Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry 1735-8434 9 2 2014 4 1 Evaluation of relationship between socio-demographic factors and prevalence of digit sucking at 4-6 years old children 7 12 FA M Hajenoruzali Tehrani Iran P Bahmani Iran M Shahtusi Iran Background and Aims: choice correct preventive way of a diseases or abnormality Particular without notice to etiologic factors is not effective and oral habit is environment etiologic factors in orthodontic problem. The aim of the study is define the relationship between social and demographic factors with prevalence of Digit sucking in 4 to 6 years old children in Busher Dashty city. Materials and Methods: Study type is descriptive analytic cross - section .the purpose group was 4 to 6 years old children. Group of 630 individuals were selected cluster random sampling manner. Data gain by question of parent and family, hygiene file evaluation and use of check listed. Results: Digit sucking is higher prevalence among girls. 131 children with digit sucking and 499 no digit sucking. 73 girls (55/7%) and 58 boys (44.3%) have Digit sucking habit. Digit sucking in higher prevalence among children which the family smoking and haven't owned home .long bottle feeding periods and use of pacifier showed a preventive effect against finger sucking Conclusion: Digit sucking has relation with children sex. The family use of smoking and have owned home relation to digit sucking and decrease in Digit sucking children is as a result of bottle feeding period's longer than12 months or use of pacifier. Propos responsible hygiene country with effect education plane about recognize appropriate and effective factors of Digit sucking and in early items can waste less time an investment prevention of Digit sucking. Propos to parent if your child wants to suck their digit you should offer him or her pacifier.

Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry 1735-8434 9 2 2014 4 1 Evaluating mothers’ knowledge about the importance of primary dentition 13 18 FA M Ghandehari Iran A Jafari Iran S Rahmanzadeh Iran Background and Aims: Understanding the importance of primary teeth will influence physical and mental wellbeing of children. Mothers as primary care giver are important in health promotion programs for children. Purpose of this study conducted to determine the level of knowledge of mothers about the importance of primary teeth in 3-5 year children in Tabriz. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study has been designed. Mother’s of preschool children aged 3-5 years were selected from Tabriz kindergarten. Data was analyzed by using multi-stage sampling and SPSS software. Results: 18.4% of mothers had very poor knowledge about the importance of primary dentition, 46.6% had poor knowledge, 27% had moderate knowledge and only 8% of the mothers had good awareness. The data also suggest that there is a significant relationship between mother's education level and family income level and the level of knowledge (P value<0.05). Source of information for mothers was mainly radio and TV. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that mothers' awareness about the importance of primary teeth was low. Significant relationship was found between mother's education, family income and mothers' awareness.

Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry 1735-8434 9 2 2014 4 1 Investigating the sweeteners of current gums present in Iranian market 19 24 FA H Afshar Iran A Nahvi Iran Background and Aims: Dental research has developed substantial evidence that dental plaque is the predominant etiological factor responsible for dental caries. Plaque deposits can be removed either mechanically or chemically. Although brushing the teeth with a toothbrush is a widely recognized technique for maintaining dental health, chewing gum has over the years been advocated as a possible excellent adjunct for cleaning the teeth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the properties of different gums present in Iranian market. Materials and Methods: In this cross - sectional study, compounds of 11 gum species (sugar free gums, gums containing sugar) is investigated. Results: gum ingredients include: gum base, sweeteners, flavouring, antioxidant, colour, glazing agent and emulsifier. The most common dietary polyols used in sugar-free chewing gum are Xylitol and Sorbitol. Most oral bacteria do not metabolise Xylitol and Sorbitol to form acid. While the main sweetenerin chewing gum containing the sugar is glucose. Conclusion: sugar free gum can be effective in preventing dental caries.

Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry 1735-8434 9 2 2014 4 1 Evaluation of sedative effect and safety of pregabalin in uncooperative children in dental clinic 25 30 FA T Eskandarian Iran H Eftekharian Jahromi Iran R Soleymanzade Iran Background and Aims: Treatment of uncooperative children is achallenging issue in pediatric dentistry. Pedodontistsare interested in medications with mild sedative effects. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the sedative effect and safety of pregabalin in uncooperative children. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one children were included in this randomized crossover, double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial. Each child participated in two separated dental visits. Pregabalin or placebo was given randomly at the first visit and the alternative was used at the second visit. Ramsay Sedation Scale and Frankl behavioral rating scale were using to evaluate the efficacy of the premedication. These scales were scored 2.5hours after premedication. The data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test. The comparison of the number of the “successful” treatments was done using the Chi-square test. Monitoring of the vital signs was done under the supervision of an anesthesiologist throughout the treatment procedure. Results: Sedation level of the children during the dental treatment was significantly higher in the pregabalin group than in the placebo group (p=0.007). The Children’s behavioral rating score during the dental treatment was not significantly different between the two groups (p=0.067). The number of treatments which are finished “successfully” was more in the pregabalin group (p=0.013). Children’s vital signs during the entire treatment procedure were within the normal range. Conclusion: Pregabalin provides sufficient safety in children. A significant sedative effect is anticipated to be seen from 2.5 hours after orally given pregabalin in children. Sedative effect of pregabalin results in more successful treatment procedures in uncooperative children.

Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry 1735-8434 9 2 2014 4 1 Evaluation of pulp vitality tests in children: thermal test, electric pulp test and pulse oximetry 31 38 FA N Ahmadi Iran M Zare Iran N Kaviani Iran A Malekpour Iran Background and Aims: Thermal and electric pulp testing vitality is of limited use with children, often resulting in false positive or false negative results. The main limitation of the present pulp testing methods is the evaluation of vitality by stimulating the sensory nerve fibers which is unreliable in cases of trauma. Pulse oximetry is a proven method of measuring vascular health by evaluating oxygen saturation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the thermal and electric tests methods and examining the oxygen saturation of teeth in children. Materials and Methods: In this study seventeen children aged between 10 to 12 years with vital maxillary central incisors with no caries, history of trauma to the teeth, orthodontic treatment, restoration and par functional habits, participated. After isolating teeth, for the cold test refrigerant spray 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane, for the warm test gutta-percha and for the electric pulp test the pulp vitality tester (PT-20) was used. The Spo2 of teeth was evaluating with pulse oximetry. Then data reported. Results: All the teeth gave positive responses to the thermal test. The mean value of electric pulp test for girls was 5.69 and for boys were 5.41. Also the mean value of electric pulp test in the maxillary left central was 5.35 and for maxillary right central were 5.77. The mean value of Spo2 for girls was 92.78 and for boys was 92.19.The mean value of Spo2 in the maxillary left central was 92.12 and in the maxillary right central was 92.88. Conclusion: Pulse oximetery is a noninvasive, cheap method to detect pulp vitality by evaluating the oxygen saturation which can be useful for evaluating the pulp vitality especially in the case of trauma and pediatric dentistry.

Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry 1735-8434 9 2 2014 4 1 Relationship between oral habits and feeding behavior with increased over jet in the primary dentition among a group of 3-5 year-old children in Esfahan 39 46 FA M Shahtusi Iran M Hajenoruzali Tehrani Iran M Ghafournia Iran S Balash Abadi Iran Background and Aims: Oral habits of neuromuscular actions that have different effects on occlusion. If you do not stop them on time, they cause a variety of adverse changes in children with normal occlusion in long-term. One of this adverse changes is anterior overjet increased that unless to be treated properly and timely, can cause adverse effects. This study aimed to determine the relationship between oral habits and their impact on the increase of anterior over jet. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 151 preschool-children aged 3-5 years. The increased overjet group (n = 51) and the normal group (n = 100) was made up of children without increased overjet. Information on breastfeeding, bottle feeding and non-nutritive sucking habits was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using chi-squared test and student’s t-test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: 98 % of children in both groups were breast sucking oral habits. The odds ratio of increased anterior overjet with oral habits such as bottle feeding, thumb sucking and pacifier sucking habit were relatively 1/6, 6/9 and 1/7 times than normal group and the odds ratio of increased anterior overjet with simultaneous habits such as bottle feeding- thumb sucking, bottle feeding- pacifier sucking and thumb- pacifier sucking were relatively 5, 1/5and 5 times than normal group. There concurrency three oral habits, use a bottle feeding, thumb sucking and pacifier sucking a chance to increase the anterior overjet 6/3 times. Coexistence of four oral habits chance coincidence is mentioned three oral habits. Conclusion: Under the limitations of the present study, it appears increased overjet in the primary dentition in preschool children is directly related to bottle feeding, thumb sucking and pacifier sucking habits.

Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry 1735-8434 9 2 2014 4 1 Irrigation efficacy of Calcipex II during cleaning and shaping on Enterococcus faecalis 47 54 FA Sh Mousavizahed Iran K Amini Iran Gh Ansari Iran Background and Aims: Microorganisms and their by-products are responsible for pulp and periapical diseases. The main purpose of root canal treatment is to eliminate these microorganisms from the root canal system. In order to achieve this purpose, complete mechanical and chemical cleaning of the root canal is mandatory. Many studies have shown that mechanical irrigation of the infected root canal system will not completely eliminate the microorganisms and the antibacterial properties of these solutions must be considered. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial capability of calcipex II as an irrigant during cleaning and shaping of infected root canals. Materials and Methods: In this invitro investigation, 60 single-rooted permanent anterior teeth were selected. Crowns of the teeth were cut to obtain a 14 mm length in all samples. Initial instrumentation of the canals was performed to achieve similar diameters in all canals. The apical foramen of the root were sealed with composite resin and then all samples were sterilized in autoclave. Then, the teeth were infected with Enterococcus faecalis and were randomly divided into four groups of 15. Final cleaning and shaping with one of the irrigants were performed in each group. After incubation, a spectrophotometer was used to count the number of obtained colonies in each sample. One-way variance test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The antibacterial effect of Calcipex II on E. Faecalis was less than sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the strong antibacterial property of chlorhexidine. Considering the long-standing antibacterial property of chlorhexidine and biocompatibility of chlorhexidine with the periapical tissue, this solution can be an alternative choice for irrigation of infected canals.

Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry 1735-8434 9 2 2014 4 1 Typology of barriers to children's oral health 63 72 FA P Sahrai Iran N Keshavarz Mohammadi Iran Sh Razavi Iran Background and Aims: Oral health is element of individual health in all stages of life, especially during childhood. Despite its importance, people experience several barriers in achieving oral health. This study aims to identify experienced barriers towards oral health reported in local and international literature and researches. Materials and Methods: This study was reviewed and with keyword selection database articles ScienceDirect, Medline, PMDR, Cochrane, PubMed, proQuest, Scopus, Ovid, BioMedCentral, Elsevier, Google Scholar, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, American Dental Association, Australian Dental Association, World Health Organization and Search articles of Sites Scientific– Research Internal Irandoc, SID, magiran, Iranmedex, Medlib Search and were reviewed. Results: Data analysis of findings led to categorizing barriers in four major groups including individual barriers, dentistry barriers, dentist barriers and environmental barriers. Conclusion: These findings have significant implications in developing oral health promotion programs targeting at children. It especially draws the attention to barriers beyond individual control which should be considered in oral health promotion programs

Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry 1735-8434 9 2 2014 4 1 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta type II: A case report 73 78 FA P Moini Iran M Afsharianzadeh Iran E Abdoli Tafti Iran Dentinogenesis Imperfecta type II or hereditary opalescent dentin is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, that affects both primary and permanent dentition. It occurs in both sex. Clinically, this disorder is characterized by yellowish brown teeth with structural defects such as bulbous crown and small pulp chambers, radiographically. The underlying defect of mineralization often results in shearing of the overlying enamel leaving exposed weakened dentin which is prone to wear. In this article, a 6 year old Iranian boy with Dentinogenesis Imperfecta and his recommended treatment plan is reported.