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عوامل اقتصادی- اجتماعی تأثیرگذار بر سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان بدو ورود به دبستان Socio-Economic Determinants of Children Oral Health at Beginning of Primary School 1 1 سابقه و هدف : سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان نقش مهمی در تعیین وضعیت سلامت و برنامه‌ریزی بهداشـتی و درمـانی کشورها دارد. این مطالعه، همزمان با مقایسه استانهای مختلف از نظر سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان بدو ورود به دبستان، به تعیین تأثیر عوامل اقتصادی- اجتماعی بر  سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان پرداخته است. مواد و روشها : پژوهش، توصیفی- تحلیلی و به‌صورت مقطعی بود و با استفاده از اطلاعات ۷۷۶۸ نوآموز که در ابتدای سال تحصیلی 95-94 به پایگاه‌های سنجش سلامت کودکان در استان‌های مختلف ایران مراجعه کرده بودند، انجام گرفت. آنالیز آماری بـا اسـتفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS و آزمـون آمـاری Chi-square انجـام شـد. یافته ها :از ۷۷۶۸ کودک 7/33% از نوآموزان در وضعیت دندانی سالم و 3/66% آنان وضعیت دندانی ناسالم داشتند. بیشترین درصد کودکانی که دارای مشکلات سلامت دهان و دندان بودند به ترتیب در استانهای خراسان جنوبی با 90.1 درصد، آذربایجان غربی 2/88 درصد و مرکزی با 86 درصد  بودند. درصد کودکان دارای مشکل سلامت دهان و دندان در روستاها بیشتر از شهرها است(001/0>p). افزایش تحصیلات مادر(001/0>p)، افزایش تحصیلات پدر(001/0>p)، عدم اشتغال مادر(05/0>P)، داشتن بیمه پایه (05/0>P)، داشتن بیمه تکمیلی(001/0>p) و افزایش درآمد (001/0>p) تأثیر مثبت و معناداری بر بهبود وضعیت سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان دارند. نتیجه گیری: بر اساس این مطالعه، اگرچه درصد کودکانی که سطح سلامت دهان و دندان بالاتری داشته اند در خانوارهایی که پدر و مادر سطح تحصیلات و درآمد بالاتر و دسترسی به بیمه داشته اند، بالاتر بوده اما از آنجایی که شاغل بودن مادر و سکونت در روستا موجب کاهش سلامت دهان و دندان کودکان می شود، نیازمند اتخاذ اقداماتی در این راستا می باشد. 2 Background and aims: Evaluation of oral health in children plays an important role in determining the health status. This study, simultaneously with the comparison of different provinces in terms of Oral Health at Beginning of Primary School,  determines the impact of socioeconomic factors on the oral health of children. Methods: The study was descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional  and using information from 7768 primary school children, who were referred to Children Health Testing centers in all provinces of Iran, in the academic year of 2016. To analyze the results, SPSS software and Chi-square test applied.. Results: From 7768 kids, 33.7% of the beginners were in a healthy oral status and 66.3% had an unhealthy oral status. The highest percentage of beginners with oral health problems were in South Khorasan provinces with 90.1%, West Azarbaijan, 88.2% and Markazi with 86%. The percentage of children with oral health problems in rural areas is higher than cities (p<0.001). Increased mother's education (p <0.001), increased father's education (p <0.001), lack of mother's employment (P> 0.05), basic insurance (P <0.05), supplementary insurance (p<0.001) and increase in income (p <0.001) have a positive and significant effect on improving oral health of children. Conclusion: According to the study, the low level of education of parents, especially the mother and the habitat in the village, affect the oral health of children. Due to the young population of the country, planning for the prevention and treatment of children's oral teeth is essential. 1 12 2018/04/3 1397/1/14 2018/04/3 1397/1/14 سارا امامقلی پور S Emamgholipour Iran ایران محمد عرب M Arab Iran ایران اکبر بیگلریان A Biglariyan Iran ایران سعیده میررضایی S Mirrezayi Iran ایران Children oral health status education employment. کودکان سلامت دهان و دندان اشتغال تحصیلات والدین. 1. Gerdtham U-G, Johannesson M. The relationship between happiness, health, and socio-economic factors: results based on Swedish microdata. The Journal of Socio-Economics 2001;30:553-07##2. Mak KK, Day JR. Dental health behaviours among early adolescents in Hong Kong. International journal of dental hygiene 2011; 9: 122-06##3. Hatami H, Razavi S, Eftekhar A, Majlesi F, Sayed Nozadi M. Parizade SMj. Textbook of Public Health ۳th ed Tehran: Arjmand pub 2013: 2134-050##4. Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, Estupinan-Day S, Ndiaye C. The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2005; 83: 661-0669##5. Petersen P. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century–the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dentistry and oral epidemiology 2003; 31: 3-024##6. Organization WH. Oral health surveys: basic methods: World Health Organization; 02013##7.Du Plessis J. The effect of socio-economic status on dental caries experience in 6, 12 and 15 year-old school children in Port Elizabeth and Despatch. The Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa= Die Tydskrif van die Tandheelkundige Vereniging van Suid-Afrika 1997; 52: 483-06##8.Bagramian RA, Garcia-Godoy F, Volpe AR. The global increase in dental caries. A pending public health crisis. Am J Dent 2009; 22: 3-08##9. Goursand D, Paiva SM, Zarzar PM, Ramos-Jorge ML, Cornacchia GM, Pordeus IA, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11–14 (CPQ 11–14) for the Brazilian Portuguese language. Health and quality of life outcomes 2008;6: 01##10. Locker D. Disparities in oral health‐related quality of life in a population of Canadian children. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 2007; 35: 348-056##11. Paula J, Leite I, Almeida A, Ambrosano G, Pereira A, Mialhe F. The influence of oral health conditions, socioeconomic status and home environment factors on schoolchildren's self-perception of quality of life. Health and quality of life outcomes 2012; 10: 01##12. Sanders AE, Spencer AJ. Childhood circumstances, psychosocial factors and the social impact of adult oral health. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 2005;33: 370.07##13. Sujlana A, Pannu PK. Family related factors associated with caries prevalence in the primary dentition of five-year-old children. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry 2015;33: 083##14. Sisson KL. Theoretical explanations for social inequalities in oral health. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 2007; 35: 81-08##15. Gerritsen A, Allen P, Witter D, Bronkhorst E, Creugers N. Tooth loss and oral health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health and quality of life outcomes 2010; 8:0126##16. Whalley F, Wong D. Nursing care of infant and children. Washington DC: Mosby 1993: 988-01005##17. Riley J, Gilbert G. Childhood dental history and adult dental attitudes and beliefs. International dental journal 2005; 55: 142-050##18. Edelstein B, Douglass C. Dispelling the myth that 50 percent of US schoolchildren have never had a cavity. Public Health Reports 1995; 110:0552##19. Mouradian W, Wehr E, Crall J. Disparities in children's oral health and access to dental care. Jama 2000; 284: 2625-031##20. Scully C. Oral health in America: a report of the Surgeon General. 02000##21. Abiola Adeniyi A, Eyitope Ogunbodede O, Sonny Jeboda O, Morenike Folayan O. Do maternal factors influence the dental health status of Nigerian pre‐school children? International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2009; 19: 448-0054##22. Nematollahi H, Mehrabkhani M, Esmaily H-O. Dental Caries Experience and its Relationship to Socio-Economic Factors in 2-6 Year Old Kindergarten Children in Birjand–Iran in 2007. J Mash Dent Sch 2009; 32: 325-032##23. Pakpour HajiAgha A, Ehsani N, Pouresmaeil M, Alijanzadeh M. Investigate the situation of oral health in preschool students of Alborz province. Journal of Isfahan Dental School 2016;12: 80-073##24. Ansari-Moghaddam S. Mothers´ knowledge and attitude towards factors affecting orodental health infants and children. Zahedan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services: Zahedan; 02003##25. Golkari A, Moeini A, Jabbarifar S. Relationship of socioeconomic status with quality of life related to oral and dental health of 2‒5-year-olds in Shiraz. J Isfahan Dent Sch 2014; 9: 534-041##26. Newton JT, Bower EJ. The social determinants of oral health: new approaches to conceptualizing and researching complex causal networks. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 2005; 33: 25-034##27. Petersen PE, Kwan S. Equity, social determinants and public health programmes–the case of oral health. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 2011; 39: 481-07##28. Watt RG. From victim blaming to upstream action: tackling the social determinants of oral health inequalities. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 2007; 35: 1-011##29. Kondo N, Sembajwe G, Kawachi I, van Dam R, Subramanian S, Yamagata Z. Income inequality, mortality, and self rated health: meta-analysis of multilevel studies. Bmj 2009; 339:04471##30. De Maio F, Linetzky B, Ferrante D, Fleischer N. Extending the income inequality hypothesis: Ecological results from the 2005 and 2009 Argentine National Risk Factor Surveys. Global public health 2012;7: 635-047##31. Pickett K, Wilkinson R. Income inequality and health: a causal review. Social Science & Medicine 2015; 128:316-026##32. Talekar B, ROZIER R, Slade G, Ennett S. Parental perceptions of their preschool-aged children's oral health. The Journal of the American Dental Association 2005; 136: 364-076##33. Shahrabi M, Mohandes F, Seraj B. Assessing DMFT index in 12 years old students attending hearing impaired schools in Tehran. Journal of Dental Medicine 2006; 19: 102-06##34. Arsang Jang S, Amani A, Jafari Koshki T, Mozafariyanpour E, Jafari Kaffash K, Sajadimanesh M, et al. The Level of Availability and Use of Oral and Dental Health Services in 6-7 Years Old Children, Qom, Iran. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal 2014; 9: 55-063##35. Medina‐Solis C, Maupomé G, HM dS, Pérez‐Núñez R, Ávila‐Burgos L, Lamadrid‐Figueroa H. Dental Health Services Utilization and Associated Factors in Children 6 to 12 Years Old in a Low‐Income Country. Journal of public health dentistry 2008;68: 39-045##36. Werneck R, Lawrence H, Kulkarni G, Locker D. Early childhood caries and access to dental care among children of Portuguese-speaking immigrants in the city of Toronto. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 2008;074##37. Thyath M, Nishad S, Sharma M, Zaidi I. Impact of socioeconomic status and parental factors on child oral health-A review of literature. Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Sciences Research 2015;3:0153##38. Apouey B, Geoffard P-Y. Child health and access to health care in France: Evidence on the role of family income. Revue d'épidémiologie et de santé publique 2014;62: 179-090##39. Krisdapong S, Somkotra T, Kueakulpipat W. Disparities in Early Childhood Caries and Its Impact on Oral Health–Related Quality of Life of Preschool Children. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health 2014; 26: 285-094##40. Tubert‐Jeannin S, Pegon‐Machat E, Gremeau‐Richard C, Lecuyer M, Tsakos G. Validation of a French version of the Child‐OIDP index. European Journal of Oral Sciences 2005; 113: 355-062##41. Papaioannou W, Oulis C, Latsou D, Yfantopoulos J. Oral health related quality of life of Greek adolescents: a cross-sectional study. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 2011; 12: 146-050##42. Mbawalla H, Masalu J, Åstrøm A. Socio-demographic and behavioural correlates of oral hygiene status and oral health related quality of life, the Limpopo-Arusha school health project (LASH): A cross-sectional study. BMC pediatrics 2010; 10: 01## ##1. Gerdtham U-G, Johannesson M. The relationship between happiness, health, and socio-economic factors: results based on Swedish microdata. The Journal of Socio-Economics 2001;30:553-07##2. Mak KK, Day JR. Dental health behaviours among early adolescents in Hong Kong. International journal of dental hygiene 2011; 9: 122-06##3. Hatami H, Razavi S, Eftekhar A, Majlesi F, Sayed Nozadi M. Parizade SMj. Textbook of Public Health ۳th ed Tehran: Arjmand pub 2013: 2134-050##4. Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, Estupinan-Day S, Ndiaye C. The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2005; 83: 661-0669##5. Petersen P. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century–the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dentistry and oral epidemiology 2003; 31: 3-024##6. Organization WH. Oral health surveys: basic methods: World Health Organization; 02013##7.Du Plessis J. The effect of socio-economic status on dental caries experience in 6, 12 and 15 year-old school children in Port Elizabeth and Despatch. The Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa= Die Tydskrif van die Tandheelkundige Vereniging van Suid-Afrika 1997; 52: 483-06##8.Bagramian RA, Garcia-Godoy F, Volpe AR. The global increase in dental caries. A pending public health crisis. Am J Dent 2009; 22: 3-08##9. Goursand D, Paiva SM, Zarzar PM, Ramos-Jorge ML, Cornacchia GM, Pordeus IA, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11–14 (CPQ 11–14) for the Brazilian Portuguese language. Health and quality of life outcomes 2008;6: 01##10. Locker D. Disparities in oral health‐related quality of life in a population of Canadian children. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 2007; 35: 348-056##11. Paula J, Leite I, Almeida A, Ambrosano G, Pereira A, Mialhe F. The influence of oral health conditions, socioeconomic status and home environment factors on schoolchildren's self-perception of quality of life. Health and quality of life outcomes 2012; 10: 01##12. Sanders AE, Spencer AJ. Childhood circumstances, psychosocial factors and the social impact of adult oral health. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 2005;33: 370.07##13. Sujlana A, Pannu PK. Family related factors associated with caries prevalence in the primary dentition of five-year-old children. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry 2015;33: 083##14. Sisson KL. Theoretical explanations for social inequalities in oral health. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 2007; 35: 81-08##15. Gerritsen A, Allen P, Witter D, Bronkhorst E, Creugers N. Tooth loss and oral health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health and quality of life outcomes 2010; 8:0126##16. Whalley F, Wong D. Nursing care of infant and children. Washington DC: Mosby 1993: 988-01005##17. Riley J, Gilbert G. Childhood dental history and adult dental attitudes and beliefs. International dental journal 2005; 55: 142-050##18. Edelstein B, Douglass C. Dispelling the myth that 50 percent of US schoolchildren have never had a cavity. Public Health Reports 1995; 110:0552##19. Mouradian W, Wehr E, Crall J. Disparities in children's oral health and access to dental care. Jama 2000; 284: 2625-031##20. Scully C. Oral health in America: a report of the Surgeon General. 02000##21. Abiola Adeniyi A, Eyitope Ogunbodede O, Sonny Jeboda O, Morenike Folayan O. Do maternal factors influence the dental health status of Nigerian pre‐school children? International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2009; 19: 448-0054##22. Nematollahi H, Mehrabkhani M, Esmaily H-O. Dental Caries Experience and its Relationship to Socio-Economic Factors in 2-6 Year Old Kindergarten Children in Birjand–Iran in 2007. J Mash Dent Sch 2009; 32: 325-032##23. Pakpour HajiAgha A, Ehsani N, Pouresmaeil M, Alijanzadeh M. Investigate the situation of oral health in preschool students of Alborz province. Journal of Isfahan Dental School 2016;12: 80-073##24. Ansari-Moghaddam S. Mothers´ knowledge and attitude towards factors affecting orodental health infants and children. Zahedan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services: Zahedan; 02003##25. Golkari A, Moeini A, Jabbarifar S. Relationship of socioeconomic status with quality of life related to oral and dental health of 2‒5-year-olds in Shiraz. J Isfahan Dent Sch 2014; 9: 534-041##26. Newton JT, Bower EJ. The social determinants of oral health: new approaches to conceptualizing and researching complex causal networks. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 2005; 33: 25-034##27. Petersen PE, Kwan S. Equity, social determinants and public health programmes–the case of oral health. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 2011; 39: 481-07##28. Watt RG. From victim blaming to upstream action: tackling the social determinants of oral health inequalities. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 2007; 35: 1-011##29. Kondo N, Sembajwe G, Kawachi I, van Dam R, Subramanian S, Yamagata Z. Income inequality, mortality, and self rated health: meta-analysis of multilevel studies. Bmj 2009; 339:04471##30. De Maio F, Linetzky B, Ferrante D, Fleischer N. Extending the income inequality hypothesis: Ecological results from the 2005 and 2009 Argentine National Risk Factor Surveys. Global public health 2012;7: 635-047##31. Pickett K, Wilkinson R. Income inequality and health: a causal review. Social Science & Medicine 2015; 128:316-026##32. Talekar B, ROZIER R, Slade G, Ennett S. Parental perceptions of their preschool-aged children's oral health. The Journal of the American Dental Association 2005; 136: 364-076##33. Shahrabi M, Mohandes F, Seraj B. Assessing DMFT index in 12 years old students attending hearing impaired schools in Tehran. Journal of Dental Medicine 2006; 19: 102-06##34. Arsang Jang S, Amani A, Jafari Koshki T, Mozafariyanpour E, Jafari Kaffash K, Sajadimanesh M, et al. The Level of Availability and Use of Oral and Dental Health Services in 6-7 Years Old Children, Qom, Iran. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal 2014; 9: 55-063##35. Medina‐Solis C, Maupomé G, HM dS, Pérez‐Núñez R, Ávila‐Burgos L, Lamadrid‐Figueroa H. Dental Health Services Utilization and Associated Factors in Children 6 to 12 Years Old in a Low‐Income Country. Journal of public health dentistry 2008;68: 39-045##36. Werneck R, Lawrence H, Kulkarni G, Locker D. Early childhood caries and access to dental care among children of Portuguese-speaking immigrants in the city of Toronto. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 2008;074##37. Thyath M, Nishad S, Sharma M, Zaidi I. Impact of socioeconomic status and parental factors on child oral health-A review of literature. Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Sciences Research 2015;3:0153##38. Apouey B, Geoffard P-Y. Child health and access to health care in France: Evidence on the role of family income. Revue d'épidémiologie et de santé publique 2014;62: 179-090##39. Krisdapong S, Somkotra T, Kueakulpipat W. Disparities in Early Childhood Caries and Its Impact on Oral Health–Related Quality of Life of Preschool Children. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health 2014; 26: 285-094##40. Tubert‐Jeannin S, Pegon‐Machat E, Gremeau‐Richard C, Lecuyer M, Tsakos G. Validation of a French version of the Child‐OIDP index. European Journal of Oral Sciences 2005; 113: 355-062##41. Papaioannou W, Oulis C, Latsou D, Yfantopoulos J. Oral health related quality of life of Greek adolescents: a cross-sectional study. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 2011; 12: 146-050##42. Mbawalla H, Masalu J, Åstrøm A. Socio-demographic and behavioural correlates of oral hygiene status and oral health related quality of life, the Limpopo-Arusha school health project (LASH): A cross-sectional study. BMC pediatrics 2010; 10: 01## ## ##

بررسی کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با ارتودنسی در دانش آموزان دختر دوره اول دبیرستان Assessment of Orthodontic Quality of Life in High School Girls in Kerman 1 1 سابقه و هدف: بدشکلی های، دندانی صورتی میتواند روی کیفیت زندگی افراد تاثیر بگذارد. هدف از انجام این مطالعه، بررسی کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با ارتودنسی در دانش آموزان دختر دوره ی اول  دبیرستان شهر کرمان در سال 1394 بوده است. روش بررسی: این مطالعه ی مقطعی توصیفی روی 195 دانش آموزدختر  دوره ی اول دبیرستان که به روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای چند مرحله ای انتخاب شده بودند انجام شد. ابزار گردآوری داده ها چک لیست اطلاعات فردی، پرسشنامه ی استاندارد22 سوالی کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با ارتودنسی و معاینه بالینی بود. داده ها وارد کامپیوتر شده و در نرم افزار آماری SPSS نسخه ی 21 وبا استفاده از تستهای ANOVA وTو رگرسیون خطی در سطح معنی داری 05/0 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته­ها: در پژوهش  کنونی میانگین نمره ی کل پرسشنامه10.05 ±17.30 و میانگین نمره در هریک از حیطه های اجتماعی  5.18  ±  7.52  ،زیبایی2.96  ±3.55    دهانی صورتی 2.39 ±2.57   و آگاهی2.40 ± 4.13 بود. بین  تمایل به  درمان ارتدنسی با نمره  ی کل پرسشنامه و حیطه های دانش،زیبایی و اجتماعی ارتباط معنی دار وجود داشت. کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با ارتودنسی در افراد با اکلوژن کلاس سه به طور معنی داری بدتر از انواع دیگر اکلوژن بود(p=0.07). نتیجه­گیری: نتایج این  مطالعه  نشان داد که کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با ارتودنسی در دانش آموزان دختردوره اول دبیرستان ، بالا می باشد. تمایل به درمان ارتودنسی و اکلوژن کلاس سه ، تاثیر معنی داری روی کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با ارتودنسی می گذارد 2 Background and aims: Dentofacial deformity can affect on individuals ’quality of life. The aim of the present study was determination of orthodontic quality of life questionnaire in first course high school girls. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted on 195 girls that selected with multi stage sampling method. Data was collected by using demographic characters, orthodontic quality of life questionnaire (22 questions form) and clinical examination. Data analyzed in SPSS software by using ANOVA and regression tests. P value was considered at 0.05. Results: The mean score of questionnaire was 17.30±10.05, social domain 7.52± 5.15, asthetic 3.55 ±2.96, orofacial 2.57± 2.39, and knowledge 4.13± 2.40.There was significant correlation between orthodontics’ need and the mean score of questionnaire score and social, aesthetic and knowledge domains. In individuals   with class 3 malocclusion orthodontic quality of life was significantly worse than the others (p=0.07). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed orthodontic quality of life among girls  students was high .orthodontics’ need  and class 3 occlusion had significant affect on orthodontic quality of life.  13 24 2018/04/32018/04/3 1397/1/14 2018/04/32018/04/3 1397/1/14 مرضیه کریمی افشار M Karimiafshar Iran ایران ملوک ترابی پاریزی M Torabi parizi Iran ایران جهانگیر حقانی J Haghani Iran ایران زینب خسرویان Z Khosraviyan Iran ایران Orthodontic quality of life malocclusion adolescents Kerman کیفیت زندگی - ارتودنسی - مال اکلوژن – نوجوانان. 1. Naito M, Yuasa H, Nomura Y, et al. Oral health status and health-related quality of life: a systematic review. J of oral Science 2006; 48(1):1-7.##2. Klages u, Bruckner A, Zentner A. Dental aesthetics, Self-awareness, and oral health aesthetics, related quality of life in young adults. Eur J of Orthodon 2004; 26(5): 507-14.##3. Gift HC, Redford M. Oral health and the quality of life, Clin in Ger Med. 1992 Aug;8(3):673-83.##4. Slade GD.Derivation and validation of a short-form oral health impact profile.Community Dent Oral Epideiol1997;25:248-90.##5. Bedi R, Gulati N, McGrath C. A study of satisfaction with dental services among adults in the United Kingdom. Br Dent J. 2005 Apr 9;198(7):433-7.##6. Shaw WC. The influence of children’s dentofacial appearance on their social attractiveness as judged by peers and lay adults. Am J Orthod. 1981 Apr;79(4):399-415.##7. Zhang M, McGrath C, Hagg U. The impact of malocclusion and its treatment on quality of life: a literature review. Int J Pediat Dent. 2006 Nov; 16(6):381-7.##8. Giddon DB. Orthodontic applications of psychological and perceptual studies of facial esthetics. Semin Orthod 1995;1:82-93.##9. Varela M, García-Camba JE. Impact of orthodontics on the psychologic profile of adult patients: a prospective study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995;108:142-8.##10. Chen M, Feng Z, Liu X, Li Z, Cai B, Wang D. Impact of malocclusion on oral health-related quality of life in young adults. Angle Orthod. 2014 ;85(6): 986-991.##11. Kang JM, Kang KH. Effect of malocclusion or orthodontic treatment on oral health-related quality of life in adults. Korean J Orthod. 2014 Nov;44(6):304-11.##12. Hassan AH, Hassan MH, Linjawi AI. Association of orthodontic treatment needs and oral health-related quality of life in Saudi children seeking orthodontic treatment. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2014 Nov 13;8:1571-9.##13. Manjith CM, Karnam SK, Manglam S, Praveen MN, Mathur A.Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHQoL) among adolescents seeking orthodontic treatment. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2012 May 1;13(3):294-8.##14. Feu D, de Oliveira BH, de Oliveira Almeida MA, Kiyak HA, Miguel JA. Oral health-related quality of life and orthodontic treatment seeking. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010 Aug;138(2):152-9. ##15. Feu D, Oliveira BH, Celeste RK, Miguel JA.Influence of orthodontic treatment on adolescents' self-perceptions of esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012 Jun;141(6):743-50.##16. Johal A, Alyaqoobi I, Patel R, Cox S. The impact of orthodontic treatment on quality of life and self-esteem in adult patients. Eur J Orthod. 2015 ;37(3):233-7.##17. Cunningham SJ, Hunt NP. Quality of life and its importance in orthodontics. J Orthod. 2001;28:152–158.##18. Ahmed B, Gilthorpe MS, Bedi R. Agreement between normative and perceived orthodontic need amongst deprived multiethnic school children in London. Clin Orthod Res. 2001;4:65–71.##19. de Oliveira CM, Sheiham A. Orthodontic treatment and its impact on oral health-related quality of life in Brazilian adolescents. J Orthod. 2004;31:20–27.##20. Benson PE, Da'as T, Johal A, Mandall NA, Williams AC, Baker SR, Marshman Z. Relationships between dental appearance, self-esteem, socio-economic status, and oral health-related quality of life in UK schoolchildren: A 3-year cohort study. Eur J Orthod. 2015;37(5):481-90.##21. Bortoluzzi MC, Manfro R, Soares IC, Presta AA. Cross-cultural adaptation of the orthognathic quality of life questionnaire (OQLQ) in a Brazilian sample of patients with dentofacial deformities. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 Aug 1;16 (5): e694-9.##22. Momeni Danaei S, Fijan S, Mohammadi N, Soleimanzadeh R. Assessment of the Reliability and Validity of the Farsi Translation of the “Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire” in 10-14 Year-Olds in Shiraz. The Journal of Islamic Dental Association of IRAN (JIDA) . 2013; 25 (4) :322-328##23. Silveira MF, Freire RS, Nepomuceno M.O, et al. Severity of malocclusion in adolescents: populational-based study in the north of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Saúde Pública 2016 ;Aug;50(11):473-##24. Nagarajappa R, Ramesh G, Sandesh N, Lingesha RT, Hussain MA. Impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on quality of life among adolescents’ in India. J Clin Exp Dent. 2014 Oct 1;6(4):e389-94.##25. Nagalakshmi S, Sathish R, Priya K, Dhayanithi D. Changes in quality of life during orthodontic correction of midline diastema. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. Jul 2014; 6(Suppl 1): S162–S164##26. Kavin T, Jagadesan AG, Venkataraman SS.Changes in quality of life and impact on patients' perception of esthetics after orthognathic surgery. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2012 Aug;4(Suppl 2):S290-3.##27. Cunningham SJ, Garratt AM, Hunt NP. Development of a condition-specific quality of life measure for patients with dentofacial deformity: I. Reliability of the instrument. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2000;28:195-201##28. Al-Ahmad HT, Al-Sa’di WS, Al-Omari IK, Al-Bitar ZB. Condition-specific quality of life in Jordanian patients with dentofacial deformities: a comparison of generic and disease-specific measures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;107:49-55.##29. Cunningham SJ, Garratt AM, Hunt NP. Development of a condition-specific quality of life measure for patients with dentofacial deformity: II. Validity and responsiveness testing. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002;30:81-90.##30. Modig M, Andersson L, Wårdh I. Patients’ perception of improvement after orthognathic surgery: pilot study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;44:24-7.##31. Miguel J.A.M, Palomares N.B, Feu D. Life-quality of orthognathic surgery patients: The search for an integral diagnosis. Dental Press J Orthod. 2014 Jan-Feb;19(1):123-37##32. Pabari S, Moles DR, Cunningham SJ. Assessment of motivation and psychologic characteristics of adult orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011 Dec; 140)6):263-72##33. Sergl HG, Zentner A. Study of psychosocial aspects of adult orthodontic treatment. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1997;12(1):17-22.##34. Murphy C, Kearns G, Sleeman D, Cronin M, Allen PF.The clinical relevance of orthognathic surgery on quality of life. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011 Sep;40(9):926-30.##35. Choi WS, Lee S, McGrath C, Samman N. Change in quality of life after combined orthodontic-surgical treatment of dentofacial deformities. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010 Jan;109(1):46-51. ##36. Alanko OM, Svedstrom-Oristo AL, Tuomisto MT. Patients’ perceptions of orthognathic treatment, well-being, and psychological or psychiatric status: a systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand. 2010;68(5):249-260##1. Naito M, Yuasa H, Nomura Y, et al. Oral health status and health-related quality of life: a systematic review. J of oral Science 2006; 48(1):1-7.##2. Klages u, Bruckner A, Zentner A. Dental aesthetics, Self-awareness, and oral health aesthetics, related quality of life in young adults. Eur J of Orthodon 2004; 26(5): 507-14.##3. Gift HC, Redford M. Oral health and the quality of life, Clin in Ger Med. 1992 Aug;8(3):673-83.##4. Slade GD.Derivation and validation of a short-form oral health impact profile.Community Dent Oral Epideiol1997;25:248-90.##5. Bedi R, Gulati N, McGrath C. A study of satisfaction with dental services among adults in the United Kingdom. Br Dent J. 2005 Apr 9;198(7):433-7.##6. Shaw WC. The influence of children’s dentofacial appearance on their social attractiveness as judged by peers and lay adults. Am J Orthod. 1981 Apr;79(4):399-415.##7. Zhang M, McGrath C, Hagg U. The impact of malocclusion and its treatment on quality of life: a literature review. Int J Pediat Dent. 2006 Nov; 16(6):381-7.##8. Giddon DB. Orthodontic applications of psychological and perceptual studies of facial esthetics. Semin Orthod 1995;1:82-93.##9. Varela M, García-Camba JE. Impact of orthodontics on the psychologic profile of adult patients: a prospective study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995;108:142-8.##10. Chen M, Feng Z, Liu X, Li Z, Cai B, Wang D. Impact of malocclusion on oral health-related quality of life in young adults. Angle Orthod. 2014 ;85(6): 986-991.##11. Kang JM, Kang KH. Effect of malocclusion or orthodontic treatment on oral health-related quality of life in adults. Korean J Orthod. 2014 Nov;44(6):304-11.##12. Hassan AH, Hassan MH, Linjawi AI. Association of orthodontic treatment needs and oral health-related quality of life in Saudi children seeking orthodontic treatment. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2014 Nov 13;8:1571-9.##13. Manjith CM, Karnam SK, Manglam S, Praveen MN, Mathur A.Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHQoL) among adolescents seeking orthodontic treatment. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2012 May 1;13(3):294-8.##14. Feu D, de Oliveira BH, de Oliveira Almeida MA, Kiyak HA, Miguel JA. Oral health-related quality of life and orthodontic treatment seeking. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010 Aug;138(2):152-9. ##15. Feu D, Oliveira BH, Celeste RK, Miguel JA.Influence of orthodontic treatment on adolescents' self-perceptions of esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012 Jun;141(6):743-50.##16. Johal A, Alyaqoobi I, Patel R, Cox S. The impact of orthodontic treatment on quality of life and self-esteem in adult patients. Eur J Orthod. 2015 ;37(3):233-7.##17. Cunningham SJ, Hunt NP. Quality of life and its importance in orthodontics. J Orthod. 2001;28:152–158.##18. Ahmed B, Gilthorpe MS, Bedi R. Agreement between normative and perceived orthodontic need amongst deprived multiethnic school children in London. Clin Orthod Res. 2001;4:65–71.##19. de Oliveira CM, Sheiham A. Orthodontic treatment and its impact on oral health-related quality of life in Brazilian adolescents. J Orthod. 2004;31:20–27.##20. Benson PE, Da'as T, Johal A, Mandall NA, Williams AC, Baker SR, Marshman Z. Relationships between dental appearance, self-esteem, socio-economic status, and oral health-related quality of life in UK schoolchildren: A 3-year cohort study. Eur J Orthod. 2015;37(5):481-90.##21. Bortoluzzi MC, Manfro R, Soares IC, Presta AA. Cross-cultural adaptation of the orthognathic quality of life questionnaire (OQLQ) in a Brazilian sample of patients with dentofacial deformities. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 Aug 1;16 (5): e694-9.##22. Momeni Danaei S, Fijan S, Mohammadi N, Soleimanzadeh R. Assessment of the Reliability and Validity of the Farsi Translation of the “Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire” in 10-14 Year-Olds in Shiraz. The Journal of Islamic Dental Association of IRAN (JIDA) . 2013; 25 (4) :322-328##23. Silveira MF, Freire RS, Nepomuceno M.O, et al. Severity of malocclusion in adolescents: populational-based study in the north of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Saúde Pública 2016 ;Aug;50(11):473-##24. Nagarajappa R, Ramesh G, Sandesh N, Lingesha RT, Hussain MA. Impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on quality of life among adolescents’ in India. J Clin Exp Dent. 2014 Oct 1;6(4):e389-94.##25. Nagalakshmi S, Sathish R, Priya K, Dhayanithi D. Changes in quality of life during orthodontic correction of midline diastema. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. Jul 2014; 6(Suppl 1): S162–S164##26. Kavin T, Jagadesan AG, Venkataraman SS.Changes in quality of life and impact on patients' perception of esthetics after orthognathic surgery. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2012 Aug;4(Suppl 2):S290-3.##27. Cunningham SJ, Garratt AM, Hunt NP. Development of a condition-specific quality of life measure for patients with dentofacial deformity: I. Reliability of the instrument. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2000;28:195-201##28. Al-Ahmad HT, Al-Sa’di WS, Al-Omari IK, Al-Bitar ZB. Condition-specific quality of life in Jordanian patients with dentofacial deformities: a comparison of generic and disease-specific measures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;107:49-55.##29. Cunningham SJ, Garratt AM, Hunt NP. Development of a condition-specific quality of life measure for patients with dentofacial deformity: II. Validity and responsiveness testing. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002;30:81-90.##30. Modig M, Andersson L, Wårdh I. Patients’ perception of improvement after orthognathic surgery: pilot study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;44:24-7.##31. Miguel J.A.M, Palomares N.B, Feu D. Life-quality of orthognathic surgery patients: The search for an integral diagnosis. Dental Press J Orthod. 2014 Jan-Feb;19(1):123-37##32. Pabari S, Moles DR, Cunningham SJ. Assessment of motivation and psychologic characteristics of adult orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011 Dec; 140)6):263-72##33. Sergl HG, Zentner A. Study of psychosocial aspects of adult orthodontic treatment. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1997;12(1):17-22.##34. Murphy C, Kearns G, Sleeman D, Cronin M, Allen PF.The clinical relevance of orthognathic surgery on quality of life. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011 Sep;40(9):926-30.##35. Choi WS, Lee S, McGrath C, Samman N. Change in quality of life after combined orthodontic-surgical treatment of dentofacial deformities. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010 Jan;109(1):46-51. ##36. Alanko OM, Svedstrom-Oristo AL, Tuomisto MT. Patients’ perceptions of orthognathic treatment, well-being, and psychological or psychiatric status: a systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand. 2010;68(5):249-260## ##

مقایسه ریزنشت باکتریایی MTA و CEM در بستن پرفوراسیون فورکای دندان های شیری Comparison of Bacterial Microleakage between MTA and CEM in Furcal Perforation Seal in Primary Peeth 1 1 زمینه و هدف: سیل پرفوراسیون فورکا یک عامل مهم در کاهش التهاب و شکل گیری فرآیند بهبودی می‌باشد. انتخاب ماده‌ی مناسب به منظور بستن این گونه نقایص یک نگرانی حائز اهمیت است. از میان مواد متنوع در دسترس،  MTA و CEM ویژگی های بهتری را برای نیل به این هدف نشان داده اند. هدف از مطالعه ی حاضر مقایسه توانایی سیل کنندگی این دو ماده با کاربرد روش نفوذ باکتریال در ترمیم پرفوراسیون فورکای دندان های مولر شیری بود. روش اجرا: تعداد 65 دندان مولر شیری به منظور انجام این مطالعه¬ی آزمایشگاهی انتخاب شدند. دندان‌ها در سه گروه متشکل از دو گروه آزمایشی (n=30) و یک گروه کنترل (n=5) تقسیم بندی شدند. از میان پنج دندان گروه کنترل به طور تصادفی سه دندان به عنوان کنترل منفی و دو دندان به عنوان کنترل مثبت انتخاب گردیدند. پرفوراسیون‌هایی با ابعاد4×3 میلی¬متر¬مربع در دندان‌های دو گروه آزمایشی و دو دندان کنترل مثبت تعبیه گردید. پرفوراسیون‌های ایجاد شده در گروه اول با MTA و در گروه دوم با CEM ترمیم شدند. سپس نمونه‌ها تحت آزمایش ریزنشت باکتریایی قرار گرفتند منحنی¬های بقاء با استفاده از روش کاپلان- مایر (Kaplan-Meier) برآورد گردید و مقایسه بین دو گروه مورد آزمایش با استفاده از آزمون لگ- رنک (log- ranktest)انجام شد  . یافته‌ها: به لحاظ آماری از نظر ریزنشت باکتریایی تفاوت معناداری بینMTAوCEMدر ترمیم پرفوراسیون فورکای دندان‌های شیری وجود نداشت (204/0=p). نتیجه گیری: براساس نتایج به دست آمده از این مطالعه، MTA و CEM قابلیت سیل کنندگی برابری با استفاده از روش ریزنشت باکتریایی دارند. 2 Background and aims: Sealing the furcal perforation is an important factor to reduce inflammation and perform healing. Selecting the appropriate material to repair the defect is an important concern. Among the various available materials, MTA and CEM showed better properties to achieve this purpose. The purpose of this study was to compare the sealing ability of these materials by bacterial penetration method in furcal perforation repair of primary molars. Materials and Method: Sixty five primary molars were selected for this in vitro study. The teeth were divided in to three groups including two experimental group (n=30) and one control group (n=5). Five teeth which were existed in control group, randomly divided in to three negative control teeth and two positive control teeth. The perforation defects at the size of 3×4 mm2 were prepared on the furcation of two experimental group and two samples of positive control group. In group 1 the perforations were sealed with MTA and in group 2 the perforations were sealed with CEM. Then samples were undergone bacterial penetration test. Survival estimates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with Log- rank test between two experimental groups. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between MTA and CEM in bacterial penetration as a reparative material for furcal perforation repairs (p=0.204). Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, MTA and CEM have an equal sealing ability by using bacterial penetration method. 25 40 2018/04/32018/04/32018/04/3 1397/1/14 2018/04/32018/04/32018/04/3 1397/1/14 مریم شریفی M Sharifi Iran ایران سمیه خرمیان طوسی S KhoramianTusi Iran ایران MTA CEM bacterial penetration method MTA CEM روش نفوذ باکتریایی 1-John R, Christensen Henry W, Fields J. Space Maintenance in the Primary Dentition. In: Pinkham J, Casamassimo P, Fields J, Mctigue D, Nowak A. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy Trough Adolescence. 5thed, St.Louis, Missouri, 2013, 379-81.##2- Silveira CM, Sanchez-Ayala A, Lagravere MO, Pilatti GL, Gomes OM. Repair of furcal perforation with mineral trioxide aggregate. J Can Dent Assoc 2008; 74(8): 729-33.##3- Ghanbari H, Ghoddusi J, Mohtasham N. A comparison between Amalgam and MTA in repairing furcal perforation. J Dent (Tehran) 2008; 5(3): 115-9.##4- Sinai IH. Endodontic perforations: their prognosis and treatment. J Am Dent Assoc 1977; 95: 90-5.##5- Seltzer S, Sinai I, August D. Periodontal effects of root perforations before and during endodontic procedures. J Dent Res 1970; 49: 332-9.##6-Haghgoo R, Abbas F. Treatment of furcal perforation of primary molars with proroot MTA. Iran Endod J 2013; 8(2): 452-4. ##7-Parirokh M, Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Ghoddusi J, Brink F, Askarifar S, et al. The long-term effect of saline and phosphate buffer solution on MTA. Iran Endod J 2007; 2(3): 81-6.##8- Asgary S, Moosavi SH, Yadegari Z, Shahriari S. Cytotoxic effect of MTA and CEM cement in human gingival fibroblast cells: Scanning electronic microscope evaluation. NY State Dent J 2012; 78(2): 51-4.##9- FallahinejadGhajari M, AsgharianJeddi T, Iri S, Asgary S. Direct pulp-capping with calcium enriched mixture in primary molar teeth: a randomized clinical trial. Iran Endod J.2010; 5(1): 27-30.##10- Mehrdad L, Malekafzali B, Shekarchi F, Safi Y, Asgary S. Histological and CBCT evaluation of a pulpotomised primary molar using calcium enriched mixture cement. Eur Arch Pediatr Dent. 2013; 14(3): 191-4.##11-Asgary S.Vital Pulp Therapy for Permanent Dentition using Calcium Enriched Mixture Cement. J Mash Dent Sch 2010; 34(2): 161-70.##12- Holland R, Filho JA, de Souza V, Nery MJ, Bernabé PF, Junior ED. Mineral trioxide aggregate repair of lateral root perforations. J Endod 2001; 27: 281-4.##13-Sahebi S, Moazami F, Sadat Shojaee N, Layeghaeghad MK. Comparison of MTA and CEM cement microleakage in repairing furcal perforation. Iran Endod J 2013; 14(1): 31-6.##14-Bagherian A, Ahmadkhani M, Sheikhfathollahi M, Bahramabadinejad R. 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Microleakage of CEM cement and proroot MTA as furcal perforation repair materials in primary teeth. Iran Endod J 2013; 8(4): 187-90.####1-John R, Christensen Henry W, Fields J. Space Maintenance in the Primary Dentition. In: Pinkham J, Casamassimo P, Fields J, Mctigue D, Nowak A. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy Trough Adolescence. 5thed, St.Louis, Missouri, 2013, 379-81.##2- Silveira CM, Sanchez-Ayala A, Lagravere MO, Pilatti GL, Gomes OM. Repair of furcal perforation with mineral trioxide aggregate. J Can Dent Assoc 2008; 74(8): 729-33.##3- Ghanbari H, Ghoddusi J, Mohtasham N. A comparison between Amalgam and MTA in repairing furcal perforation. J Dent (Tehran) 2008; 5(3): 115-9.##4- Sinai IH. Endodontic perforations: their prognosis and treatment. J Am Dent Assoc 1977; 95: 90-5.##5- Seltzer S, Sinai I, August D. Periodontal effects of root perforations before and during endodontic procedures. J Dent Res 1970; 49: 332-9.##6-Haghgoo R, Abbas F. Treatment of furcal perforation of primary molars with proroot MTA. Iran Endod J 2013; 8(2): 452-4. ##7-Parirokh M, Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Ghoddusi J, Brink F, Askarifar S, et al. The long-term effect of saline and phosphate buffer solution on MTA. Iran Endod J 2007; 2(3): 81-6.##8- Asgary S, Moosavi SH, Yadegari Z, Shahriari S. Cytotoxic effect of MTA and CEM cement in human gingival fibroblast cells: Scanning electronic microscope evaluation. NY State Dent J 2012; 78(2): 51-4.##9- FallahinejadGhajari M, AsgharianJeddi T, Iri S, Asgary S. Direct pulp-capping with calcium enriched mixture in primary molar teeth: a randomized clinical trial. Iran Endod J.2010; 5(1): 27-30.##10- Mehrdad L, Malekafzali B, Shekarchi F, Safi Y, Asgary S. Histological and CBCT evaluation of a pulpotomised primary molar using calcium enriched mixture cement. Eur Arch Pediatr Dent. 2013; 14(3): 191-4.##11-Asgary S.Vital Pulp Therapy for Permanent Dentition using Calcium Enriched Mixture Cement. J Mash Dent Sch 2010; 34(2): 161-70.##12- Holland R, Filho JA, de Souza V, Nery MJ, Bernabé PF, Junior ED. Mineral trioxide aggregate repair of lateral root perforations. J Endod 2001; 27: 281-4.##13-Sahebi S, Moazami F, Sadat Shojaee N, Layeghaeghad MK. Comparison of MTA and CEM cement microleakage in repairing furcal perforation. Iran Endod J 2013; 14(1): 31-6.##14-Bagherian A, Ahmadkhani M, Sheikhfathollahi M, Bahramabadinejad R. Microbial Microleakage Assessment of a New Hydrophilic Fissure sealant.Pediatr Dent 2013: 35(7): 194-8.##15-Arrais CA, Kasaz Ade C, Albino LG, Rodrigues JA. Effect of curing mode on the hardness of dual-cured composite resin core build-up materials.Braz Oral Res J 2010; 24(2): 245-9.##16- Hashem AAR, Hassanien EE. ProRoot MTA, MTA-Angelus and IRM used to repair large furcation perforations: sealability study. J Endod 2008; 34(1): 59-61.##17- Wu MK,Wesselink PR. Endodontic leakage studies reconsidered. Part I. Methodology, application and relevance.IntEndod J 1993; 26(1): 37-43.##18-Alhadainy HA. Root perforations. A review of literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral PatholEndod 1994; 78: 368-74.##19-Nakata TT, Bae KS, Baumgartner JC. Perforation repair comparing mineral trioxide aggregate and amalgam using an anaerobic bacterial leakage model. J Endod 1998; 24:184-6.##20-Lee SJ, Monsef M, Torabinejad M. Sealing ability of a mineral trioxide aggregate for repair of lateral root perforations.J Endod 1993; 19: 541-4.##21-Arenas DE,Torabinejad M. Repair of furcal perforations with mineral trioxide aggregate: two case reports. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral radiolEndod 1996; 82: 84-8.##22- Sarkar NK,Caicedo R,Ritwik P,Moiseyeva R, Kawashima I. Physicochemical basis of the biologic properties of mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod. 2005; 31(2): 97-100.##23- Torabinejad M, Pitt Ford TR. Root end filling materials: a review. Endo Dent traumatol 1996; 12: 161-78.##24- Taylor MJ, Lynch EL. 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شیوع دندانهای نهفته در نوجوانان مراجعه کننده به مراکز رادیولوژی فک و صورت The Prevalence of Impacted Teeth in Patients Referred to Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology 1 1 زمینه و هدف: در برخی از شرایط، عوامل موضعی یا سیستمیک باعث ایجاد ناهنجاریهایی در الگوی رشد در مراحل مختلف رویش دندان می شوند که می توانند منجر به رویش غیر طبیعی دندان شوند و دندان در فک باقی بماند که به عنوان دندان نهفته نامیده می شود. این مطالعه جهت تعیین شیوعانواع دندانهای نهفته در نوجوانانمراجعه کننده به مراکز رادیولوژی فک وصورت طی سالهای 1393-95 انجام گرفت. روش بررسی: دراین مطالعه توصیفی- مقطعی 1161 فایلرادیوگرافی پانورامیک مربوط به نوجوانان 14تا24سال بررسی گردید. بدین صورت که، نوع دندان نهفته، موقعیت قرارگیری آن و جنسیت بیمار در فرم اطلاعاتی ثبت گردید. اطلاعات بدست امده توسطآزمونهای اماری Chi-squareو Fisher`s exact test آنالیز شدند. یافته­ها: طی بررسی فایلها تعداد275 دندان نهفته (7/23% ) مشاهده گردید که 1/25% در دختران و 7/21% در پسران بود. ترتیب شیوع نهفتگی از بیشتر به کمتر مربوط به دندان مولر سوم مندیبل یک طرفه (7/11%)، مولر سوم مندیبل دو طرفه (4/6%)،کانین ماگزیلا یک طرفه (5/2%) بود. بیشترین موقعیت نهفتگی مولر سوم مندیبل به ترتیب مزیوآنگولار،ورتیکال ،هوریزونتال و دیستوآنگولار بود. بحث و نتیجه گیری: شیوع دندان های نهفته در دخترانبطور غیر معناداری کمی بیشتر از پسرانبود.نهفتگی در فک پایین (4/77%)شایعتراز فک بالا (5/22%)بود. در مجموع شیوع دندانهای نهفته دراین مطالعه بیشتر ازسایر تحقیقات مشابه بود 2 Introduction: : There are some local or systemic factors can cause disorders in teeth growth pattern in different stage of teeth eruption and cause teeth don't grow naturally which are called under title of impacted teeth. In this study prevalence of impacted teeth by separation of kind of tooth, jaw's, type and gender was assessed among a group of population. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional (descriptive_analitycal) study, 1161 panoramic radiography from 14-24 years old patients who were referred to maxillofacial radiology center in Zanjan were evaluated (2014-2016). After evaluation of panoramic radiographies, the kind of impacted teeth, from each of the jaws and types of location and gender of patients were registered in the information form. Data were statistically analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Results: In this study 275 impacted teeth (%23/7) were observed in the radiographies. The rate of impacted teeth among women and men was %25/1 and %21/7 respectively. The most amount of prevalence was related to mandibular third molar unilateral (%11/7) and followed by the mandibular third molar bilateral (%6/4) and maxillary canine unilateral (%2/5) The most amount of prevalence impaction mandibular third molar was related to mesioangular and vertical and followed by the horizontal and distoangular. Discussion and Conclusion: : In this study prevalence of impacted teeth in the females was little more than of males. Prevalence of impacted teeth was (%77/4) in mandible and (%22/5) in maxilla. Generally, in this study prevalence of impacted teeth was higher than most similar studies. 41 50 2018/04/32018/04/32018/04/32018/04/3 1397/1/14 2018/04/32018/04/32018/04/32018/04/3 1397/1/14 ایمان شیرین بک I Shirinbak Iran ایران فرهاد اقمشه F Aghmasheh Iran ایران سمیرا بصیرشبستری S Basirshabestari Iran ایران بهاره ناظمی B Nazemi Iran ایران Mandible maxilla panoramic radiography tooth impaction مندیبل ماگزیلا رادیوگرافی دندانی نهفتگی دندانی 1.FardiA ,kondylidou-Sidira A, Bachour Z, Parisis N, Tsirlis A. Incidence of impacted and supernumerary teeth-a radiographic study in a North Greek population.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2011; 16(1); e 56-61.##2.Cate T. Oral Histology development, structure and function. 8 thed, Elsevier: Mosby;2013.P. 29, 328-40.##3.Vigneswaran AT , Shilpa S.The incidence of cysts and tumors associated with impacted third molars.J Pharm BioalliedSci 2015; 7(Suppl 1): S251–S254.##4.Peterson Lj, Ellis E, Hupp J R, Tucker M R. Contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery, 6th ed,Mosby: St Louis; 2013. P. 184-213,195-235.##5.Fragiskos D. Oral Surgery. Spriger :Verlag Berlin Heidelberg;2007. P. 73-83. ##6.Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Chi AC . Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 4th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences,St. Louis:Missouri;2016: 331-621.##7.James R, Hupp JD , Myron R, Tucker M , Edward E . Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 6th ed. Elsevier: Mosby-Louis Missouri; 2014:93-114.##8.Sivapathasundharam B. Shafer's Textbook of Oral Pathology. 8 th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, India;2016: 331-621.##9. Çelikoğlu M, Kamak H, Oktay H. Prevalence and characteristics of supernumerary teeth in a non-syndrome Turkish population: associated pathologies and proposed treatment.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2010;15(4):e575-8.##10. Falaki F, Delavarian Z, Salehinejad J, Saghafi S. Squamous cell carcinoma arising from an odontogenic keratocyst: a case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2009;14:171–174.##11. Planinić D, Bodina I, Perić B. Prevalence of odontogenic keratocysts associated with impacted third molars. CollAntropol 2010;34(Suppl1):221–224. ##12.Chuf C, Li TK, Lu VK, New some PR, chow RL, Cheung LK. Prevalence of impacted teeth and associated pathologies radiographic study of the Hong Kong Chinese population. Hong Kong med J 2003; 9 (3): 158-68.##13. Cholitgul W, Drummond BK. Jaw and tooth abnormalities detected on panoramic radiographs in New Zealand children aged 10-15 years. N Z Dent J 2000;96(423):10-3.##14. Goyal SH, Verma P, Sunder Raj S. Radiographic Evaluation of the Status of Third Molars in Sriganganagar Population – A Digital Panoramic Study. Malays J Med Sci 2016; 23(6): 103–112.##15. MortazaviH, Baharvand M. Jaw lesions associated with impacted tooth: A radiographic diagnostic guide. Imaging Sci Dent 2016; 46(3): 147–157.##16.Ezoddini-Ardakani F, Sarikhani-Khorrami K, Shafiee-Rad E, Safaei A, Davodi L. Evaluation the Prevalence of Impacted Teeth in Patients Referred to Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology of Yazd Dental School in years 1392-1394. JSSU 2016; 24 (8) :659-66.##17. American Dental Association. Guidelines for the selection of patients for dental radiographic examinations. Maryland (USA): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2004. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/RadiationEmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/MedicalX-Rays/ucm116505.pdf .##18. Demiriz L, Durmuşlar MC, Mısıri AF. Prevalence and characteristics of supernumerary teeth: Asurvey on 7348 people.J IntSocPrev Community Dent2015; 5(Suppl 1): S39–S43.##19.Tuna EB, Kurklu E,Gencay K,AkG.Clinical and radiological evaluation of inverse impaction of supernumerary teeth.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013; 18(4): e613–e618.##20. Saglam AA, Tuzum MS. Clinical and radiologic investigation of the incidence, complications and suitable removal times for fully impacted teeth in the Turkish population. Quintessence 2003; 34 (1): 53-9.##21.Nagahara.K, yuasas, Tamada A, et al. Etiological study of relationship between impacted permanent teeth and malocclusion. Aichi- Gakuin: Dagiaku- Shigakkai- shi 1989; 27 (4): 973-54.##22.Tavakoli MA ,Aghdasi MM ,MontasariB.An investigation on the prevalence and characteristics of impacted teeth amongsubjects referring to ShaheedBeheshti dental faculty (1999-2003). The Journal of Islamic dental Association of Iran 2003;15(3):30-38.##23.Bokhari Syed K ,Kota Z, Ibrahim M ,Bagi MA , Assiri MA. Prevalence of Impacted Molar Teeth among Saudi Populatin in AsirRegion , Saudi Arabia_A Retrospective Study of 3 Years. J Int Oral Health 2013; 5 (1) : 43-47.##24.Haghanifar S ,Emamverdizadeh P. Radiograficevalution of impacted teeth prevalence Dental faculty of Babol 2004_2006. BabolUniv Dent J Ghasrebaran 2006; 1 (1) :14-17.##25.El-Khateeb SM, Arnout EA,HifnawyT.Radiographic assessment of impacted teeth and associated pathosis prevalence. Saudi Med J 2015; 36(8): 973–979.##26.Quek SL, Tay CK, Tay KH, Toh SL, Lim KC. Pattern of third molar impaction in a Singapore Chinese population. Int J Oral MaxillofacSurg 2003; 32 (5): 548-52.##27.Abdorazzaghi M, Mehdipour A, Asayesh H. The Prevalence of Impacted Teeth in Patients Referred to Selected Dental Clinics in Qom City, 2013,. Iran. 2014: 69-73.##28. Breik O, Grubor D. The incidence of mandibular third molar impactions in different skeletal face types. Aust Dent J 2008;53(4):320-4.##29. Sandhu SS, Kapila BK. Incidence of impacted third molars. J Indian Dent Asso 1982; 54(12): 441-44.##30.Syed KB, Zaheer KB, Ibrahim M, Bagi MA, Assiri MA. Prevalence of Impacted Molar Teeth among SaudiPopulation in Asir Region, Saudi Arabia - A Retrospective Study of 3 Years. J Int Oral Health 2013; 5(1): 43-7.##1.FardiA ,kondylidou-Sidira A, Bachour Z, Parisis N, Tsirlis A. Incidence of impacted and supernumerary teeth-a radiographic study in a North Greek population.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2011; 16(1); e 56-61.##2.Cate T. Oral Histology development, structure and function. 8 thed, Elsevier: Mosby;2013.P. 29, 328-40.##3.Vigneswaran AT , Shilpa S.The incidence of cysts and tumors associated with impacted third molars.J Pharm BioalliedSci 2015; 7(Suppl 1): S251–S254.##4.Peterson Lj, Ellis E, Hupp J R, Tucker M R. Contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery, 6th ed,Mosby: St Louis; 2013. P. 184-213,195-235.##5.Fragiskos D. Oral Surgery. Spriger :Verlag Berlin Heidelberg;2007. P. 73-83. ##6.Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Chi AC . Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 4th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences,St. Louis:Missouri;2016: 331-621.##7.James R, Hupp JD , Myron R, Tucker M , Edward E . Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 6th ed. Elsevier: Mosby-Louis Missouri; 2014:93-114.##8.Sivapathasundharam B. Shafer's Textbook of Oral Pathology. 8 th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, India;2016: 331-621.##9. Çelikoğlu M, Kamak H, Oktay H. Prevalence and characteristics of supernumerary teeth in a non-syndrome Turkish population: associated pathologies and proposed treatment.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2010;15(4):e575-8.##10. Falaki F, Delavarian Z, Salehinejad J, Saghafi S. Squamous cell carcinoma arising from an odontogenic keratocyst: a case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2009;14:171–174.##11. Planinić D, Bodina I, Perić B. Prevalence of odontogenic keratocysts associated with impacted third molars. CollAntropol 2010;34(Suppl1):221–224. ##12.Chuf C, Li TK, Lu VK, New some PR, chow RL, Cheung LK. Prevalence of impacted teeth and associated pathologies radiographic study of the Hong Kong Chinese population. Hong Kong med J 2003; 9 (3): 158-68.##13. Cholitgul W, Drummond BK. Jaw and tooth abnormalities detected on panoramic radiographs in New Zealand children aged 10-15 years. N Z Dent J 2000;96(423):10-3.##14. Goyal SH, Verma P, Sunder Raj S. Radiographic Evaluation of the Status of Third Molars in Sriganganagar Population – A Digital Panoramic Study. Malays J Med Sci 2016; 23(6): 103–112.##15. MortazaviH, Baharvand M. Jaw lesions associated with impacted tooth: A radiographic diagnostic guide. Imaging Sci Dent 2016; 46(3): 147–157.##16.Ezoddini-Ardakani F, Sarikhani-Khorrami K, Shafiee-Rad E, Safaei A, Davodi L. Evaluation the Prevalence of Impacted Teeth in Patients Referred to Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology of Yazd Dental School in years 1392-1394. JSSU 2016; 24 (8) :659-66.##17. American Dental Association. Guidelines for the selection of patients for dental radiographic examinations. Maryland (USA): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2004. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/RadiationEmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/MedicalX-Rays/ucm116505.pdf .##18. Demiriz L, Durmuşlar MC, Mısıri AF. Prevalence and characteristics of supernumerary teeth: Asurvey on 7348 people.J IntSocPrev Community Dent2015; 5(Suppl 1): S39–S43.##19.Tuna EB, Kurklu E,Gencay K,AkG.Clinical and radiological evaluation of inverse impaction of supernumerary teeth.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013; 18(4): e613–e618.##20. Saglam AA, Tuzum MS. Clinical and radiologic investigation of the incidence, complications and suitable removal times for fully impacted teeth in the Turkish population. Quintessence 2003; 34 (1): 53-9.##21.Nagahara.K, yuasas, Tamada A, et al. Etiological study of relationship between impacted permanent teeth and malocclusion. Aichi- Gakuin: Dagiaku- Shigakkai- shi 1989; 27 (4): 973-54.##22.Tavakoli MA ,Aghdasi MM ,MontasariB.An investigation on the prevalence and characteristics of impacted teeth amongsubjects referring to ShaheedBeheshti dental faculty (1999-2003). The Journal of Islamic dental Association of Iran 2003;15(3):30-38.##23.Bokhari Syed K ,Kota Z, Ibrahim M ,Bagi MA , Assiri MA. Prevalence of Impacted Molar Teeth among Saudi Populatin in AsirRegion , Saudi Arabia_A Retrospective Study of 3 Years. J Int Oral Health 2013; 5 (1) : 43-47.##24.Haghanifar S ,Emamverdizadeh P. Radiograficevalution of impacted teeth prevalence Dental faculty of Babol 2004_2006. BabolUniv Dent J Ghasrebaran 2006; 1 (1) :14-17.##25.El-Khateeb SM, Arnout EA,HifnawyT.Radiographic assessment of impacted teeth and associated pathosis prevalence. Saudi Med J 2015; 36(8): 973–979.##26.Quek SL, Tay CK, Tay KH, Toh SL, Lim KC. Pattern of third molar impaction in a Singapore Chinese population. Int J Oral MaxillofacSurg 2003; 32 (5): 548-52.##27.Abdorazzaghi M, Mehdipour A, Asayesh H. The Prevalence of Impacted Teeth in Patients Referred to Selected Dental Clinics in Qom City, 2013,. Iran. 2014: 69-73.##28. Breik O, Grubor D. The incidence of mandibular third molar impactions in different skeletal face types. Aust Dent J 2008;53(4):320-4.##29. Sandhu SS, Kapila BK. Incidence of impacted third molars. J Indian Dent Asso 1982; 54(12): 441-44.##30.Syed KB, Zaheer KB, Ibrahim M, Bagi MA, Assiri MA. Prevalence of Impacted Molar Teeth among SaudiPopulation in Asir Region, Saudi Arabia - A Retrospective Study of 3 Years. J Int Oral Health 2013; 5(1): 43-7.## ##

بررسی شیوع نیاز به درمان ارتودنسی در کودکان 12 ساله Orthodontic Treatment Needs in Children 12 Years Old 1 1 زمینه و هدف: شاخص نیاز به درمان ارتودنسی (IOTN (Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need ابزار مناسبی برای اندازه گیری میزان نیاز به درمان در جامعه بوده و دارای کارآیی های متعددی از جمله برنامه ریزی، تقسیم منابع و بهبود استانداردهای درمانی می باشد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی شیوع نیاز به درمانی ارتودنسی در کودکان دبستانی می باشد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی- تحلیلی توسط نمونه گیری خوشه ای، 400 دانش آموز در سنین 12 ساله بدون هیچ گونه سابقه درمان ارتودنسی انتخاب شدند. شاخص IOTN با روش پیشنهادی سازمان جهانی بهداشت تعیین گردید و پرسشنامه ای که شامل اطلاعات دموگرافیک بود نیز تکمیل گردید. در تحلیل  داده هاازآزمون Regression  Logistic ساده از Menu، Complex Sample Analyse استفاده شد و با استفاده از ازمون Frequency  از, Menu Descriptive Statistics   فراوانی هر یک از Grade  های  IOTN  محاسبه شد. یافته ها: در مطالعه ی حاضر در مجموع 373 نفر که از این میان 154 نفر پسر(41.3) و 219 نفر دختر(58.7) بودند دارای پرسشنامه کامل بودند. نتایج حاصل نشان داد که 307 نفر(82.43%) نیاز به درمان ارتودنسی داشتند. در آنالیز آماری مشخص شد که جنسیت عامل تاثیر گذاری بر روی IOTN نیست. نتیجه‌گیری: در مقایسه با بسیاری از مطالعات انجام شده قبلی، دختران نیاز به درمان بیشتری داشتند 2 Background and aims: Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) is a known index for measuring the need for treatment in the community. It uses in planning, sharing of resources and improve standards of treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate indicators of need for orthodontic treatment is in primary school children. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study by convenience sampling, 400 students between the ages of 12 years old with no history of orthodontic treatment were selected. IOTN index was determined by the method recommended by the World Health Organization and also completed a questionnaire that included demographic questionnaires. Simple and Multiple Regression logistic tests of test data to be used Complex Sample Analyze menu. By using of Frequency, Menu Descriptive Statistics were calculated frequency of each Grade of IOTN. Results: In this study, a total of 373 samples in 7 boys and 9 girls' school were studied. Among them 154 were boys (41.3%) and 219 females (58.7%). The results showed that 307 patients (82.43%) needed the orthodontic treatment. Statistical analysis showed that gender is not a factor influencing the IOTN. Conclusions: Girls had more need of orthodontic treatment, unlike other studies that have been done in this case, although it was not significant 51 62 2018/04/32018/04/32018/04/32018/04/32018/04/4 1397/1/15 2018/04/32018/04/32018/04/32018/04/32018/04/4 1397/1/15 احمد جعفری A Jafari Iran ایران یحیی برادران نخجوانی Y Baradarannakhjavani Iran ایران میثم نوری M Nouri Iran ایران عباس رحیمی فروشانی A Rahimiforoushani Iran ایران جواد چلیپا J Chalipa Iran ایران Orthodontic treatment needs oral health students Saveh نیاز به درمان ارتودنسی بهداشت دهان دانش آموزان ساوه 1. William R. Proffit, Henry W. Fields, Jr, David M. Sarver; Contemporary Orthodontics, 5th ed. 2012. Elsevier-Mosby##2. Cunningham SJ, O’Brien C, editors. Quality of life and orthodontics. Semin Orthod; 2007. Elsevier.##3. Daniels C, Richmond S. The development of the index of complexity, outcome and need (ICON). J Orthod. 2014.##4. Liu Z, McGrath C, Hägg U. The impact of malocclusion/orthodontic treatment need on the quality of life: a systematic review. The Angle Orthod. 2009;79(3):585-91.##5. Manzanera D, Almerich-Silla JM, Gandía JL. Orthodontic treatment need in Spanish schoolchildren: an epidemiological study using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31(2):180-3.##6. Shaw WC, Richmond S, O'brien K, Brook P, Stephens C. Quality control in orthodontics: indices of treatment need and treatment standards. Br Dent J. 1991;170(3):107-12.##7. So LL, Tang EL. A comparative study using the Occlusal Index and the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. The Angle Orthod. 1993;63(1):57-64.##8. Cooper S, Mandall N, DiBiase D, Shaw W. The reliability of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need over time. J Orthod. 2014.##9. Jenny J. A social perspective on need and demand for orthodontic treatment. Int Dent J. 1975;25(4):248-56.##10. Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, Estupinan-Day S, Ndiaye C. The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(9):661-9.##11. Richmond S, Shaw W, O'brien K, Buchanan I, Jones R, Stephens C, et al. The development of the PAR Index (Peer Assessment Rating): reliability and validity. Eur J Orthod. 1992;14(2):125-39.##12. Shaw WC, Rees G, Dawe M, Charles C. The influence of dentofacial appearance on the social attractiveness of young adults. Am J Orthod. 1985;87(1):21-6.##13. Bowling A. Measuring health: a review of quality of life measurement scales. Open University Press Milton Keynes; 1991.##14. Group W. Study protocol for the World Health Organization project to develop a Quality of Life assessment instrument (WHOQOL). Qual Life Res. 1993;2(2):153-9.##15. Inglehart MR, Bagramian R. Oral health-related quality of life. Quintessence Pub.; 2002.##16. Cunningham SJ, Hunt NP. Quality of life and its importance in orthodontics. J Orthod. 2014.##17. Hamdan AM. The relationship between patient, parent and clinician perceived need and normative orthodontic treatment need. Eur J Orthod. 2004;26(3):265-71.##18. Onyeaso C, Aderinokun G. The relationship between dental aesthetic index (DAI) and perceptions of aesthetics, function and speech amongst secondary school children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2003;13(5):336-41.##19. Oshagh M, Ghaderi F, Pakshir H, Baghmollai A. Prevalence of malocclusions in school-age children attending the orthodontics department of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences/Prévalence des malocclusions chez les enfants d'âge scolaire en consultation dans le service d'orthodontie de l'Université des Sciences médicales de Shiraz (République islamique d'Iran). East Mediterr Health J2010;16(12):1245.##20. Van Wyk P, Drummond R. Orthodontic status and treatment need of 12-year-old children in South Africa using the Dental Aesthetic Index. SADJ. 2005;60(8):334-6, 8.##21. Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F. Orthodontic treatment needs in an urban Iranian population, an epidemiological study of 11-14 year old children. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2009;10(2):69.##22. Ansai T, Miyazaki H, Katoh Y, Yamashita Y, Takehara T, Jenny J. Prevalence of malocclusion in high school students in Japan according to the Dental Aesthetic Index. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1993;21(5):303-5.##23. Mugonzibwa EA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Van't Hof MA, Kikwilu EN. Perceptions of dental attractiveness and orthodontic treatment need among Tanzanian children. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;125(4):426-34.##24. Baubinienė D, Šidlauskas A, Misevičienė I. The need for orthodontic treatment among 10–11-and 14–15-year-old Lithuanian schoolchildren. Medicina (Kaunas). 2009;45(10).##25. Chestnutt IG, Burden D, Steele J, Pitts N, Nuttall N, Morris A. The orthodontic condition of children in the United Kingdom, 2003. Br Dent J. 2006;200(11):609-12.##26. Liepa A, Urtane I, Richmond S, Dunstan F. Orthodontic treatment need in Latvia. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25(3):279-84.##27. ESLAMIPOUR F, ASGARI I, FARZANEH KAR. FREQUENCY OF DENTAL ANOMALIES AND THE NEED FOR ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT IN 12-19 YEAR-OLD ADOLESCENTS IN ISFAHAN. 2011.##28. Feyzbakhsh M, Khadem P, Sarandi S, Teimouri F, ASLAN F, Dadgar S. Orthodontic Treatment Needs of 14-18 Year-Old Male Students of Isfahan (Iran) in 2009-2010 Using IOTN Index. J Mashhad Dent Sch. 2013.##29. Safavi SM, Sefidroodi A, Nouri M, Eslamian L, Kheirieh S, Bagheban AA. Orthodontic treatment need in 14-16 year-old Tehran high school students. Aust Orthod J. 2009;25(1):8.##30. Gábris K, Márton S, Madléna M. Prevalence of malocclusions in Hungarian adolescents. Eur J Orthod. 2006;28(5):467-70. ##1. William R. Proffit, Henry W. Fields, Jr, David M. Sarver; Contemporary Orthodontics, 5th ed. 2012. Elsevier-Mosby##2. Cunningham SJ, O’Brien C, editors. Quality of life and orthodontics. Semin Orthod; 2007. Elsevier.##3. Daniels C, Richmond S. The development of the index of complexity, outcome and need (ICON). J Orthod. 2014.##4. Liu Z, McGrath C, Hägg U. The impact of malocclusion/orthodontic treatment need on the quality of life: a systematic review. The Angle Orthod. 2009;79(3):585-91.##5. Manzanera D, Almerich-Silla JM, Gandía JL. Orthodontic treatment need in Spanish schoolchildren: an epidemiological study using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31(2):180-3.##6. Shaw WC, Richmond S, O'brien K, Brook P, Stephens C. Quality control in orthodontics: indices of treatment need and treatment standards. Br Dent J. 1991;170(3):107-12.##7. So LL, Tang EL. A comparative study using the Occlusal Index and the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. The Angle Orthod. 1993;63(1):57-64.##8. Cooper S, Mandall N, DiBiase D, Shaw W. The reliability of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need over time. J Orthod. 2014.##9. Jenny J. A social perspective on need and demand for orthodontic treatment. Int Dent J. 1975;25(4):248-56.##10. Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, Estupinan-Day S, Ndiaye C. The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(9):661-9.##11. Richmond S, Shaw W, O'brien K, Buchanan I, Jones R, Stephens C, et al. The development of the PAR Index (Peer Assessment Rating): reliability and validity. Eur J Orthod. 1992;14(2):125-39.##12. Shaw WC, Rees G, Dawe M, Charles C. The influence of dentofacial appearance on the social attractiveness of young adults. Am J Orthod. 1985;87(1):21-6.##13. Bowling A. Measuring health: a review of quality of life measurement scales. Open University Press Milton Keynes; 1991.##14. Group W. Study protocol for the World Health Organization project to develop a Quality of Life assessment instrument (WHOQOL). Qual Life Res. 1993;2(2):153-9.##15. Inglehart MR, Bagramian R. Oral health-related quality of life. Quintessence Pub.; 2002.##16. Cunningham SJ, Hunt NP. Quality of life and its importance in orthodontics. J Orthod. 2014.##17. Hamdan AM. The relationship between patient, parent and clinician perceived need and normative orthodontic treatment need. Eur J Orthod. 2004;26(3):265-71.##18. Onyeaso C, Aderinokun G. The relationship between dental aesthetic index (DAI) and perceptions of aesthetics, function and speech amongst secondary school children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2003;13(5):336-41.##19. Oshagh M, Ghaderi F, Pakshir H, Baghmollai A. Prevalence of malocclusions in school-age children attending the orthodontics department of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences/Prévalence des malocclusions chez les enfants d'âge scolaire en consultation dans le service d'orthodontie de l'Université des Sciences médicales de Shiraz (République islamique d'Iran). East Mediterr Health J2010;16(12):1245.##20. Van Wyk P, Drummond R. Orthodontic status and treatment need of 12-year-old children in South Africa using the Dental Aesthetic Index. SADJ. 2005;60(8):334-6, 8.##21. Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F. Orthodontic treatment needs in an urban Iranian population, an epidemiological study of 11-14 year old children. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2009;10(2):69.##22. Ansai T, Miyazaki H, Katoh Y, Yamashita Y, Takehara T, Jenny J. Prevalence of malocclusion in high school students in Japan according to the Dental Aesthetic Index. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1993;21(5):303-5.##23. Mugonzibwa EA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Van't Hof MA, Kikwilu EN. Perceptions of dental attractiveness and orthodontic treatment need among Tanzanian children. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;125(4):426-34.##24. Baubinienė D, Šidlauskas A, Misevičienė I. The need for orthodontic treatment among 10–11-and 14–15-year-old Lithuanian schoolchildren. Medicina (Kaunas). 2009;45(10).##25. Chestnutt IG, Burden D, Steele J, Pitts N, Nuttall N, Morris A. The orthodontic condition of children in the United Kingdom, 2003. Br Dent J. 2006;200(11):609-12.##26. Liepa A, Urtane I, Richmond S, Dunstan F. Orthodontic treatment need in Latvia. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25(3):279-84.##27. ESLAMIPOUR F, ASGARI I, FARZANEH KAR. FREQUENCY OF DENTAL ANOMALIES AND THE NEED FOR ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT IN 12-19 YEAR-OLD ADOLESCENTS IN ISFAHAN. 2011.##28. Feyzbakhsh M, Khadem P, Sarandi S, Teimouri F, ASLAN F, Dadgar S. Orthodontic Treatment Needs of 14-18 Year-Old Male Students of Isfahan (Iran) in 2009-2010 Using IOTN Index. J Mashhad Dent Sch. 2013.##29. Safavi SM, Sefidroodi A, Nouri M, Eslamian L, Kheirieh S, Bagheban AA. Orthodontic treatment need in 14-16 year-old Tehran high school students. Aust Orthod J. 2009;25(1):8.##30. Gábris K, Márton S, Madléna M. Prevalence of malocclusions in Hungarian adolescents. Eur J Orthod. 2006;28(5):467-70. ## ##

بررسی اثر آموزش بر نگرش والدین نسبت به روشهای مختلف هدایت رفتاری کودکان Evaluation of Educational Effect on Parent’s Attitude toward Different Behavioral Management Techniques for Children 1 1 زمینه و هدف: رفع مشکلات دندانی کودک ، به بهترین شکل و همراه با بیشترین همکاری از جانب کودک نیازمند اعتماد کودک به دندانپزشک و همچنین والدین به دندانپزشک در جهت تداوم ان  می باشد .با در نظر گرفتن اهمیت استفاده از روش های هدایت رفتاری در درمان دندانپزشکی کودکان هدف از این مطالعه ارزیابی تاثیر اموزش بر نگرش والدین در راستای روش های مختلف هدایت رفتاری کودکان بود. روش بررسی دراین مطالعه توصیفی٧٧ نفر از والدین کودکان مراجعه کننده به بخش کودکان دانشکده  دندانپزشکی یزد انتخاب گشته و سپس پرسش نامه ای شامل توضیح هدف کلی مطالعه- اطلاعات دموکراتیک والدین و ٧  شیوه مختلف رفتاری( بگو-نشان بده-انجام بده ،کنترل صدا ،استفاده از دستگاهای بازدارنده ی غیر فعال -بازدارندگی فعال توسط پرسنل دندانپزشکی یا والدین،استفاده از آرامبخشی ،دست روی دهان و بیهوشی عمومی) به أفراد داده شد. در برگه های  ارزیابی ، زیر هریک از روشها ،مقیاس آنالوگ بصری( VA S)قرار گرفته وروی خط  ١٠٠ میلیمتری در سمت چپ واژه کاملا مخالف و در سمت راست واژه کاملا موافقم وجود داشت .والدین دیدگاه خود در ارتباط با هر یک از روش ها ی هدایت رفتاری را ابتدا مشخص کرده و نهایتاً بعد از نمایش یک فیلم اموزشی حاوی این ٧ روش هدایت رفتاری مجدداً فرم پرسش نامه را تکمیل کردند.جهت انالیزداده ها از تست های اماری .wilcoxon و Cruskal vallis استفاده گردید. یافته ها: از 77نفر والدین 67 نفر زن 10 مرد با محدوده سنی بین 24تا 68سال بودند . بیشترین تاثیر اموزش در مقبولیت و تفاوت نمره پیش ازمون و پس ازمون در روش بگو-نشان بده –انجام بده(p value=001) و سپس در روش بیهوشی عمومی دیده شد. در تمامی روش های هدایت رفتاری به غیر از روش دست روی دهان تفاوت معناداری  قبل و بعد از اموزش وجود داشت. نتیجه گیری: به نظر میرسد با گذر زمان پذیرش روش های مختلف رفتاری تغییر کرده است ونقش اموزش در مقبولیت رو به رشدروش هایی از جمله بگو –نشان بده – انجام بده و بیهوشی عمومی حائز اهمیت میباشد. 2 Background and Aims: Elimination of child dental problems in the best way and with the most cooperation, depend on both child trust to dentist hence parents trust the dentist for continuity. Considering the importance of behavior management techniques in pediatric dentistry, the aim of this study was evaluation of education effect on parent's attitude about these behavior management techniques in children. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study,77 individuals ,selected from parents returned to pediatric department of Yazd dental school, were given questioners containing explanation of study aim, parent’s demographic information and 7 behavior management techniques (Tell show do, voice control, active restraint, passive restraint, HOM, sedation, General Anesthesia) with V.A.S scale in grading mm below each method. Parents specified their comments in each technique once before showing educational film containing these behavior management methods and again after the show. Results were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests. Results: Parents in this study, consisted of 67 women and 10 men with the age range of 24 to 68.the most effect of education was seen in acceptance of Tell Show Do and General Anesthesia)p value=0.001) techniques respectively. There was a significant difference between before and after the educations in all the cited behavior techniques expect hand over mouth. Conclusion: It seems that over the time, reception of behavior management techniques has been changed and the role of education in acceptance of techniques such as T.S.D and G.A is important 63 70 2018/04/32018/04/32018/04/32018/04/32018/04/42018/04/4 1397/1/15 2018/04/32018/04/32018/04/32018/04/32018/04/42018/04/4 1397/1/15 فائزه فتوحی اردکانی F Fotouhiardakani Iran ایران مهدی قندهاری مطلق M Ghandeharimotlagh Iran ایران زهرا بحرالعلومی Z Bahrololoumi Iran ایران بنت الهدا قندهاری مطلق B Ghandeharimotlagh Iran ایران Pediatric dentistry behavior management parents’ attitude دندانپزشکی کودکان –کنترل رفتار-رفتار کودک-نگرش والدین 1-I Koch G, Poulsen G. Pediatric dentistry : A clinical approach. 1 th ed copenhaagen monk gaard 2007;53.##2-Mathewson RJ,Primosch RE.Fundamental of pediatric dentistry . 3th ed chengo Quiniessence 1995;137.##3-khingberg G,broberg AG,Temproment and child dental fear Pediatr dent 1998; 20:237-43.##4-Amup K, Broberg AG,Berggren U, Bodin L. Lack of cooperation in pediatric dentistry the role of child personality characteristics. Pediatr dent 2002;24:119-28.##5-kuhn BR, Allen KD. Expanding child behavior management technology in pediatric dentistry a behavior science perspective pediatr dent 1994; 16:13-17.##6-American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry :G uideline on behavior management pediatr dent 2003;25:69-74.##7-Perets B, Zadik D. Parents attitudes toward behavior management the chnique during dental treatment .pediatr dent 1999, 21:201-4 ##8-Eaton J,MC Tigue DJ.Fields HW attitudes of contemporary parents toward behavior techniques use in pediatric Dent 2005;27(107-113)## 9-Jafarzadeh M,Kooshki F ,Malekfzali B ,Ahmadi S .Attitude of parents referred to the Department of pediatric Dentistry towards Different Behavioral Management Techniques used in pediatric Dentistry .Beheshti univ Dent 2015;32(4):225-31.##10-Lawrence sm,mc tigue Dj ,Wilson’s ,Odom JG. Parental attitudes toward behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry pediatr dent 1991,13(151-155)##11-Scott s,Garsia-Godny F.Attitades of Hispanic parents toward behavior management techniques ASDG j Dent Child .1998;65(128-131)##12-Havelka C ,MC Tigue D ,wilsons ,odam j.The influence of social status and prior explanation on parent of attitudes toward behavior management techniques. Pediatric Dent 1992;14(376-381)##13-Razavi SH,pantaji B .Determining the behavior management techniques acceptance of mothers referred to the department of pediatric dentistry in Qazvin (2007).J QVMS 2009;13(82-85)##14. Murphy MG, Fields HW,Machen JB .Parental acceptance of pediatric dentistry behavior management techniques pediatric Dent 1984;6(193-198).##cine. 2010;13(2) 56-66.##1-I Koch G, Poulsen G. Pediatric dentistry : A clinical approach. 1 th ed copenhaagen monk gaard 2007;53.##2-Mathewson RJ,Primosch RE.Fundamental of pediatric dentistry . 3th ed chengo Quiniessence 1995;137.##3-khingberg G,broberg AG,Temproment and child dental fear Pediatr dent 1998; 20:237-43.##4-Amup K, Broberg AG,Berggren U, Bodin L. Lack of cooperation in pediatric dentistry the role of child personality characteristics. Pediatr dent 2002;24:119-28.##5-kuhn BR, Allen KD. Expanding child behavior management technology in pediatric dentistry a behavior science perspective pediatr dent 1994; 16:13-17.##6-American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry :G uideline on behavior management pediatr dent 2003;25:69-74.##7-Perets B, Zadik D. Parents attitudes toward behavior management the chnique during dental treatment .pediatr dent 1999, 21:201-4 ##8-Eaton J,MC Tigue DJ.Fields HW attitudes of contemporary parents toward behavior techniques use in pediatric Dent 2005;27(107-113)## 9-Jafarzadeh M,Kooshki F ,Malekfzali B ,Ahmadi S .Attitude of parents referred to the Department of pediatric Dentistry towards Different Behavioral Management Techniques used in pediatric Dentistry .Beheshti univ Dent 2015;32(4):225-31.##10-Lawrence sm,mc tigue Dj ,Wilson’s ,Odom JG. Parental attitudes toward behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry pediatr dent 1991,13(151-155)##11-Scott s,Garsia-Godny F.Attitades of Hispanic parents toward behavior management techniques ASDG j Dent Child .1998;65(128-131)##12-Havelka C ,MC Tigue D ,wilsons ,odam j.The influence of social status and prior explanation on parent of attitudes toward behavior management techniques. Pediatric Dent 1992;14(376-381)##13-Razavi SH,pantaji B .Determining the behavior management techniques acceptance of mothers referred to the department of pediatric dentistry in Qazvin (2007).J QVMS 2009;13(82-85)##14. Murphy MG, Fields HW,Machen JB .Parental acceptance of pediatric dentistry behavior management techniques pediatric Dent 1984;6(193-198).##cine. 2010;13(2) 56-66.## ##

درمان اندودونتیک رژنراسیون برای دندانهای دائمی نابالغ با پالپ نکروتیک Regenerative Endodontic Treatment (Revascularization) for Necrotic Immature Permanent Teeth 1 1   امروزه درمان دندان های با پالپ نکروز و آپکس باز بر اساس اصول بیولوژیکی و پروتکل های درمان رژنراتیو، جایگزین درمان های سنتی Apexification شده است. پتانسیل revascularization و تکامل ریشه در دندان های دچار تروما با پالپ نکروز در مقالات تروماهای دندانی مستند شده است. هدف از این گزارش مورد، نشان دادن یافته های کلینیکی و رادیوگرافی درمان های رژنراتیو در دندان های دچار تروما می باشد. دختربچه ی 8 ساله با سابقه ی تروما در دو دندان سانترال ماگزیلا و مشاهده ی علایم نکروز پالپ طی فالوآپ های انجام شده، تحت درمان revascularization با خمیر سه گانه(سیپروفلوکساسین-مترونیدازول-کلیندامایسین) قرار گرفت. پس از انجام ترمیم قطعی با کامپوزیت، در فالوآپ  دو سال بعد،هیچ گونه علایم کلینیکی و رادیوگرافی پاتولوژیک مشاهده نشد و در مقایسه با رادیوگرافی های پری اپیکال قبلی تکامل ریشه ادامه یافته بود. 2 Background and Aims: Nowadays, the treatment immature of teeth with necrotic pulp is based on biological principles and regenerative treatment protocols, replacing traditional apexification treatments. The potential of revascularization and root development in traumatic teeth with necrotic pulp has been documented in dental trauma. The purpose of this case report is to show clinical and radiographical findings of regenerative treatments in traumatic teeth. Case report: An 8-year-old girl with a history of trauma in both central maxillary teeth and observing pulp necrosis during follow up sessions was treated with a triple antibiotic paste (ciprofloxacin-metronidazole-clindamycin). Conclusion: After restoring teeth with composite, there were no clinical and radiographical pathologic signs in the two years follow up, and root development continued. 71 78 2018/04/32018/04/32018/04/32018/04/32018/04/42018/04/42018/04/4 1397/1/15 2018/04/32018/04/32018/04/32018/04/32018/04/42018/04/42018/04/4 1397/1/15 کیانا پورزندپوش K Poorzandpoush Iran ایران بهمن سراج B Seraj Iran ایران زهره سادات حسینی پور ZS Hoseinipour Iran ایران زهرا حسینی Z Hoseini Iran ایران Apexification regenerative pulp treatment revascularization immature permanent teeth. اپکسیفیکاسیون درمان رژنراتیو پالپ ریواسکولاریزاسیون دندان دایمی نابالغ 1. Krasner P, Rankow H. New philosophy for the treatment of avulsed teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1995;79:616– 23.##2. Holland G, Trowbridge H, Rafter M. Protecting the pulp, preserving the apex. Endodontics, Principles and Practice, 4th edn. ST. Louis: Saunders Elsevier. 2008 Mar 10:21-38.##3. Torabinejad M, Anderson P, Bader J, et al. Outcomes of root canal treatment andrestoration, implant-supported single crowns, fixed partial dentures, and extractionwithout replacement: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent 2007;98:285–311.##4. Hargreaves K, Geisler T, Henry M, Wang Y. Regeneration potential of the young permanent tooth: what does the future hold? J Endod 2008;34:S51–6.##5. Witherspoon DE, Small JC, Regan JD, Nunn M. Retrospective analysis of open apex teeth obturated with mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod 2008;34:1171–6.##6. Bose R, Nummikoski P, Hargreaves K. A retrospective evaluation of radiographic outcomes in immature teeth with necrotic root canal systems treated with regenerative endodontic procedures. J Endod 2009;35:1343–9.##7. Torabinejad M, Turman M. Revitalization of tooth with necrotic pulp and open apex by using platelet-rich plasma: a case report. Journal of endodontics. 2011 Feb 28;37(2):265-8.##8. Hoshino E, Kurihara-Ando N, Sato I, et al. In-vitro antibacterial susceptibility of bacteria taken from infected root dentine to a mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline. Int Endod J 1996;29:125–30.##9. Banchs F, Trope M. Revascularization of immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis: new treatment protocol? J Endod 2004;30:196–202.##10. Murray PE, Garcia-Godoy F, Hargreaves KM. Regenerative endodontics: a review of current status and a call for action. J Endod 2007;33:377–390.##11. Torabinejad M, Faras H. A clinical and histological report of a tooth with an open apex treated with regenerative endodontics using platelet-rich plasma. Journal of endodontics. 2012 Jun 30;38(6):864-8.##12. Fischer EJ, Arens DE, Miller CH. Bacterial leakage of mineral trioxide aggregate as compared with zinc-free amalgam, intermediate restorative material, and Super-EBA as a root-end filling material. J Endod 1998;24:176–179.##13. Windley W 3rd, Teixeira F, Levin L, et al. Disinfection of immature teeth with a triple antibiotic paste. J Endod 2005;31:439–43.##14. Geisler TM. Clinical considerations for regenerative endodontic procedures. Dental Clinics of North America. 2012 Jul 31;56(3):603-26##1. Krasner P, Rankow H. New philosophy for the treatment of avulsed teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1995;79:616– 23.##2. Holland G, Trowbridge H, Rafter M. Protecting the pulp, preserving the apex. Endodontics, Principles and Practice, 4th edn. ST. Louis: Saunders Elsevier. 2008 Mar 10:21-38.##3. Torabinejad M, Anderson P, Bader J, et al. Outcomes of root canal treatment andrestoration, implant-supported single crowns, fixed partial dentures, and extractionwithout replacement: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent 2007;98:285–311.##4. Hargreaves K, Geisler T, Henry M, Wang Y. Regeneration potential of the young permanent tooth: what does the future hold? J Endod 2008;34:S51–6.##5. Witherspoon DE, Small JC, Regan JD, Nunn M. Retrospective analysis of open apex teeth obturated with mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod 2008;34:1171–6.##6. Bose R, Nummikoski P, Hargreaves K. A retrospective evaluation of radiographic outcomes in immature teeth with necrotic root canal systems treated with regenerative endodontic procedures. J Endod 2009;35:1343–9.##7. Torabinejad M, Turman M. Revitalization of tooth with necrotic pulp and open apex by using platelet-rich plasma: a case report. Journal of endodontics. 2011 Feb 28;37(2):265-8.##8. Hoshino E, Kurihara-Ando N, Sato I, et al. In-vitro antibacterial susceptibility of bacteria taken from infected root dentine to a mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline. Int Endod J 1996;29:125–30.##9. Banchs F, Trope M. Revascularization of immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis: new treatment protocol? J Endod 2004;30:196–202.##10. Murray PE, Garcia-Godoy F, Hargreaves KM. Regenerative endodontics: a review of current status and a call for action. J Endod 2007;33:377–390.##11. Torabinejad M, Faras H. A clinical and histological report of a tooth with an open apex treated with regenerative endodontics using platelet-rich plasma. Journal of endodontics. 2012 Jun 30;38(6):864-8.##12. Fischer EJ, Arens DE, Miller CH. Bacterial leakage of mineral trioxide aggregate as compared with zinc-free amalgam, intermediate restorative material, and Super-EBA as a root-end filling material. J Endod 1998;24:176–179.##13. Windley W 3rd, Teixeira F, Levin L, et al. Disinfection of immature teeth with a triple antibiotic paste. J Endod 2005;31:439–43.##14. Geisler TM. Clinical considerations for regenerative endodontic procedures. Dental Clinics of North America. 2012 Jul 31;56(3):603-26 ##