<0.001). Both indicators were smaller in urban schools than rural areas (P<0.001). SiC index (Significant Caries) for the selected population were 10.18±2.23. Conclusion: The results exposed a high level of dmft index in children under 14, especially in rural areas. In order to control this problem, in addition to preventive and medicinal interventions, improving the awareness of society at different levels is suggested 17 32 2017/11/2 1396/8/11 2017/11/2 1396/8/11 رسول محمودی R Mahmoudi iran ایران سعیده زارعی S Zareei iran ایران محمد مهدی نقی زاده M Naghizadeh iran ایران سمیه نبیئی S Nabiei iran ایران صفورا سپهی S Sepahi iran ایران زهرا بهزادی S Behzadi iran ایران DMFT Decayed Tooth Missing Tooth Significant Caries rural Fasa DMFT دندان پوسیده دندان کشیده شده شاخص پوسیدگی‌های قابل‌توجه روستایی فسا. Rezai S. The prevalence of ECC and its influencing factors among children 5-3 years old, kindergarten Ardabil in 1392 Ardabil University of Medical Sciences 2012. [persain]##Torabi-PariziM, Eskandarizadeh A, Razifar M, Karimi-Afshar M, Mosharafian S. Assessment of significant caries index and oral hygiene status in a 15-year-old student in Kerman2012. J Oral Health Oral Epidemiol 2014;3(1):16-20.##Hatami H, Razavi SM, Eftekhar Ardabilli H, MajlesiF.Text of Public Health.3th ed. Tehran: Arjomand Pub; 2012. [Persian]##MohebiS, RamezaniA, MatlabiM, et al. The survey of oral-dental health of grade 3 students of Gonabad primary schools in 2007 Ofogh-e-Danesh GMUHS Journal. 2009;15(1):69-77. [persain]##Khazaei M, MahviAH, Fouladi Fard R, et al. Dental Caries Prevalence among Schoolchildren in Urban and Rural Areas of Qom Province, Central Part of Iran. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2013; 18(5):584-91.##PakpourA, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E, et al. The status of dental caries and related factors in a sample of Iranian adolescents. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 16(6):822-7.##Motamedi MRK, Behzadi A, Khodadad N, et al. Oral health and quality of life in children: A cross-sectional study. Dent Hypotheses. 2014;5(2):53-8.##Pakpour A, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E. Oral health status and related factors in a sample of high school students (Qazvin (1389) Journal of Qazvin University of MedicalSciences and Health ervices. 2011;15 (3):55-60. [persain]##Mohammad NejadE, ShariatE, Begjani J, et al. Evaluation of Oral Health in Primary School Children in Saveh,Iran Jornal of Gorgan Bouyeh Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery. 2011;8(1):74-80. [Persain].##MossahebP, Kargar novinZ, Malek afzali B, et al. The Relationship between Food Intake and Dental Caries in a group of Iranian Children in 2009. J Res Dent Sci. 2011;7(4):50-42. [persain] .##Farooq Shah A, Batra M, Kabasi S, Dany S, et al. Dental caries experience among 6-12 year old school children of Budgam district, Jammu and Kashmir state, .Asian Pacific Journal Of Health Scinces. 2015;2(1):55-9.##ShahA, BatraM, Kabasi S, et al. DMFT Index and Bilateral Dental Caries Occurance amonge 12-Year-oldStudents in Rafsanjan-2007. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2008;4(7):55-9. [persain].##Aghdasi H, Gholami-Borujeni F, Behzadpoor M, et al. A Survey Of Relationship Between Drinking Water Fluoride Concentration And DMFT Index In Guidance School Students: A Case Study Piranshahr And Poldasht, West Azarbayjan.The Journal of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. 201425(3):199-207. [ persain].##Hosein pour R, ASafari HR. A Review of Statistics and Information Department of Dentistry. Tehran: Ghaem Jourband Pub; 2013. [Persian].##Azizi F, Janghorbani M, al e. Epidemiology and Control of common diseases in Iran. 1th ed. Tehran : Khosravi & Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism Pub; 2010. [Persian]##SalemW, Araby Y. Significant Caries index in 12-14 years old children in Qassim Area- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Invention Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2015;2(1):6-12.##Zhang S, Liu J, CM LoE et al. Dental and periodontal status of 12-year-old Bulang children in China. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14(32):1-6.##Aladole R, Abdul-Rahman G. Correlation of Streptococci mutans, Oral Lactobacilli and Oral Enterococci with dmftScore in Iraqi Children. International Journal of Enhanced Research in Science Technology & Engineering. 2015;4(2):53-7.##Blinkhorn A, Byun R, JohnsonG, et al. The Dental Health of primary school children living in fluoridated, pre-fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities in New South Wales, Australia. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15(9):1-6.##SadinejadM, KelishadiR, ArdalanG, et al. Evaluation of DMFT and dmft and gingival inflammation in Iranian school students: Findings of a nationwide screening survey in urban and rural areas J Isfahan Dent Sch 2014;10(2):162-54. [persain].##Department of Health and Medical Education - Unit of Health - Office of Oral Health. Iranian children's oral health landscape in 1998.Tehran;2000.##KrisdapongSP, Rattanarangsima K, SheihamA. School absence due to toothache associated with sociodemographic factors, dental caries status, and oral health-related quality of life in 12- and 15-year-old Thai children. J Public Health Dent. 2013;73(4):3. 23.NishiM, StejernswardJ, CarlssonP, et al. Caries Experience of Some Countries and Areas Expressed by the Significant Caries Index. Community Dent OralEpidemiol 2002;3:296-301.##Mehrdad K. International epidemiologic indices in industry studies suggested by World Health Organization. Tehran: University Mobilization of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Pub; 1987. [Persian].##Javadinejad Sh, Karami M, Azizi HR. Caries Prevalence in 12-year-old Children of Isfahan City Expressed by the Significant Caries Index. Journal of Isfahan Dental School 2006; 2(2): 13-17.persain##NokhostinM, SiahkamariA, Akbarzadeh BaghebanA. Evaluation of oral and dental health of 6-12 year-old students in Kermanshah city ISMJ. 2013;16(3):241-9. [persain].##Rahmani K, RahmaniA, Rahmani H, et al. Effects of Flourid on Child Dental Caris in Noorrabad Mamasani Town in 2008 Scientific Journal of Ilam Universityof Medical Sciences. 2011;19(4):1-20. [ persain].##AsdaghS, NuroloyuniS, AmaniF, Sadeghi MazidiT. Dental Caries Prevalence among 6-12 Years Old School Children in Ardabil City, 2012. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2015;15(1):39-45. [persain].##AbediniH, GilasiH, DavoodiE, EshghiT, KarbasiM, HeidarianM, et al. Prevalence and Causes of Decay In Primary Teeth of Children Aged 2-6 Years In Kashan Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences2013;21(5):115-23. [persain].##AsdaghS. Dental caries prevalance, socioeconomic status, dmft, DMFT, DMFS (index), school children primary school Ardabil city [persain]: Ardabil University of Medical Sciences2012. [persain].##Mehrabkhani M, Ajami B, Khademi M, Arastoo S. Evaluating Risk Factors of Dental Caries in Children under 6-Years-Old Supported by Welfare Organization of Mashhad in 2012 J Mash Dent Sch. 2014;38(3):257-66. [persain].##DietrichT, CullerC, Garcia R, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in children's oral health: The nationalsurvey of children's health. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008; 139(11):1507-17.##Jones M, LeeJ, Rosier R. Oral health literacy among adult patients seeking dental care. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007; 138(9):1199-208.##American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Clinical Guideline on infant oral health care. Pediatric Dent: 2005-2006.##AminabadiN, PuralibabaF, ErfanparastL, et al. Impact of temperament on child behavior in the dental setting. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2011;5(4):119-22.##Elhami Nasab E, AghaianZ, Hashemian M. Evaluation of the knowledge of mothers visiting Sabzevar Health Centers on the importance of oral and dental health for their children from birth to 3 years and the relationship of this knowledge with demographic characteristics The Journal of Research Committee of Students Sabzevar University of Medical Scinces, Iran. 2010;16(1,2):1-6. [persain].##Naderifar M, Ghaljaei F, Akbarizadeh MR. Determination of the mothers' practice about orodental health of their children up to six years old Zahedan JRes Med Sci. 2010;12(4):43-8. [persain.]##Soltani R, SharifiradG, HasanzadehA, et al. Mothers' Knowledge andAttitude on Oral Health Preschool Children in Isfahan, Iran. J Health Syst Res 2013;9(7):712-9. [Persain].##Hatami H, Razavi SM, Eftekhar Ardabilli H, MajlesiF. Text of Public Health. Tehran: Arjomand Pub; 2012. [Persian]##loaded A. The introduction of new methods in dentistry preventive and estimate the risk of oral diseases. Translated to persian by: Akhavan, P & Amini, M. Tehran: Timor zadeh Pub; 2002.p: 45-67.##Eslamipour F, Heydari K, GhayorM, et al. Access to dental care and its barriers in 6‒14-year-old children reported by their parents in Isfahan. J Isfahan Dent Sch 2015;11(3):206-2015. [persain].##Watt RG. Strategies and approaches in oral disease prevention and health promotion. Bull world health organ. 2005;83:711-8.##Pakpour A, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E, et al. Why Iranian adolescents do not brush their teeth:A qualitative study. Int J dent hygiene, In Press 2011.##Who, 2003. Who information series on school health, Doc 11; Oral health promotion through schools, [Online]. Geneva: Who. [Accessed].##Saied-Moallemi Z. School-based intervention to promote preadolescents' gingival health:A community trial oral health promotion in preadolescents. community dent oral epidemiol 2009: 518-26. p.##Mc DonaldR, AveryD. Dentistry for the child and adolescent. U.S.A. 8th ed.Mosby Pub: 2004.##NamalN, Yüceokur A, CanG. Significant caries index values and related factors in 5-6-year-oldchildren in Istanbul, Turkey. East Mediterr Health J 2009;15(1):178-84.##Hazavei SMM, Sohrabi VafaM, MoeiniB, et al. Assessment of oral – dental health status: using Health Belief Model (HBM) in first grade guidance school students in HamadanJundishapur JMicrobiol. 2012;4(3):65-75.##SajadiF, MosharafianS, TorabiM et al. Evaluation of DMFT indexand Significant Caries Index in 12-year-oldstudents in Sirjan, Kerman. J Isfahan DentSch 2014;10(4):290-8. [persain].##Arsang JangS, Amani F, Jafari Koshki T, et al. The Level of Availability and Use of Oral and Dental Health Services in 6-7 Years Old Children, Qom, Iran Qom Univ Med Sci J. 2015;9(4):55-63.##SoheilipourS, Saied-MoallemiZ, AhmadiM. Evaluation of the mass media coverage of oral health-related issues in Iran in 2011-2012. J Isfahan Dent Sch. 2014;10(3):262-75. [persain].##MohammadiZeidiI, YekaninejadM, AkaberiA, et al. The effectiveness of Motivational interviewing (MI) of oral self care behaviors among high school students in QazvinJournal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences 2013;5(1):127-38. [persain].##Davari AR, Zare Shahi M, YousufM. Assessing DMFT index and its influencing factors in the 12-year-old students in 1380 Ardekan city Quarterly Journal of Dentistry (Dandanpizishki Iran). 2004:70-9. [persain].##AllisonR, ManskiR. The supply of dentists and access to care in rural Kansas. J Rural Health 2007;23(3):198-206.##Aghighi S, Omrani L. Evaluation of DMFT index and level of teeth and mouth hygiene education among students in air force military bases in the year 2008-2009 Journal of IRIAF Health Administration 2009-2010;12(4):14-9. [persain].##Villalobos-Rodelo J, Medina-Solís C, Maupomé G, et al. Dental needs and socioeconomic status associated with utilization of dental services in the presence of dentalpain: A case-control study in children. J Orofac Pain. 2010;24(3):279-86.##Eslamipour F, ZabihiF. Effect of instructing mothers on their performance in relation to the application of pit and fissure sealants in 6-8 year-oldchildren in Isfahan J Isfahan DentSch. 2011;7(5):804-9. [persain].##Rabbani KhorasganiM, Aliasghari A, Khoroushi M. Comparison of methods for controlling dental caries in the classical medicine and alternative medical practices and future prospects. J Dent (Tehran). 2015;28(2):122-31. [persain].##Rezai S. The prevalence of ECC and its influencing factors among children 5-3 years old, kindergarten Ardabil in 1392 Ardabil University of Medical Sciences 2012. [persain]##Torabi-PariziM, Eskandarizadeh A, Razifar M, Karimi-Afshar M, Mosharafian S. Assessment of significant caries index and oral hygiene status in a 15-year-old student in Kerman2012. J Oral Health Oral Epidemiol 2014;3(1):16-20.##Hatami H, Razavi SM, Eftekhar Ardabilli H, MajlesiF.Text of Public Health.3th ed. Tehran: Arjomand Pub; 2012. [Persian]##MohebiS, RamezaniA, MatlabiM, et al. The survey of oral-dental health of grade 3 students of Gonabad primary schools in 2007 Ofogh-e-Danesh GMUHS Journal. 2009;15(1):69-77. [persain]##Khazaei M, MahviAH, Fouladi Fard R, et al. Dental Caries Prevalence among Schoolchildren in Urban and Rural Areas of Qom Province, Central Part of Iran. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2013; 18(5):584-91.##PakpourA, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E, et al. The status of dental caries and related factors in a sample of Iranian adolescents. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 16(6):822-7.##Motamedi MRK, Behzadi A, Khodadad N, et al. Oral health and quality of life in children: A cross-sectional study. Dent Hypotheses. 2014;5(2):53-8.##Pakpour A, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E. Oral health status and related factors in a sample of high school students (Qazvin (1389) Journal of Qazvin University of MedicalSciences and Health ervices. 2011;15 (3):55-60. [persain]##Mohammad NejadE, ShariatE, Begjani J, et al. Evaluation of Oral Health in Primary School Children in Saveh,Iran Jornal of Gorgan Bouyeh Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery. 2011;8(1):74-80. [Persain].##MossahebP, Kargar novinZ, Malek afzali B, et al. The Relationship between Food Intake and Dental Caries in a group of Iranian Children in 2009. J Res Dent Sci. 2011;7(4):50-42. [persain] .##Farooq Shah A, Batra M, Kabasi S, Dany S, et al. Dental caries experience among 6-12 year old school children of Budgam district, Jammu and Kashmir state, .Asian Pacific Journal Of Health Scinces. 2015;2(1):55-9.##ShahA, BatraM, Kabasi S, et al. DMFT Index and Bilateral Dental Caries Occurance amonge 12-Year-oldStudents in Rafsanjan-2007. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2008;4(7):55-9. [persain].##Aghdasi H, Gholami-Borujeni F, Behzadpoor M, et al. A Survey Of Relationship Between Drinking Water Fluoride Concentration And DMFT Index In Guidance School Students: A Case Study Piranshahr And Poldasht, West Azarbayjan.The Journal of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. 201425(3):199-207. [ persain].##Hosein pour R, ASafari HR. A Review of Statistics and Information Department of Dentistry. Tehran: Ghaem Jourband Pub; 2013. [Persian].##Azizi F, Janghorbani M, al e. Epidemiology and Control of common diseases in Iran. 1th ed. Tehran : Khosravi & Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism Pub; 2010. [Persian]##SalemW, Araby Y. Significant Caries index in 12-14 years old children in Qassim Area- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Invention Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2015;2(1):6-12.##Zhang S, Liu J, CM LoE et al. Dental and periodontal status of 12-year-old Bulang children in China. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14(32):1-6.##Aladole R, Abdul-Rahman G. Correlation of Streptococci mutans, Oral Lactobacilli and Oral Enterococci with dmftScore in Iraqi Children. International Journal of Enhanced Research in Science Technology & Engineering. 2015;4(2):53-7.##Blinkhorn A, Byun R, JohnsonG, et al. The Dental Health of primary school children living in fluoridated, pre-fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities in New South Wales, Australia. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15(9):1-6.##SadinejadM, KelishadiR, ArdalanG, et al. Evaluation of DMFT and dmft and gingival inflammation in Iranian school students: Findings of a nationwide screening survey in urban and rural areas J Isfahan Dent Sch 2014;10(2):162-54. [persain].##Department of Health and Medical Education - Unit of Health - Office of Oral Health. Iranian children's oral health landscape in 1998.Tehran;2000.##KrisdapongSP, Rattanarangsima K, SheihamA. School absence due to toothache associated with sociodemographic factors, dental caries status, and oral health-related quality of life in 12- and 15-year-old Thai children. J Public Health Dent. 2013;73(4):3. 23.NishiM, StejernswardJ, CarlssonP, et al. Caries Experience of Some Countries and Areas Expressed by the Significant Caries Index. Community Dent OralEpidemiol 2002;3:296-301.##Mehrdad K. International epidemiologic indices in industry studies suggested by World Health Organization. Tehran: University Mobilization of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Pub; 1987. [Persian].##Javadinejad Sh, Karami M, Azizi HR. Caries Prevalence in 12-year-old Children of Isfahan City Expressed by the Significant Caries Index. Journal of Isfahan Dental School 2006; 2(2): 13-17.persain##NokhostinM, SiahkamariA, Akbarzadeh BaghebanA. Evaluation of oral and dental health of 6-12 year-old students in Kermanshah city ISMJ. 2013;16(3):241-9. [persain].##Rahmani K, RahmaniA, Rahmani H, et al. Effects of Flourid on Child Dental Caris in Noorrabad Mamasani Town in 2008 Scientific Journal of Ilam Universityof Medical Sciences. 2011;19(4):1-20. [ persain].##AsdaghS, NuroloyuniS, AmaniF, Sadeghi MazidiT. Dental Caries Prevalence among 6-12 Years Old School Children in Ardabil City, 2012. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2015;15(1):39-45. [persain].##AbediniH, GilasiH, DavoodiE, EshghiT, KarbasiM, HeidarianM, et al. Prevalence and Causes of Decay In Primary Teeth of Children Aged 2-6 Years In Kashan Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences2013;21(5):115-23. [persain].##AsdaghS. Dental caries prevalance, socioeconomic status, dmft, DMFT, DMFS (index), school children primary school Ardabil city [persain]: Ardabil University of Medical Sciences2012. [persain].##Mehrabkhani M, Ajami B, Khademi M, Arastoo S. Evaluating Risk Factors of Dental Caries in Children under 6-Years-Old Supported by Welfare Organization of Mashhad in 2012 J Mash Dent Sch. 2014;38(3):257-66. [persain].##DietrichT, CullerC, Garcia R, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in children's oral health: The nationalsurvey of children's health. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008; 139(11):1507-17.##Jones M, LeeJ, Rosier R. Oral health literacy among adult patients seeking dental care. J Am Dent Assoc. 2007; 138(9):1199-208.##American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Clinical Guideline on infant oral health care. Pediatric Dent: 2005-2006.##AminabadiN, PuralibabaF, ErfanparastL, et al. Impact of temperament on child behavior in the dental setting. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2011;5(4):119-22.##Elhami Nasab E, AghaianZ, Hashemian M. Evaluation of the knowledge of mothers visiting Sabzevar Health Centers on the importance of oral and dental health for their children from birth to 3 years and the relationship of this knowledge with demographic characteristics The Journal of Research Committee of Students Sabzevar University of Medical Scinces, Iran. 2010;16(1,2):1-6. [persain].##Naderifar M, Ghaljaei F, Akbarizadeh MR. Determination of the mothers' practice about orodental health of their children up to six years old Zahedan JRes Med Sci. 2010;12(4):43-8. [persain.]##Soltani R, SharifiradG, HasanzadehA, et al. Mothers' Knowledge andAttitude on Oral Health Preschool Children in Isfahan, Iran. J Health Syst Res 2013;9(7):712-9. [Persain].##Hatami H, Razavi SM, Eftekhar Ardabilli H, MajlesiF. Text of Public Health. Tehran: Arjomand Pub; 2012. [Persian]##loaded A. The introduction of new methods in dentistry preventive and estimate the risk of oral diseases. Translated to persian by: Akhavan, P & Amini, M. Tehran: Timor zadeh Pub; 2002.p: 45-67.##Eslamipour F, Heydari K, GhayorM, et al. Access to dental care and its barriers in 6‒14-year-old children reported by their parents in Isfahan. J Isfahan Dent Sch 2015;11(3):206-2015. [persain].##Watt RG. Strategies and approaches in oral disease prevention and health promotion. Bull world health organ. 2005;83:711-8.##Pakpour A, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E, et al. Why Iranian adolescents do not brush their teeth:A qualitative study. Int J dent hygiene, In Press 2011.##Who, 2003. Who information series on school health, Doc 11; Oral health promotion through schools, [Online]. Geneva: Who. [Accessed].##Saied-Moallemi Z. School-based intervention to promote preadolescents' gingival health:A community trial oral health promotion in preadolescents. community dent oral epidemiol 2009: 518-26. p.##Mc DonaldR, AveryD. Dentistry for the child and adolescent. U.S.A. 8th ed.Mosby Pub: 2004.##NamalN, Yüceokur A, CanG. Significant caries index values and related factors in 5-6-year-oldchildren in Istanbul, Turkey. East Mediterr Health J 2009;15(1):178-84.##Hazavei SMM, Sohrabi VafaM, MoeiniB, et al. Assessment of oral – dental health status: using Health Belief Model (HBM) in first grade guidance school students in HamadanJundishapur JMicrobiol. 2012;4(3):65-75.##SajadiF, MosharafianS, TorabiM et al. Evaluation of DMFT indexand Significant Caries Index in 12-year-oldstudents in Sirjan, Kerman. J Isfahan DentSch 2014;10(4):290-8. [persain].##Arsang JangS, Amani F, Jafari Koshki T, et al. The Level of Availability and Use of Oral and Dental Health Services in 6-7 Years Old Children, Qom, Iran Qom Univ Med Sci J. 2015;9(4):55-63.##SoheilipourS, Saied-MoallemiZ, AhmadiM. Evaluation of the mass media coverage of oral health-related issues in Iran in 2011-2012. J Isfahan Dent Sch. 2014;10(3):262-75. [persain].##MohammadiZeidiI, YekaninejadM, AkaberiA, et al. The effectiveness of Motivational interviewing (MI) of oral self care behaviors among high school students in QazvinJournal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences 2013;5(1):127-38. [persain].##Davari AR, Zare Shahi M, YousufM. Assessing DMFT index and its influencing factors in the 12-year-old students in 1380 Ardekan city Quarterly Journal of Dentistry (Dandanpizishki Iran). 2004:70-9. [persain].##AllisonR, ManskiR. The supply of dentists and access to care in rural Kansas. J Rural Health 2007;23(3):198-206.##Aghighi S, Omrani L. Evaluation of DMFT index and level of teeth and mouth hygiene education among students in air force military bases in the year 2008-2009 Journal of IRIAF Health Administration 2009-2010;12(4):14-9. [persain].##Villalobos-Rodelo J, Medina-Solís C, Maupomé G, et al. Dental needs and socioeconomic status associated with utilization of dental services in the presence of dentalpain: A case-control study in children. J Orofac Pain. 2010;24(3):279-86.##Eslamipour F, ZabihiF. Effect of instructing mothers on their performance in relation to the application of pit and fissure sealants in 6-8 year-oldchildren in Isfahan J Isfahan DentSch. 2011;7(5):804-9. [persain].##Rabbani KhorasganiM, Aliasghari A, Khoroushi M. Comparison of methods for controlling dental caries in the classical medicine and alternative medical practices and future prospects. J Dent (Tehran). 2015;28(2):122-31. [persain].## ##

بررسی ریزنشت در سطح مینای اچ شده دندان های پرمولر درتکنیک توتال اچ در استفاده از single bond به مینای کاملا خشک و مرطوب Evaluation of micro leakage on etched enamel surface of premolars in total etch technique by applying single bond on dry and wet enamel 1 1 زمینه و هدف: پرایمرهای موجود در دنتین باندینگ ‌ها دارای گروه هیدروفیل می‌باشد‌ به گونه‌ای که در سطح عاج مرطوب واکنش نشان داده و لایه هیبرید ایجاد می کنند، ولی از آنجا که مینا بافتی آبگریز می باشد، این سوال مطرح خواهد بود آیا استفاده از باندینگ‌ های عاجی بر روی مینا باید مشابه عاج و همراه با رطوبت نسبی باشد یا اینکه مینا در هنگام کاربرد این باندینگ‌ها باید کاملا خشک گردد؟ ‌هدف از این مطالعه تعیین میزان ریزنشت با استفاده از single bond درمینای کاملاً خشک ومرطوب دندان‌های پرمولر می‌باشد. روش اجرا: تعداد ۴٠ دندان پرمولر کشیده شده، انتخاب شد. یک شیار V شکل استاندارد درسطوح باکال و لینگوال دندان‌ها ایجاد گردید. سطوح تراش خورده هر دندان به صورت تصادفی در یکی از گروه قرار گرفتند. سطح مینای هر دو گروه توسط اسیدفسفریک ٣٧ % به مدت ١۵ ثانیه اچ و سپس٢٠ ثانیه با پوارآب و هوا شستشو داده شد. درگروه اول، سطح مینا کاملاً خشک شده و در گروه دوم، مینا کمی مرطوب باقی ماند. در هر دو گروه از single bond استفاده گردید. نمونه ها تحت ۵٠٠ چرخه حرارتی قرار گرفته و میزان ریزنشت ترمیم‌ها تعیین شد. یافته‌ها: ریزنشت با کاربرد single bond در سطح مینای مرطوب به طور معناداری کمتر از مینای کاملا خشک بود (p=0/033). نتیجه گیری: باتوجه به آنالیز آماری بهتر است از خشک کردن کامل مینا قبل از قرار دادن single bond اجتناب شده و فقط رطوبت اضافی با گلوله پنبه گرفته شود. 2 : Primer on dentin bonding groups contains hydrophilic groups so that it reacts on moist dentin surface and provides hybrid layer but since the enamel is hydrophobic tissue, this question will be raised that whether the use of dentin bonding to the enamel and dentin should be similar and with relative humidity Or when using the dentin bonding, enamel should be completely dry? The aim of this study was determine the amount of microleakage of single bond to dry and moist enamel in premolar teeth. Method: In this study 40 extracted premolars were selected and evaluated. A standard V-shaped groove in the buccal and lingual tooth was prepared. The samples were divided into two groups randomly. 37% phosphoric acid etchant was applied to the enamel surfaces in each group for 15 seconds and then rinsed with water for 20 seconds. In the first group, Enamel surface was completely dry, and the second group, the enamel surface remained wet. In both group Single bond of bonding agent was used. The specimens were subjected to thermocycling for 500 cycles. Then teeth were sectioned and microleakage of restorations was determined. Results: Microleakage of total-etch technique using single bond on wet enamel surface was significantly less than dry enamel surface (P = 0.033). Conclusions: According to the statistical analysis should be before use of single bond, the complete drying enamel avoided, but excessive moisture is removed with a cotton pellet. 33 42 2017/11/22017/11/2 1396/8/11 2017/11/22017/11/2 1396/8/11 مهدی قندهاری M GHandehari iran ایران مهسا نجفی M Najafi iran ایران محمد پورعلی M PourAli iran ایران زینب میرزایی Z Mirzayi iran ایران سپیده امیری S Amiri iran ایران حسین افشار H Afshar iran ایران Total etch Single bond Wet and dry enamel Microleakage توتال اچ مینای خشک و مرطوب ریزنشت James B. Summitt, J. William Robbins, Thomas J. Hilton, Richard S. Schwartz, Jose, Jr. DOS Santos. Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary approach quintessence Pub Co; 3rd ed. January 31, 2006; chapter8.##Roberson MT, Heymann OH, Swift JR. Art and science of operative dentistry. 5th ed. USA: Mosby; 2006: Chap 5.##Alavi AA, Kianimanesh N. Microleakage of direct and indirectcomposite restorations with three dentin bonding agents. Oper Dent, 2002; 27(1): 19‐24.##AsmussenE. Clinical relevance of physical, chemical and bondingproperties of composite resins. Oper Dent, 1985; 10(2): 61‐73.##Tay FR, Gwinnett AJ, and Wei SH. The over wet phenomenon: a transmission electron microscopic study of surface moisture in the acid conditioned, resin‐dentin interface. Am J Dent, 1996; 9(4): 161‐166.##Samimi P, Porkamyar F. Adhesive in Dentistry. Esfahan; Mani, 2002; p. 20-27, 87-95.##Walls AW, Lee J, McCabeJF. The bonding of composite resin tomoist enamel. Br Dent J, 2001; 191(3): 148‐150.##https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4801124##Alani AH, Toh CG. Detection of microleakage around dental restorations: a review. Operative dentistry, 1997; 22(4): 173-185.##Susin AH, Vasconcellos WA, Saad JR, Oliveira Junior OB. Tensile bond strength of self-etching versus total-etching adhesive systems under different dentinal substrate conditions. Braz Oral Res. 2007; 21(1):81-6.##Nakabayashi N, Nakamura M, Yasudo N. Hybrid layer as a dentin-bonding mechanism. J Esthetic Dent, 1991; 3(4): 133-138##Goracci C, Sadek FT, Monticelli F, Cardoso PE, Ferrari M. Influence of substrate,Shape and thickness on micro tensile specimens' structural integrity and their measured Bond strengths. Dent Mater, 2004; 20(7):643-54.##Craig RG, Power JM, Sakaguchi RL. Restorative Dental Material. 12th ed USA: Mosby Elsevier 2006; Chapter 2, 10.##Google G, Farrarim M. New adhesive material science. JADA June, 2000; 30-34.##Davari AR, Danesh kazemi AR, mousavinasab M, Modaresi SJ, Mohammadi Z, Teymouri S. In vitro evaluation of microleakage of total‐etch and self‐etch adhesive systems. Journal of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 2010; 11(1): 28‐34.##Saunders WP, Saunders EM. Microleakage of bonding agents with wet and dry bonding techniques. Am J Dent. 1996; 9(1):34-36.##Santini A, Plasschaert AJ, Mitchell S. Marginal leakage of filled Dentin adhesives used with wet and dry bonding techniques. Am J Dent, 2000; 13(2): 93‐97.##da Silva MA, Rangel PM, Barcellos DC, Pagani C, Rocha Gomes Torres C. Bond strength of adhesive systems with different solvents to dry and wet dentin. J Contemp Dent Pract.2013; 14(1):9-13.##Munchow EA, Valente LL, Bossardi M, Priebe TC, Zanchi CH, Piva E. Influence of surface moisture condition on the bond strength to dentin of etch-and-rinse adhesive systems. Braz J Oral Sci. 2014; 13(3):182-186.##Manso AP, Marquezini L Jr, Silva SM, Pashley DH, Tay FR, Carvalho RM. Stability of wet versus dry bonding with different solvent-based adhesives. Dent Mater. 2008; 24(4):476-482.##Swift E, Triolo P. Bond strength of scotch bond multi-purpose to moist dentin and enamel. Am J Dent. 1992; 5(6): 318-320##Xie J, Powers J, McGuckin R. In-vitro bond strength of two adhesives to enamel and dentin under normal and contaminated conditions. Dent Mater 1993; 9: 295-299.##Yasini E, Malekan E. Comparison of shear bond strength of unfilled resin to dry enamel and dentin bonding on dry and wet enamel. Journal of Dentistry Tehran Universityof Medical Sciences and Health Services, 2005; 18(1): 15-20.##James B. Summitt, J. William Robbins, Thomas J. Hilton, Richard S. Schwartz, Jose, Jr. DOS Santos. Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary approach quintessence Pub Co; 3rd ed. January 31, 2006; chapter8.##Roberson MT, Heymann OH, Swift JR. Art and science of operative dentistry. 5th ed. USA: Mosby; 2006: Chap 5.##Alavi AA, Kianimanesh N. Microleakage of direct and indirectcomposite restorations with three dentin bonding agents. Oper Dent, 2002; 27(1): 19‐24.##AsmussenE. Clinical relevance of physical, chemical and bondingproperties of composite resins. Oper Dent, 1985; 10(2): 61‐73.##Tay FR, Gwinnett AJ, and Wei SH. The over wet phenomenon: a transmission electron microscopic study of surface moisture in the acid conditioned, resin‐dentin interface. Am J Dent, 1996; 9(4): 161‐166.##Samimi P, Porkamyar F. Adhesive in Dentistry. Esfahan; Mani, 2002; p. 20-27, 87-95.##Walls AW, Lee J, McCabeJF. The bonding of composite resin tomoist enamel. Br Dent J, 2001; 191(3): 148‐150.##https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4801124##Alani AH, Toh CG. Detection of microleakage around dental restorations: a review. Operative dentistry, 1997; 22(4): 173-185.##Susin AH, Vasconcellos WA, Saad JR, Oliveira Junior OB. Tensile bond strength of self-etching versus total-etching adhesive systems under different dentinal substrate conditions. Braz Oral Res. 2007; 21(1):81-6.##Nakabayashi N, Nakamura M, Yasudo N. Hybrid layer as a dentin-bonding mechanism. J Esthetic Dent, 1991; 3(4): 133-138##Goracci C, Sadek FT, Monticelli F, Cardoso PE, Ferrari M. Influence of substrate,Shape and thickness on micro tensile specimens' structural integrity and their measured Bond strengths. Dent Mater, 2004; 20(7):643-54.##Craig RG, Power JM, Sakaguchi RL. Restorative Dental Material. 12th ed USA: Mosby Elsevier 2006; Chapter 2, 10.##Google G, Farrarim M. New adhesive material science. JADA June, 2000; 30-34.##Davari AR, Danesh kazemi AR, mousavinasab M, Modaresi SJ, Mohammadi Z, Teymouri S. In vitro evaluation of microleakage of total‐etch and self‐etch adhesive systems. Journal of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 2010; 11(1): 28‐34.##Saunders WP, Saunders EM. Microleakage of bonding agents with wet and dry bonding techniques. Am J Dent. 1996; 9(1):34-36.##Santini A, Plasschaert AJ, Mitchell S. Marginal leakage of filled Dentin adhesives used with wet and dry bonding techniques. Am J Dent, 2000; 13(2): 93‐97.##da Silva MA, Rangel PM, Barcellos DC, Pagani C, Rocha Gomes Torres C. Bond strength of adhesive systems with different solvents to dry and wet dentin. J Contemp Dent Pract.2013; 14(1):9-13.##Munchow EA, Valente LL, Bossardi M, Priebe TC, Zanchi CH, Piva E. Influence of surface moisture condition on the bond strength to dentin of etch-and-rinse adhesive systems. Braz J Oral Sci. 2014; 13(3):182-186.##Manso AP, Marquezini L Jr, Silva SM, Pashley DH, Tay FR, Carvalho RM. Stability of wet versus dry bonding with different solvent-based adhesives. Dent Mater. 2008; 24(4):476-482.##Swift E, Triolo P. Bond strength of scotch bond multi-purpose to moist dentin and enamel. Am J Dent. 1992; 5(6): 318-320##Xie J, Powers J, McGuckin R. In-vitro bond strength of two adhesives to enamel and dentin under normal and contaminated conditions. Dent Mater 1993; 9: 295-299.##Yasini E, Malekan E. Comparison of shear bond strength of unfilled resin to dry enamel and dentin bonding on dry and wet enamel. Journal of Dentistry Tehran Universityof Medical Sciences and Health Services, 2005; 18(1): 15-20.## ##

رفتار تغذیه ای مرتبط با سلامت دهان در دانش‌آموزان دبستانی Oral health related nutritional behavior in elementary students 1 1 زمینه و هدف: شاخص dmft کودکان ایرانی 5- 6 ساله بیش از پنج دندان می­باشد. رفتار تغذیه ای از علل مهم پوسیدگی دندانی است. در طول دوران مدرسه، کودکان ذهن نفوذپذیری نسبت به دریافت پیامها دارند. ارتقای رفتارهای بهداشت دهان و توجه به وضعیت تغذیه می­تواند به کاهش قابل ملاحظه پوسیدگی منجر شود. این مطالعه رفتار تغذیه­ای دانش­آموزان دبستانی را در ارتباط با سلامت دهان در شهر ساوه بررسی می­کند. روش بررسی: یک مطالعه مقطعی توصیفی-تحلیلی با نمونه­گیری خوشه­ای تصادفی بر اساس حداقل حجم نمونه 320 دانش­آموز کلاس اول و ششم ابتدایی در شانزده مدرسه شهر ساوه طراحی گردید. مجوزهای اخلاقی و رضایت­نامه­های مورد نیاز اخذ گردید. رفتار تغذیه­ای مرتبط با سلامت دهان از طریق ترجمه شده فارسی پرسش­نامه سازمان جهانی بهداشت بررسی شد. وضعیت تغذیه به دو صورت مطلوب و غیرمطلوب دسته­بندی شد. برای آنالیزهای تحلیلی از آزمون T-student استفاده شد. حد معناداری p=0.05 در نظر گرفته شد. یافته­ها: تعداد 388 نفر در این مطالعه شرکت داشتند. بیش از سه-چهارم آنان دارای عادات تغذیه­ای مطلوب مصرف میوه بودند. مصرف چای با شکر یا قند، بیانگر کمترین میزان مطلوبیت بود (حدود 43%). در مصرف شربت­ها، حدود پنج-ششم کودکان وضعیت مطلوبی داشتند. آنان که وضعیت مصرف گروه غذایی شیرینیجات آنان مطلوب بودند، وضعیت مسواک زدن دندانهایشان در حد نزدیک به معناداری (p=0.068) بهتر بود. آنان که دفعات بیشتری از چای با شکر و یا قند استفاده می کردند، به طور معناداری به دلیل درد به دندانپزشک مراجعه می کردند (p=0.046). همین گروه دانش آموزان به طور معناداری وضعیت مسواک زدن نامطلوبی داشتند (p=0.05). سایر اختلافات معنادار نبود. بحث و نتیجه گیری: وضعیت رفتار سلامت دهان در میان دانش¬آموزان ساوه نسبتا مطلوب می­باشد. معاینات دندانپزشکی می­تواند بر رفتار بهداشت دهان دانش آموزان موثر باشد. رفتار تغذیه ای و بهداشتی در مجموع مناسب بود. 2 Introduction: Iranian 5-6 year old children’s dmft index is more than 5 teeth. Nutritional behavior is a major cause of dental caries. Improving oral health behaviors and health diets can hugely decrease tooth decays. On the other hand, children have a penetrable mind during elementary school. Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate the oral health linked nutritional behavior of Saveh elementary students. Materials and Methods: A minimum of 320 first and sixth year grade students were considered the primary sample size from a total of 16 elementary schools. Cluster randomized sampling was used in this analytical-descriptive, cross-sectional study. Ethical approvals and written consents were obtained, and the translated version of WHO’s assessment tool (questionnaire) was utilized to collect data. The nutritional behavior of participants was categorized as appropriate and inappropriate conditions. Finally, T-student test was used to analyze the descriptive data and p=0.05 was considered as significant. Results: A total of 388 students participated in this study, amongst which more than three-fourth had appropriate fruit consumption behavior, whereas the least appropriate behavior was related to consumption of sugary tea (43%). On the other hand, almost five-sixth of the students had acceptable habits in terms of syrup and juice consumption. Interestingly, those who had suitable consumption of sweets, had almost significantly better tooth brushing habits (p=0.068). On the contrary, those who had more consumption of sugar with tea had significantly more dental visits (p=0.046), and had significantly worse brushing habits (p=0.05). Discussion and Conclusion: Oral health, nutritional, and health related behaviors are relatively appropriate among Saveh elementary students. Also, dental visits can have a positive impact on students’ oral health related behavior.  43 50 2017/11/22017/11/22017/11/2 1396/8/11 2017/11/22017/11/22017/11/2 1396/8/11 یحیی برادران نخجوانی Y Baradaran Nakhjavani iran ایران حسین حصاری H Hesari iran ایران جلیل کوهپایه زاده J Kouhpayeh zadeh iran ایران محبوبه فلاح M Falah iran ایران احمد جعفری A Jafari iran ایران : Nutrition oral health behavior health promoting schools school age diet dental visit تغذیه رفتار سلامت دهان مدارس مروج سلامت سن مدرسه رژیم غذایی معاینات دندانی National Institutes of Health. 2000. Oral health in America: a report of the Surgeon General. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.##McDonald RE، Avery DR، Dean JA. Dentistry for the child and adolescent. 9th ed. St. Louis، Mo.: Mosby; 2011.##AAPHD resolution on fluride varnish for caries prevention 2008. Available from: www.aaphd.org##Oral Health Bureau. Deputy for Public Health. Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Iran.##Watt RG. Strategies and approaches in oral disease prevention and health promotion. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(9):711-8.##Conrado CA، Maciel SM، Oliveira MR. A school-based oral health educational program: the experience of Maringa-PR، Brazil. J Appl Oral Sci. 2004;12(1):27-33.##Kwan SY، Petersen PE، Pine CM، Borutta A. Health-promoting schools: an opportunity for oral health promotion. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(9):677-85.##Al Tamimi S، Petersen PE. Oral health situation of schoolchildren، mothers and schoolteachers in Saudi Arabia. Int Dent J. 1998;48(3):180-6.##Petersen PE، Peng B، Tai B، Bian Z، Fan M. Effect of a school‐based oral health education programme in Wuhan City، Peoples Republic of China. Int Dent J. 2004;54(1):33-41.##Lang P، Woolfolk MW، Faja BW. Oral health knowledge and attitudes of elementary schoolteachers in Michigan. J Public Health Dent. 1989;49(1):44-50.##Doichinova L, Bakardjiev P, Peneva M. Assessment of food habits in children aged 6–12 years and the risk of caries. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipmen. 2015;2.4-200:(1)9.##Petersen PE, Hoerup N, Poomviset N, Prommajan J, Watanapa A. Oral health status and oral health behaviour of urban and rural schoolchildren in Southern Thailand.International Dental Journal 2001; 51: 95–102.##Oral health surveys basic methods, 5th ed. World Health Organization, 2013##Islami Pour F, Heidari K, Ghayour M, MousaviZadehL. Evaluating Parents in Terms of Access and Barriers to Access to Oral Health Services in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2015 : 11 (3)##Kwan SY, Petersen PE, Pine CM, Borutta A. Health-promoting schools: an opportunity for oral health promotion. Bulletin of the World Health organization. 2005 Sep;83(9):677-85.##Beck AL, Fernandez A, Rojina J, Cabana M. Randomized Controlled Trial of a Clinic-Based Intervention to Promote Healthy Beverage Consumption Among Latino Children. Clinical Pediatrics. 2017 May 1:0009922817709796.##Monteagudo, C, Téllez F, Heras González L, Iba-ez-Peinado D, Mariscal Arcas M, Olea Serrano F. School dietary habits and incidence of dental caries. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 32(1): 383-388 (2015). [http://hdl.handle.net/10481/37231]##Nyandindi U، Milen A، Palin-Palokas T، Robison V. Impact of oral health education on primary school children before and after teachers' training in Tanzania. Health Promot Int. 1996;11(3):193-201.##Worthington HV، Hill KB، Mooney J، Hamilton FA، Blinkhorn AS. A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of a Dental Health Education Program for 10‐year‐old Children. J Public Health Dent. 2001;61(1):22-7.##National Institutes of Health. 2000. Oral health in America: a report of the Surgeon General. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.##McDonald RE، Avery DR، Dean JA. Dentistry for the child and adolescent. 9th ed. St. Louis، Mo.: Mosby; 2011.##AAPHD resolution on fluride varnish for caries prevention 2008. Available from: www.aaphd.org##Oral Health Bureau. Deputy for Public Health. Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Iran.##Watt RG. Strategies and approaches in oral disease prevention and health promotion. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(9):711-8.##Conrado CA، Maciel SM، Oliveira MR. A school-based oral health educational program: the experience of Maringa-PR، Brazil. J Appl Oral Sci. 2004;12(1):27-33.##Kwan SY، Petersen PE، Pine CM، Borutta A. Health-promoting schools: an opportunity for oral health promotion. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(9):677-85.##Al Tamimi S، Petersen PE. Oral health situation of schoolchildren، mothers and schoolteachers in Saudi Arabia. Int Dent J. 1998;48(3):180-6.##Petersen PE، Peng B، Tai B، Bian Z، Fan M. Effect of a school‐based oral health education programme in Wuhan City، Peoples Republic of China. Int Dent J. 2004;54(1):33-41.##Lang P، Woolfolk MW، Faja BW. Oral health knowledge and attitudes of elementary schoolteachers in Michigan. J Public Health Dent. 1989;49(1):44-50.##Doichinova L, Bakardjiev P, Peneva M. Assessment of food habits in children aged 6–12 years and the risk of caries. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipmen. 2015;2.4-200:(1)9.##Petersen PE, Hoerup N, Poomviset N, Prommajan J, Watanapa A. Oral health status and oral health behaviour of urban and rural schoolchildren in Southern Thailand.International Dental Journal 2001; 51: 95–102.##Oral health surveys basic methods, 5th ed. World Health Organization, 2013##Islami Pour F, Heidari K, Ghayour M, MousaviZadehL. Evaluating Parents in Terms of Access and Barriers to Access to Oral Health Services in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2015 : 11 (3)##Kwan SY, Petersen PE, Pine CM, Borutta A. Health-promoting schools: an opportunity for oral health promotion. Bulletin of the World Health organization. 2005 Sep;83(9):677-85.##Beck AL, Fernandez A, Rojina J, Cabana M. Randomized Controlled Trial of a Clinic-Based Intervention to Promote Healthy Beverage Consumption Among Latino Children. Clinical Pediatrics. 2017 May 1:0009922817709796.##Monteagudo, C, Téllez F, Heras González L, Iba-ez-Peinado D, Mariscal Arcas M, Olea Serrano F. School dietary habits and incidence of dental caries. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 32(1): 383-388 (2015). [http://hdl.handle.net/10481/37231]##Nyandindi U، Milen A، Palin-Palokas T، Robison V. Impact of oral health education on primary school children before and after teachers' training in Tanzania. Health Promot Int. 1996;11(3):193-201.##Worthington HV، Hill KB، Mooney J، Hamilton FA، Blinkhorn AS. A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of a Dental Health Education Program for 10‐year‐old Children. J Public Health Dent. 2001;61(1):22-7.## ##

اثر بخشی آموزش ذهن آگاهی بر کاهش اضطراب و شدت درد ناشی از شیوه های دندان پزشکی در کودکان The effectiveness Mindfulness training on reducing of anxiety and pain intensity resulting from dentistry procedures in children 1 1 : محیط دندان پزشکی برای اکثر کودکان همراه با تجربیات ناخوشایند و اضطراب همراه بوده است. بدین خاطر هدف پژوهش حاضر اثر بخشی آموزش ذهن آگاهی بر کاهش اضطراب و شدت درد ناشی از شیوه های دندان پزشکی در کودکان بود. روش بررسی : روش این  پژوهش، تجربی از نوع پیش آزمون پس آزمون با گروه گواه بود. از میان کودکان مراجعه کننده به کلینیک های دندان پزشکی شهر اراک،30 نفر به روش نمونه گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند و در دو گروه آزمایش و گواه، به صورت تصادفی گمارش شدند. برای گروه آزمایش 8 جلسه 90 دقیقه ای ذهن آگاهی اجرا شد. از مقیاس اصلاح شده اضطراب دندانی کودکان وپرسشنامه درد ونگ و باکر  در دو مرحله پیش آزمون پس آزمون استفاده شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از روش تحلیل کوواریانس استفاده شد. یافته ها: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد  که  تفاوت معناداری بین نمرات  پیش آزمون و پس آزمون گروه  آزمایش در اضطراب و شدت درد وجود داشت اما این تفاوت در گروه کنترل مشاهد نشد. نتیجه گیری: نتایج از تاثیر روش ذهن آگاهی بر کاهش درد و اضطراب دندان پزشکی کودکان  حمایت می کند. با توجه به داده های بدست آمده مبنی بر تاثیر مثبت ذهن آگاهی، توصیه می شود تا از این روش در مراکزدندان پزشکی استفاده گردد 2 : Dental environment is associated with unpleasant experiences and anxiety for most children. The aim of this study the effectiveness of mindfulness training on reducing anxiety and pain of dental practices in children. Materials and Methods: The study method was experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. A total of 30 child were selected for sampling and then were randomly assigned into two experiment and control groups . who referred to Dental Clinic Arak city. 8 sessions for 90-minute mindfulness with experiment .The Modified child Dental Anxiety Scale, Wong & Baker pain Questionnaire were used for collecting the data in pre-test and post-test stages. analysis of covariance was used for analyzing the data. Results: The results showed that there was meaningful difference between pretest-posttest experimental groups in the mean score of pain, anxiety, though a meaningful difference was no observed between these pretest-posttest groups control group  Conclusion: The results support the effectiveness of MT in decreasing pain and anxiety. .According to the data based on the positive impact of MT, it is recommended the method to be used in dental centers 63 70 2017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/2 1396/8/11 2017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/2 1396/8/11 داود تقوایی D Taghvayi iran ایران محمد مهدی جهانگیری M Jahangiri iran ایران Mindfulness Pain Dental Anxiety ذهن آگاهی درد اضطراب دندان پزشکی Seyed Ebrahim Jabarifar NAR, Shahrzad Javadi nejad,Leila Hosseini. A Comparative Evaluation of Fear and Anxiety in (3-6) Year Old Children Following Treatment under General Anesthesia and Outpatient Dental Treatment. JMDS. 2014;38(1):9-16.##Edmunds R, Buchanan H. Cognitive vulnerability and the aetiology and maintenance of dental anxiety. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2012;40(1):17-25.##Gao X, Hamzah SH, Yiu CKY, McGrath C, King NM. Dental Fear and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Qualitative Study Using YouTube. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2013;15(2):e29.##Mehrstedt M, Tönnies S, Eisentraut I. Dental fears, health status, and quality of life. Anesthesia progress. 2004;51(3):90.##Kesim S, Unalan D, Esen C, Ozturk A. The relationship between periodontal disease severity and state-trait anxiety level. J Pak Med Assoc. 2012;62(12):1304-8.##Pohjola V, Lahti S, Vehkalahti MM, Tolvanen M, Hausen H.. Association between dental fear and dental attendance among adults in Finland. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2007;65(4):224-30.##Gürsoy M, Pajukanta R, Sorsa T, Könönen E. Clinical changes in periodontium during pregnancy and post‐partum. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2008;35(7):576-83.##Talo Yildirim T, Dundar S, Bozoglan A, Karaman T, Dildes N, Acun Kaya F, et al. Is there a relation between dental anxiety, fear and general psychological status? PeerJ. 2017;5:e2978.##Appukuttan DP. Strategies to manage patients with dental anxiety and dental phobia: literature review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry. 2016;8:35-50.##De Jongh A, Fransen J, Oosterink-Wubbe F, Aartman I. Psychological trauma exposure and trauma symptoms among individuals with high and low levels of dental anxiety. European journal of oral sciences. 2006;114(4):286-92.##Brahm C-O, Lundgren J, Carlsson SG, Nilsson P, Corbeil J, Hägglin C. Dentists' views on fearful patients. Problems and promises. Swed Dent J. 2012;36(2):79-89.##Armfield JM, Spencer A, Stewart JF. Dental fear in Australia: who's afraid of the dentist? Australian dental journal. 2006;51(1):78-85.##Crocombe LA, Broadbent JM, Thomson WM, Brennan DS, Slade GD, Poulton R. Dental visiting trajectory patterns and their antecedents. Journal of public health dentistry. 2011;71(1):23-31.##Oosterink F, De Jongh A, Aartman IH. What are people afraid of during dental treatment? Anxiety‐provoking capacity of 67 stimuli characteristic of the dental setting. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2008;116(1):44-51.##Carter AE, Carter G, Boschen M, AlShwaimi E, George R. Pathways of fear and anxiety in dentistry: A review. World Journal of Clinical Cases : WJCC. 2014;2(11):642-53.##Newton T, Asimakopoulou K, Daly B, Scambler S, Scott S. The management of dental anxiety: time for a sense of proportion? British dental journal. 2012;213(6):271-4.##Kaviani N, Jabarifar S, Babadi Boroujeni M. Effect of dental procedures under general anesthesia on life quality and dental fears in 2-5 year-old children. J Isfahan Dent Sch. 2012;7(5):567-76.##Vøllestad J, Nielsen MB, Nielsen GH. Mindfulness‐and acceptance‐based interventions for anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2012;51(3):239-60.##Baer RA. Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician's guide to evidence base and applications: Academic Press; 2015.##Van de Weijer-Bergsma E, Langenberg G, Brandsma R, Oort FJ, Bögels SM. The effectiveness of a school-based mindfulness training as a program to prevent stress in elementary school children. Mindfulness. 2014;5(3):238-48.##Ahola Kohut S, Stinson J, Davies-Chalmers C, Ruskin D, van Wyk M. Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Clinical Samples of Adolescents with Chronic Illness: A Systematic Review. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2017.##Walsh JJ, Balint MG, SJ DRS, Fredericksen LK, Madsen S. Predicting individual differences in mindfulness: The role of trait anxiety, attachment anxiety and attentional control. Personality and Individual Differences. 2009;46(2):94-9.##Kabat‐Zinn J. Mindfulness‐based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clinical psychology: Science and practice. 2003;10(2):144-56.##Williams JMG, Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness: diverse perspectives on its meaning, origins, and multiple applications at the intersection of science and dharma. Contemporary Buddhism. 2011;12(01):1-18.##Parent J, McKee LG, Anton M, Gonzalez M, Jones DJ, Forehand R. Mindfulness in parenting and coparenting. Mindfulness. 2016;7(2):504-13.##Nikfarid L, GHAMAR YR, Namazian M, Namdar F, AZAM NM. Comparison of EMLA cream versus local refrigeration for reducing venipuncture-related pain in pediatric patients of Children's Medical Center, 2008. 2010.##Humphris G, Wong H, Lee G. Preliminary validation and reliability of the modified child dental anxiety scale. Psychological reports. 1998;83(3 suppl):1179-86.##Javadinejad S, Farajzadegan Z, Sherkat S, Shokri Mozhdehi M. Reliability and Validity of the Modified Retranslated Persian Version of Child Dental Anxiety Scale in Comparison with Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale and Venham Picture Test. journal of research in dental sciences. 2014;11(2):112-5.##Kozak A. Mindfulness in the management of chronic pain: conceptual and clinical considerations. Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management. 2008;12(2):115-8.##Morone NE, Lynch CS, Greco CM, Tindle HA, Weiner DK. "I felt like a new person." The effects of mindfulness meditation on older adults with chronic pain: qualitative narrative analysis of diary entries. The Journal of Pain. 2008;9(9):841-8.##Mars TS, Abbey H. Mindfulness meditation practise as a healthcare intervention: A systematic review. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 2010;13(2) 56-66.##Seyed Ebrahim Jabarifar NAR, Shahrzad Javadi nejad,Leila Hosseini. A Comparative Evaluation of Fear and Anxiety in (3-6) Year Old Children Following Treatment under General Anesthesia and Outpatient Dental Treatment. JMDS. 2014;38(1):9-16.##Edmunds R, Buchanan H. Cognitive vulnerability and the aetiology and maintenance of dental anxiety. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2012;40(1):17-25.##Gao X, Hamzah SH, Yiu CKY, McGrath C, King NM. Dental Fear and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Qualitative Study Using YouTube. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2013;15(2):e29.##Mehrstedt M, Tönnies S, Eisentraut I. Dental fears, health status, and quality of life. Anesthesia progress. 2004;51(3):90.##Kesim S, Unalan D, Esen C, Ozturk A. The relationship between periodontal disease severity and state-trait anxiety level. J Pak Med Assoc. 2012;62(12):1304-8.##Pohjola V, Lahti S, Vehkalahti MM, Tolvanen M, Hausen H.. Association between dental fear and dental attendance among adults in Finland. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2007;65(4):224-30.##Gürsoy M, Pajukanta R, Sorsa T, Könönen E. Clinical changes in periodontium during pregnancy and post‐partum. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2008;35(7):576-83.##Talo Yildirim T, Dundar S, Bozoglan A, Karaman T, Dildes N, Acun Kaya F, et al. Is there a relation between dental anxiety, fear and general psychological status? PeerJ. 2017;5:e2978.##Appukuttan DP. Strategies to manage patients with dental anxiety and dental phobia: literature review. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry. 2016;8:35-50.##De Jongh A, Fransen J, Oosterink-Wubbe F, Aartman I. Psychological trauma exposure and trauma symptoms among individuals with high and low levels of dental anxiety. European journal of oral sciences. 2006;114(4):286-92.##Brahm C-O, Lundgren J, Carlsson SG, Nilsson P, Corbeil J, Hägglin C. Dentists' views on fearful patients. Problems and promises. Swed Dent J. 2012;36(2):79-89.##Armfield JM, Spencer A, Stewart JF. Dental fear in Australia: who's afraid of the dentist? Australian dental journal. 2006;51(1):78-85.##Crocombe LA, Broadbent JM, Thomson WM, Brennan DS, Slade GD, Poulton R. Dental visiting trajectory patterns and their antecedents. Journal of public health dentistry. 2011;71(1):23-31.##Oosterink F, De Jongh A, Aartman IH. What are people afraid of during dental treatment? Anxiety‐provoking capacity of 67 stimuli characteristic of the dental setting. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2008;116(1):44-51.##Carter AE, Carter G, Boschen M, AlShwaimi E, George R. Pathways of fear and anxiety in dentistry: A review. World Journal of Clinical Cases : WJCC. 2014;2(11):642-53.##Newton T, Asimakopoulou K, Daly B, Scambler S, Scott S. The management of dental anxiety: time for a sense of proportion? British dental journal. 2012;213(6):271-4.##Kaviani N, Jabarifar S, Babadi Boroujeni M. Effect of dental procedures under general anesthesia on life quality and dental fears in 2-5 year-old children. J Isfahan Dent Sch. 2012;7(5):567-76.##Vøllestad J, Nielsen MB, Nielsen GH. Mindfulness‐and acceptance‐based interventions for anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2012;51(3):239-60.##Baer RA. Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician's guide to evidence base and applications: Academic Press; 2015.##Van de Weijer-Bergsma E, Langenberg G, Brandsma R, Oort FJ, Bögels SM. The effectiveness of a school-based mindfulness training as a program to prevent stress in elementary school children. Mindfulness. 2014;5(3):238-48.##Ahola Kohut S, Stinson J, Davies-Chalmers C, Ruskin D, van Wyk M. Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Clinical Samples of Adolescents with Chronic Illness: A Systematic Review. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2017.##Walsh JJ, Balint MG, SJ DRS, Fredericksen LK, Madsen S. Predicting individual differences in mindfulness: The role of trait anxiety, attachment anxiety and attentional control. Personality and Individual Differences. 2009;46(2):94-9.##Kabat‐Zinn J. Mindfulness‐based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clinical psychology: Science and practice. 2003;10(2):144-56.##Williams JMG, Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness: diverse perspectives on its meaning, origins, and multiple applications at the intersection of science and dharma. Contemporary Buddhism. 2011;12(01):1-18.##Parent J, McKee LG, Anton M, Gonzalez M, Jones DJ, Forehand R. Mindfulness in parenting and coparenting. Mindfulness. 2016;7(2):504-13.##Nikfarid L, GHAMAR YR, Namazian M, Namdar F, AZAM NM. Comparison of EMLA cream versus local refrigeration for reducing venipuncture-related pain in pediatric patients of Children's Medical Center, 2008. 2010.##Humphris G, Wong H, Lee G. Preliminary validation and reliability of the modified child dental anxiety scale. Psychological reports. 1998;83(3 suppl):1179-86.##Javadinejad S, Farajzadegan Z, Sherkat S, Shokri Mozhdehi M. Reliability and Validity of the Modified Retranslated Persian Version of Child Dental Anxiety Scale in Comparison with Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale and Venham Picture Test. journal of research in dental sciences. 2014;11(2):112-5.##Kozak A. Mindfulness in the management of chronic pain: conceptual and clinical considerations. Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management. 2008;12(2):115-8.##Morone NE, Lynch CS, Greco CM, Tindle HA, Weiner DK. "I felt like a new person." The effects of mindfulness meditation on older adults with chronic pain: qualitative narrative analysis of diary entries. The Journal of Pain. 2008;9(9):841-8.##Mars TS, Abbey H. Mindfulness meditation practise as a healthcare intervention: A systematic review. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 2010;13(2) 56-66.## ##

دانش، نگرش، عملکرد و توانمندی خوداظهار دانشجویان سال آخر دندانپزشکی ایران در خصوص دندانپزشکی پیشگیری Knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-reported competency of Iranian senior dental students towards preventive dentistry 1 1 : با توجه به نقش مهم پیشگیری در دندانپزشکی امروز و نقش مؤثر نگرش و عملکرد دندانپزشکان در این زمینه، این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی سطح دانش، نگرش، عملکرد و توانمندی خوداظهار دانشجویان دندانپزشکی ایران نسبت به دندانپزشکی پیشگیری در سال 1394 صورت گرفته است. روش بررسی: از بین دانشکده های دندانپزشکی دولتی کشور، 6 دانشکده ¬دندانپزشکی با استفاده از نمونهگیری چند مرحلهای، انتخاب شدند. از کلیه دانشجویان سال آخر این دانشکدهها (252 نفر) خواسته شد بصورت داوطلبانه پرسشنامه ای بدون نام واستاندارد حاوی سؤالاتی در رابطه با اطلاعات زمینهای، رفتارهای شخصی بهداشت دهان، دانش، نگرش، عملکرد و توانمندی خوداظهار در مورد دندانپزشکی پیشگیری را پر کنند. یافته ها: در مجموع 207 نفر پرسشنامه را تکمیل کردند (1/82%) که 118 نفر (57%) آنان زن بودند. دانشجویان دختر نسبت به پسران به طور معناداری استفاده بیشتر از نخ دندان (02/0=p) و تعداد دفعات کمتری از مصرف میانوعدههای حاوی مواد قندی را گزارش کردند (03/0=p). دانشجویانی که مادرشان تحصیلات دانشگاهی داشتند، استفاده بیشتر از نخ دندان (03/0=p)، تعداد دفعات بیشتر مسواک زدن در روز (03/0=p) و پایبندیبیشتر به بهداشت دهان فردی مطلوب (EBOSC) (03/0=p) را گزارش کردند ونیز بالاترین عملکرد پیشگیری را داشتند (009/0=p). همچنین کسب نمره در بالاترین چارک امتیاز عملکرد پیشگیری ارتباط معنی داری با سطح نگرش (005/0=p) و سطح توانمندی خوداظهار پیشگیری (05/0=p) داشت. نتیجه گیری: با وجود بعضی تغییرات مطلوب، هنوز دندانپزشکی پیشگیری جایگاه واقعی خود را در بین دانشجویان دندانپزشکی پیدا نکرده است. برنامهریزی آموزشی مناسب به منظور بهبود وضعیت موجود در دانشجویان دندانپزشکی ضروری است. 2 Regarding to importance of prevention in current dentistry and considerable role of dentists’ attitude and practice in this area, the aim of the present study was investigation of knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-reported competency of Iranian dental students towards preventive dentistry in 2015. Methods: Of all Iranian state dental schools, six were selected by stratified random sampling. All the dental students (n = 252) were asked to voluntarily complete a standard anonymous question naire containing background information, oral self-care, knowledge, attitude, practice, and self-reported competency towards preventive dentistry. Results: A total of207 participants (response rate of 82.1%) completed the questionnaire of whom 118 respondents (57%) were women. Women reported significantly higher frequencies of flossing (p = 0.02) and lower frequencies of eating sugary snacks (p=0.03) compared with men. Students who their mothers had an academic education reported higher frequencies of flossing (p=0.03), tooth brushing (p=0.03), respecting EBOSC (p=0.03) and had the highest practices cores towards preventive dentistry (p=0.009). A higher score on preventive practice among the students was associated with their positive attitudes (p=0.005) and self-perceived competency (p=0.05) towards prevention. Conclusion: Despite some favorable changes in dental education, preventive dentistry has not found its real position among dental students yet. Appropriate programming is necessary to promote present situation among dental students. 71 84 2017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/2 1396/8/11 2017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/2 1396/8/11 زهرا درستکار Z Dorostkar iran ایران محمدرضا خامی M Khami iran ابران سمانه رازقی S Razeghi iran ایران knowledge attitude professional practice dental students preventive dentistry دانش نگرش عملکرد حرفه ای دانشجویان دندانپزشکی دندانپزشکی پیشگیری National Institutes of Health. Diagnosis and management of dental caries throughout life. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference statement, March 26-28, 2001.J Dent Educ2001;65(10):1162-8.##Anderson, M. Risk assessment and epidemiology of dental caries: review of the literature. Pediatr Dent 2002; 24(5):377-85.##Petersen, PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century--the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003;31(Suppl 1):3-23.##Pakshir HR. Oral health in Iran. Int Dent J 2004; 54(Suppl 1):367-372.##Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education. Oral health profile in Iran in 1391. Oral Health Bureau, Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education, Iran. 2012. Available at: URL: https://www.IranOralHealth.ir/1395/07/13/1391.October 4, 2016.##Pakshir, HR. Dental education and dentistry system in Iran. Med PrincPract 2003; 12(Suppl 1):56-60.##Yee R, Sheiham A. The burden of restorative dental treatment for children in Third World countries. Int Dent J 2002;52(1):1-9.##Watt RG. Strategies and approaches in oral disease prevention and health promotion. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83(9):711-8.##Hobdell M, Petersen PE, Clarkson J, Johnson N. Global goals for oral health 2020. Int Dent J 2003;53(5):285-8.##Nilchian F, KazemiSh, Abbasi M, Ghoreishian F, Kowkabi M. Evaluation of Isfahan's Dental Students' Awareness about Preventive Dentistry. J Dent (Shiraz) 2014;15(1):1-5.##Tseveenjav B, Vehkalahti M, Murtomaa H. Preventive practice of Mongolian dental students. Eur J Dent Educ 2002;6(2):74-8.##Plasschaert AJ, Lindh C, McLoughlin J, et al. Curriculum structure and the European Credit Transfer System for European dental schools: part I. Eur J Dent Educ 2006;10(3):123-130.##Khami MR, Virtanen JI, Jafarian M, Murtomaa H. Prevention-oriented practice of Iranian senior dental students. Eur J Dent Educ 2007;11(1):48-53.##Tseveenjav B, Vehkalahti M, Murtomaa H. Oral health and its determinants among Mongolian dentists. ActaOdontolScand 2004;62(1):1-6.##Frank E, Hedgecock J, Elon LK. Personal health promotion at US medical schools: a quantitative study and qualitative description of deans' and students' perceptions. BMC Med Educ 2004;4(1):29.##Heloë LA. Comparison of dental health data obtained from questionnaires, interviews and clinical examination. Scand J Dent Res 1972;80(6):495-9.##Sjöström O, Holst D. Validity of a questionnaire survey: response patterns in different subgroups and the effect of social desirability. ActaOdontolScand 2002;60(3):136-40.##Khami MR, Virtanen JI, Jafarian M, Murtomaa H. Oral health behaviour of Iranian dental school educators. Oral Health Prev Dent 2006;4(4):265-71.##Khami MR1, Virtanen JI, Jafarian M, Murtomaa H. Oral health behaviour and its determinants amongst Iranian dental students. Eur J Dent Educ 2007;11(1):42-7.##Twetman S, Axelsson S, Dahlgren H, et al. Caries-preventive effect of fluoride toothpaste: a systematic review. ActaOdontolScand 2003;61(6):347-55.##Bratthall D, Hansel-Petersson G, Sundberg H. Reasons for the caries decline: what do the experts believe? Eur J Oral Sci 1996;104(4):416-22.##Marthaler TM. Changes in dental caries 1953-2003. Caries Res 2004;38(3):173-81.##Ostberg AL, Halling A, Lindblad U. Gender differences in knowledge, attitude, behavior and perceived oral health among adolescents. ActaOdontolScand 1999;57(4):231-6.##Tada A, Hanada N. Sexual differences in oral health behaviour and factors associated with oral health behaviour in Japanese young adults. Public Health 2004;118(2):104-9.##Ghasemi H, Murtomaa H, Torabzadeh H, Vehkalahti MM. Knowledge of and Attitudes towards Preventive Dental Care among Iranian Dentists Eur J Dent. 2007;1(4):222–229.##Moon H, Paik D, Horowitz AM, Kim J. National survey of Korean dentists' knowledge and opinions: dental caries etiology and prevention. J Public Health Dent 1998;58(1):51–56.##Holloway PJ,Clarkson JE. Cost: benefit of prevention in practice. Int Dent J 1994;44(4):317-322.##Metz MJ, Miller CJ, Lin WS, Abdel-Azim T, Zandinejad A, Crim GA. Dental student perception and assessment of their clinical knowledge in educating patients about preventive dentistry. Eur J Dent Educ 2015;19(2):81-6.##Mohebbi SZ, Esfandiyar M. The effect of the theoretical course of community oral health on the oral health prevention knowledge, attitude and self-reported practice in dental school students at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Dental Medicine (Tehran University of Medical Sciences) 2011;24(2):245-251.##Barrieshi-Nusair K, Alomari Q, Said K.Dental health attitudes and behaviour among dental students in Jordan. Community Dent Health 2006;23(3):147–151.##McGlone P, Watt R, Sheiham A. Evidence-based dentistry: an overview of the challenges in changing professional practice. Br Dent J 2001;190(12):636–639.##Tomlinson P, Treasure E. Provision of prevention to adults in NHS dental practices and attitudes to prevention. Br Dent J 2006;200(7):393-397.##Pine CM, Adair PM, Burnside G, et al. Barriers to the treatment of childhood caries perceived by dentists working in different countries. Community Dent Health 2004;21(1 Suppl):112-120.##Tseveenjav B, Vehkalahti MM, Murtomaa H. Barriers to the provision of oral health education among Mongolian dentists. Oral Health Prev Dent 2005;3(3):183-188.##Arheiam, A,Bernabe E. Attitudes and practices regarding preventive dentistry among Libyan dentists. Community Dent Health 2015;32(3):174-9.##National Institutes of Health. Diagnosis and management of dental caries throughout life. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference statement, March 26-28, 2001.J Dent Educ2001;65(10):1162-8.##Anderson, M. Risk assessment and epidemiology of dental caries: review of the literature. Pediatr Dent 2002; 24(5):377-85.##Petersen, PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century--the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003;31(Suppl 1):3-23.##Pakshir HR. Oral health in Iran. Int Dent J 2004; 54(Suppl 1):367-372.##Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education. Oral health profile in Iran in 1391. Oral Health Bureau, Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education, Iran. 2012. Available at: URL: https://www.IranOralHealth.ir/1395/07/13/1391.October 4, 2016.##Pakshir, HR. Dental education and dentistry system in Iran. Med PrincPract 2003; 12(Suppl 1):56-60.##Yee R, Sheiham A. The burden of restorative dental treatment for children in Third World countries. Int Dent J 2002;52(1):1-9.##Watt RG. Strategies and approaches in oral disease prevention and health promotion. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83(9):711-8.##Hobdell M, Petersen PE, Clarkson J, Johnson N. Global goals for oral health 2020. Int Dent J 2003;53(5):285-8.##Nilchian F, KazemiSh, Abbasi M, Ghoreishian F, Kowkabi M. Evaluation of Isfahan's Dental Students' Awareness about Preventive Dentistry. J Dent (Shiraz) 2014;15(1):1-5.##Tseveenjav B, Vehkalahti M, Murtomaa H. Preventive practice of Mongolian dental students. Eur J Dent Educ 2002;6(2):74-8.##Plasschaert AJ, Lindh C, McLoughlin J, et al. Curriculum structure and the European Credit Transfer System for European dental schools: part I. Eur J Dent Educ 2006;10(3):123-130.##Khami MR, Virtanen JI, Jafarian M, Murtomaa H. Prevention-oriented practice of Iranian senior dental students. Eur J Dent Educ 2007;11(1):48-53.##Tseveenjav B, Vehkalahti M, Murtomaa H. Oral health and its determinants among Mongolian dentists. ActaOdontolScand 2004;62(1):1-6.##Frank E, Hedgecock J, Elon LK. Personal health promotion at US medical schools: a quantitative study and qualitative description of deans' and students' perceptions. BMC Med Educ 2004;4(1):29.##Heloë LA. Comparison of dental health data obtained from questionnaires, interviews and clinical examination. Scand J Dent Res 1972;80(6):495-9.##Sjöström O, Holst D. Validity of a questionnaire survey: response patterns in different subgroups and the effect of social desirability. ActaOdontolScand 2002;60(3):136-40.##Khami MR, Virtanen JI, Jafarian M, Murtomaa H. Oral health behaviour of Iranian dental school educators. Oral Health Prev Dent 2006;4(4):265-71.##Khami MR1, Virtanen JI, Jafarian M, Murtomaa H. Oral health behaviour and its determinants amongst Iranian dental students. Eur J Dent Educ 2007;11(1):42-7.##Twetman S, Axelsson S, Dahlgren H, et al. Caries-preventive effect of fluoride toothpaste: a systematic review. ActaOdontolScand 2003;61(6):347-55.##Bratthall D, Hansel-Petersson G, Sundberg H. Reasons for the caries decline: what do the experts believe? Eur J Oral Sci 1996;104(4):416-22.##Marthaler TM. Changes in dental caries 1953-2003. Caries Res 2004;38(3):173-81.##Ostberg AL, Halling A, Lindblad U. Gender differences in knowledge, attitude, behavior and perceived oral health among adolescents. ActaOdontolScand 1999;57(4):231-6.##Tada A, Hanada N. Sexual differences in oral health behaviour and factors associated with oral health behaviour in Japanese young adults. Public Health 2004;118(2):104-9.##Ghasemi H, Murtomaa H, Torabzadeh H, Vehkalahti MM. Knowledge of and Attitudes towards Preventive Dental Care among Iranian Dentists Eur J Dent. 2007;1(4):222–229.##Moon H, Paik D, Horowitz AM, Kim J. National survey of Korean dentists' knowledge and opinions: dental caries etiology and prevention. J Public Health Dent 1998;58(1):51–56.##Holloway PJ,Clarkson JE. Cost: benefit of prevention in practice. Int Dent J 1994;44(4):317-322.##Metz MJ, Miller CJ, Lin WS, Abdel-Azim T, Zandinejad A, Crim GA. Dental student perception and assessment of their clinical knowledge in educating patients about preventive dentistry. Eur J Dent Educ 2015;19(2):81-6.##Mohebbi SZ, Esfandiyar M. The effect of the theoretical course of community oral health on the oral health prevention knowledge, attitude and self-reported practice in dental school students at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Dental Medicine (Tehran University of Medical Sciences) 2011;24(2):245-251.##Barrieshi-Nusair K, Alomari Q, Said K.Dental health attitudes and behaviour among dental students in Jordan. Community Dent Health 2006;23(3):147–151.##McGlone P, Watt R, Sheiham A. Evidence-based dentistry: an overview of the challenges in changing professional practice. Br Dent J 2001;190(12):636–639.##Tomlinson P, Treasure E. Provision of prevention to adults in NHS dental practices and attitudes to prevention. Br Dent J 2006;200(7):393-397.##Pine CM, Adair PM, Burnside G, et al. Barriers to the treatment of childhood caries perceived by dentists working in different countries. Community Dent Health 2004;21(1 Suppl):112-120.##Tseveenjav B, Vehkalahti MM, Murtomaa H. Barriers to the provision of oral health education among Mongolian dentists. Oral Health Prev Dent 2005;3(3):183-188.##Arheiam, A,Bernabe E. Attitudes and practices regarding preventive dentistry among Libyan dentists. Community Dent Health 2015;32(3):174-9.## ##

موانع دانشی مادران در مشارکت در برنامه سلامت دهان دانش آموزان Knowledge-based barriers on cooperation of students’ mothers in oral health programs 1 1 : برنامه های سلامت دهان در مدارس در ایران با اجرای برنامه وارنیش فلورایدتراپی از سال 1394 وسعت بیشتری به خود گرفت. همکاری خانواده در این برنامه نقش مهمی دارد. دانش و نگرش والدین می تواند در این امر اثرگذار باشد. هدف از این بررسی، آشنایی با باورها و یا نقاط مبهمی بود که مانع می شد تا خانواده ها در مشارکت دادن فرزندانشان در طرح وارنیش فلورایدتراپی در شهر فردیس استان البرز همکاری مطلوبی داشته باشند. روش بررسی: یک مطالعه توصیفی به صورت بحث گروهی با مادران دانش آموزان طراحی گردید. نمونه گیری به صورت غیرتصادفی و متشکل از چهار مدرسه بود. مادران باورها یا شنیده هایی را که باعث می شد تا رغبتی نسبت به شرکت فرزندانشان در طرح وارنیش فلورایدتراپی نشان ندهند را بیان کردند. آنان همچنین منابع اطلاعاتی خود را بیان کردند. داده ها به صورت لیست موارد استخراج شد. یافته ها: باورها از «عدم نیاز به فلورایدتراپی در مدرسه» شروع و تا حد «سرطانزا بودن فلوراید» گسترده بود. «کاهش هوش دانش اموزان» مهمترین باور موجود در میان مادران بود. «نبودن این برنامه در کشورهای پیشرفته» تا «مضر بودن فلورایدتراپی برای کودکان» از جمله موارد شنیده شده بود. دندانپزشکان، شبکه های اجتماعی و اینترنت از جمله منابع اطلاعاتی بود. نتیجه گیری: دندانپزشکان می توانند نقش مهمی در آموزش بهداشت مراجعین خود داشته باشند. با آموزش مناسب و توجه به برنامه های آموزش مداوم می توان به بهبود این امر پرداخت. همه دست اندرکاران نیز باید نسبت به برنامه کاملا توجیه شده باشند. 2 Oral health programs in primary schools in Iran were extended by varnish fluoride therapy in 2015. Having a secured relation and cooperation between parents and schools is very important; while Parents’ knowledge and attitude could be strongly affective. The aim of this study was to shed light on the vague perceptions or beliefs that would prohibit parents to include their children in oral health program in Fardis, Karaj, Iran. Methods and Materials: During this descriptive study randomly selected students’ mothers from elementary schools participated in group discussions, and shared the reasons and beliefs which would discourage them to enter their children into varnish fluoride therapy program. They also conversed about the sources of their beliefs. A list of the data were developed and used for data analysis. Results: Results illustrated wide variety of perceptions, rouging from “No need to do varnish fluoride therapy in schools” to “Fluoride can be cancerous”. Some other statements included “Developed countries don’t have such programs” and “Fluoride Therapy can harm the kids”; however, the most common beliefs amongst mothers were “Fluoride Therapy decreases kids’ intelligence”. Furthermore, dentists, social media, and online Search Engines were the main sources of mothers’ knowledge. Discussion and Conclusion: Dentists can have an essential rule on oral health education, and the oral health of the community can hugely benefit from appropriate program and continuous education. Never the less this requires great attention from related authorities. 85 90 2017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/2 1396/8/11 2017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/2 1396/8/11 احمد جعفری A Jafari iran ایران محمد ناصری M Naseri iran ایران Oral health Health promoting schools Students Fluoride therapy سلامت دهان مدارس مروج سلامت دانش آموزان فلورایدتراپی Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century–the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2003 Dec 1;31(s1):3-24.##Samadzadeh H, Hessari H, Nouri M. Evaluation of changes on DMFT index of permanent teeth among Iranian 6-12 years-old children in 1998. Journal of Dental School Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 2001; 19(3):9-15. ISSN 1735-7683 [In Persian]##Ministry of Health and Medical Education (Iran). Oral Health Office. Oral health program in primary schools. Available on http://iranoralhealth.ir/1395/07/13/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-1391/ [In Persian]##Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic Of IRAN. http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/132295 [In Persian]##Ministry of Health and Medical Education (Iran). Oral Health Office. Iranian National Oral Health Survey. Available on http://iranoralhealth.ir/1395/08/10/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86/ [In Persian]##Zwieg K. Fluoride in caries control. 2011 April [cited 2011]; Available from: http://ida.cdeworld.com/courses/4501-Fluoride_in_Caries_Control. Accessed: August 2, 2013.##Jafari A, Zangooei M, Aslani S, Shamshiri A, Hesari H. The Role of Trained Mothers in Varnish Fluoride Therapy Program. Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry. 2013; 9 (1) :59-66##Hessari H, Jafar A, Zangooei M, Aslani S, Fathi M, and Jafari S. Varnish Fluoride Therapy by Non-Dental Professional Health-Workers. 10th IADR World Congress on Preventive Dentistry. Budapest, Hungary. October 9-12, 2013 •##Scambler S. Klass C, Wright D, Gallagher JE. Insights into the oral health beliefs and practices of mothers from a north London Orthodox Jewish community. BMC Oral Health. 2010; 10: 14.##Broadbent, J. M., Zeng, J., Page, L. F., Baker, S. R., Ramrakha, S., & Thomson, W. M. (2016). Oral Health–related Beliefs, Behaviors, and Outcomes through the Life Course. Journal of dental research, 2016;95(7): pp. 808-813. 0022034516634663.##Pine CM, Adair PM, Burnside G, Nicoll AD, Gillett A, Borges-Yá-ez SA, Broukal Z, Brown J, Declerck D, Ping FX, Gugushe T. Barriers to the treatment of childhood caries perceived by dentists working in different countries. Community dental health. 2004 Mar;21(1 Suppl):112-20.##Visavadia BG, Kumar M. A study of attitudes to oral health and prevalence of dental disease in primary school children in Delhi. J Dent. 1991; 18(8):351-2.##Yusuf H, Tsakos G, Ntouva A, Murphy M, Porter J, Newton T, Watt RG. Differences by age and sex in general dental practitioners' knowledge, attitudes and behaviours in delivering prevention. British dental journal. 2015 Sep 25;219(6):E7-.##Jafari A, Safayi H, Pour Hashemi J. General Dentists' Practices on Dental Caries Prevention Services. Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry. 2015;11(1):55-64 [Abstract in English]##Broadbent JM, Thomson W, Poulton R. Oral Health Beliefs in Adolescence and Oral Health in Young Adulthood. J Dent Res. 2006;85(4):339–43.##Gussy MG, Waters EB, Riggs EM, Lo SK, Kilpatrick NM. Parental knowledge, beliefs and behaviours for oral health of toddlers residing in rural Victoria. Aust Dent J 2008;53:52-60.##Dhar V, Bhatnagar M. Physiology and toxicity of fluoride. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2009 Jul 1;20(3):350.##Isanbor C, O'Hagan D. Fluorine in medicinal chemistry: a review of anti-cancer agents. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry. 2006 Mar 31;127(3):303-19.##Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century–the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2003 Dec 1;31(s1):3-24.##Samadzadeh H, Hessari H, Nouri M. Evaluation of changes on DMFT index of permanent teeth among Iranian 6-12 years-old children in 1998. Journal of Dental School Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. 2001; 19(3):9-15. ISSN 1735-7683 [In Persian]##Ministry of Health and Medical Education (Iran). Oral Health Office. Oral health program in primary schools. Available on http://iranoralhealth.ir/1395/07/13/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-1391/ [In Persian]##Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic Of IRAN. http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/132295 [In Persian]##Ministry of Health and Medical Education (Iran). Oral Health Office. Iranian National Oral Health Survey. Available on http://iranoralhealth.ir/1395/08/10/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86/ [In Persian]##Zwieg K. Fluoride in caries control. 2011 April [cited 2011]; Available from: http://ida.cdeworld.com/courses/4501-Fluoride_in_Caries_Control. Accessed: August 2, 2013.##Jafari A, Zangooei M, Aslani S, Shamshiri A, Hesari H. The Role of Trained Mothers in Varnish Fluoride Therapy Program. Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry. 2013; 9 (1) :59-66##Hessari H, Jafar A, Zangooei M, Aslani S, Fathi M, and Jafari S. Varnish Fluoride Therapy by Non-Dental Professional Health-Workers. 10th IADR World Congress on Preventive Dentistry. Budapest, Hungary. October 9-12, 2013 •##Scambler S. Klass C, Wright D, Gallagher JE. Insights into the oral health beliefs and practices of mothers from a north London Orthodox Jewish community. BMC Oral Health. 2010; 10: 14.##Broadbent, J. M., Zeng, J., Page, L. F., Baker, S. R., Ramrakha, S., & Thomson, W. M. (2016). Oral Health–related Beliefs, Behaviors, and Outcomes through the Life Course. Journal of dental research, 2016;95(7): pp. 808-813. 0022034516634663.##Pine CM, Adair PM, Burnside G, Nicoll AD, Gillett A, Borges-Yá-ez SA, Broukal Z, Brown J, Declerck D, Ping FX, Gugushe T. Barriers to the treatment of childhood caries perceived by dentists working in different countries. Community dental health. 2004 Mar;21(1 Suppl):112-20.##Visavadia BG, Kumar M. A study of attitudes to oral health and prevalence of dental disease in primary school children in Delhi. J Dent. 1991; 18(8):351-2.##Yusuf H, Tsakos G, Ntouva A, Murphy M, Porter J, Newton T, Watt RG. Differences by age and sex in general dental practitioners' knowledge, attitudes and behaviours in delivering prevention. British dental journal. 2015 Sep 25;219(6):E7-.##Jafari A, Safayi H, Pour Hashemi J. General Dentists' Practices on Dental Caries Prevention Services. Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry. 2015;11(1):55-64 [Abstract in English]##Broadbent JM, Thomson W, Poulton R. Oral Health Beliefs in Adolescence and Oral Health in Young Adulthood. J Dent Res. 2006;85(4):339–43.##Gussy MG, Waters EB, Riggs EM, Lo SK, Kilpatrick NM. Parental knowledge, beliefs and behaviours for oral health of toddlers residing in rural Victoria. Aust Dent J 2008;53:52-60.##Dhar V, Bhatnagar M. Physiology and toxicity of fluoride. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2009 Jul 1;20(3):350.##Isanbor C, O'Hagan D. Fluorine in medicinal chemistry: a review of anti-cancer agents. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry. 2006 Mar 31;127(3):303-19.## ##

گزارش یک مورد فیوژن دندان کانین شیری با یک دندان اضافه به همراه دندان اضافه کانین دائمی 1 1 فیوژن و وجود دندان اضافه از جمله اختلالات تکاملی دندانی مشاهده شده در کودکان می باشند. با وجود شیوع کم دندان اضافه در سری دندانی شیری، حضور همزمان دندان اضافه شیری و دائمی در یک ناحیه بطور نادر اتفاق می افتد. در این مقاله به گزارش یک مورد فیوژن دندان اضافه در یک کودک سه ساله با دندان کانین شیری و همچنین وجود یک دندان اضافه کانین دائمی در ناحیه درگیر می پردازیم 91 94 2017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/2 1396/8/11 2017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/22017/11/2 1396/8/11 حسین افشار H Afshar iran ایران شبنم میلانی SH Milani iran ایران دندان کانین شیری دندان اضافه فیوژن اختلالات تکاملی دندانی Omer RS, Anthonappa RP, King NM. Determination of the optimum time for surgical removal of unerupted anterior supernumerary teeth. Pediatric dentistry. 2010;32(1):14-20.##Mason C, Azam N, Holt R, Rule D. A retrospective study of unerupted maxillary incisors associated with supernumerary teeth. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2000;38(1):62-5.##Wicomb GM, Beighton PH. Familial hyperdontia in the deciduous dentition. Journal Of International Dental And Medical Research. 2009;2(1):1-5.##Primosch RE. Anterior supernumerary teeth-assessment and surgical intervention in children. Pediatr Dent. 1981;3(2):204-15.##Liu J-f. Characteristics of premaxillary supernumerary teeth: a survey of 112 cases. ASDC journal of dentistry for children. 1995;62(4):262-5.##Sykaras SN. Mesiodens in primary and permanent dentitions: report of a case. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology. 1975;39(6):870-4.##Mehta V. Bilateral Fusion in Mandibular Primary Anterior Teeth: Report of a Rare Case With a Brief Review of Literature2017. 10-2 p.##Rao P, Mascarenhas R, Anita A, Devadiga D. Fusion in Deciduous Mandibular Anterior Teeth-A Rare Case. Dentistry. 2014(S2):1.##Neville B, Damm D, Allen C, Bouquot J. Abnormalities of teeth2005.##Aguilo L, Gandia J, Cibrian R, Catala M. Primary double teeth. A retrospective clinical study of their morphological characteristics and associated anomalies. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 1999;9(3):175-83.##Alvarez I, Creath C. Radiographic considerations for supernumerary tooth extraction: report of case. ASDC journal of dentistry for children. 1995;62(2):141-4.##Wadhawan R, Rajan P, Reddy Y, Singh A, Goel N, Jain A. Case Report Fusion of Left Primary Mandibular Lateral Incisor and Caninein a Seven Year Old Male Child: A Case Report.##Joshi V, Kalwa PK, Ramana V, Joshi S, Saritha M. Bilateral fusion of the mandibular primary incisors: A case report. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 2011;2(2):40-3.##LochibS, Indushekar K, Saraf BG, Sheoran N, Sardana D. Occlusal characteristics and prevalence of associated dental anomalies in the primary dentition. Journal of epidemiology and global health. 2015;5(2):151-7.##Demiriz L, Durmuşlar MC, Mısır AF. Prevalenceand characteristics of supernumerary teeth: A survey on 7348 people. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry. 2015;5(Suppl 1):S39.##Rajashekhara B, Dave B, Manjunatha B, Poonacha K, Sujan SG. Bilateral fusion of primary mandibular lateral incisors and canines: A report of a rare case. Revista Odonto Ciência. 2010;25(4):427-9.##Omer RS, Anthonappa RP, King NM. Determination of the optimum time for surgical removal of unerupted anterior supernumerary teeth. Pediatric dentistry. 2010;32(1):14-20.##Mason C, Azam N, Holt R, Rule D. A retrospective study of unerupted maxillary incisors associated with supernumerary teeth. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2000;38(1):62-5.##Wicomb GM, Beighton PH. Familial hyperdontia in the deciduous dentition. Journal Of International Dental And Medical Research. 2009;2(1):1-5.##Primosch RE. Anterior supernumerary teeth-assessment and surgical intervention in children. Pediatr Dent. 1981;3(2):204-15.##Liu J-f. Characteristics of premaxillary supernumerary teeth: a survey of 112 cases. ASDC journal of dentistry for children. 1995;62(4):262-5.##Sykaras SN. Mesiodens in primary and permanent dentitions: report of a case. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology. 1975;39(6):870-4.##Mehta V. Bilateral Fusion in Mandibular Primary Anterior Teeth: Report of a Rare Case With a Brief Review of Literature2017. 10-2 p.##Rao P, Mascarenhas R, Anita A, Devadiga D. Fusion in Deciduous Mandibular Anterior Teeth-A Rare Case. Dentistry. 2014(S2):1.##Neville B, Damm D, Allen C, Bouquot J. Abnormalities of teeth2005.##Aguilo L, Gandia J, Cibrian R, Catala M. Primary double teeth. A retrospective clinical study of their morphological characteristics and associated anomalies. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 1999;9(3):175-83.##Alvarez I, Creath C. Radiographic considerations for supernumerary tooth extraction: report of case. ASDC journal of dentistry for children. 1995;62(2):141-4.##Wadhawan R, Rajan P, Reddy Y, Singh A, Goel N, Jain A. Case Report Fusion of Left Primary Mandibular Lateral Incisor and Caninein a Seven Year Old Male Child: A Case Report.##Joshi V, Kalwa PK, Ramana V, Joshi S, Saritha M. Bilateral fusion of the mandibular primary incisors: A case report. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 2011;2(2):40-3.##LochibS, Indushekar K, Saraf BG, Sheoran N, Sardana D. Occlusal characteristics and prevalence of associated dental anomalies in the primary dentition. Journal of epidemiology and global health. 2015;5(2):151-7.##Demiriz L, Durmuşlar MC, Mısır AF. Prevalenceand characteristics of supernumerary teeth: A survey on 7348 people. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry. 2015;5(Suppl 1):S39.##Rajashekhara B, Dave B, Manjunatha B, Poonacha K, Sujan SG. Bilateral fusion of primary mandibular lateral incisors and canines: A report of a rare case. Revista Odonto Ciência. 2010;25(4):427-9.## ##